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L-A.\G£  LIBRARY  OF  EDUCATION 

UNiVtlRSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA 

bERKELEY.  CAL!'="Or'Mia 


Marcus  Tullius  Cicero 
From  the  bust  in  the  Vatican 


MARCUS  TULLmS  CICERO 

SEVEN  ORATIONS 

WITH    SELECTIONS    FKOM    THE     LETTERS,    DE 
SENECTUTE,   AND    SALLUST'S    BELLUM 

CATILINAE 


EDITED 

WITH   INTRODUCTION,   NOTES,   GRAMMATICAL 
APPENDIX,   AND  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

BY 

WALTER  B.  GUNNISON,  Ph.D. 

LATE  PRINCIPAL  ERASMUS  HALL  HIGH  SCHOOL, 

BROOKLYN,  NEW  YORK 

AND 

WALTER  S.  HARLEY,  A.M. 

TEACHER   OF    LATIN,    ERASMUS    HALL    HIGH   SCHOOL 


SILVER,  BURDETT  AND   COMPANY 

BOSTON         NEW  YORK         CHICAGO 


.     «    '      .       «   ' 

.   '  '    «    »  •  *  «    «     t   X 


'      EDUCATION  DEPT. 

Copyright,  1912,  by 
Silver,    Burdett   and   Company 


PREFACE 

The  great  success  of  the  plan  of  the  previous  Latin  books 
of  this  series  has  been  an  encouragement  to  the  authors  to 
present  this  volume  of  the  works  of  Cicero  and  other  read- 
ing matter  for  the  third  year  in  college  preparatory  work. 
The  orations  selected  are  those  usually  required  for  read- 
ing, supplemented  by  selections  from  Cicero's  Letters 
and  De  Senectute  and  from  Sallust,  as  recommended  by  the 
American  Philological  Association  and  by  the  Regents  of 
the  State  of  New  York. 

The  general  arrangement  of  the  book  is  that  which  was 
followed  in  the  Caesar  text  which  preceded  it,  —  that  is, 
sufficient  grammar  has  been  furnished  for  the  full  explana- 
tion of  the  text,  with  careful  references  to  all  the  standard 
grammars  for  fuller  explanation.  This  is  followed  also 
by  exercises  in  prose  composition  giving  as  much  as  usu- 
ally can  be  done  during  the  year  by  an  ordinary  class.  A 
very  careful  effort  has  been  made  to  present  the  essential 
grammatical  points  of  the  author  and  the  essential  charac- 
teristics of  his  style.  This,  together  with  the  full  vocabulary 
and  notes,  it  is  hoped  will  equip  the  pupils  fully  for  the  read- 
ing of  the  third  year. 

We  wish  to  acknowledge  the  valuable  criticism  of  the 
manuscript,  made  by  Dr.  Sidney  G.  Stacey  and  by  Dr. 
WiUiam  F.  Tibbetts. 

THE  authors- 
Erasmus  Hall  High  School,  Brooklyn,  N.Y. 
May  1,   1912. 

V 


Af\CC«N'yf  O 


PUBLISHERS^   NOTE 

For  helpful  suggestions  in  regard  to  the  illustrations 
and  for  the  loan  of  valuable  photographs,  the  publishers 
desire  to  express  their  indebtedness  to  Professor  Adeline 
Belle  Hawes,  of  Wellesley  College  ;  Professor  John  Fran- 
cis Greene,  of  Brown  University  ;  Professor  Alexander 
Rice,  of  Boston  University  ;  and  Mrs.  Harriet  Peirce 
Fuller,  of  the  English  High  School,  Providence.  Thanks 
are  also  due  to  the  Boston  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  the 
Boston  PubUc  Library,  and  the  Farnsworth  Art  Gallery 
at  Wellesley  College,  for  courteous  permission  to  repro- 
duce photographs  from  their  collections. 


VI 


CONTENTS 

Pack 

List  of  Maps viii 

List  of  Illustrations ix 

Introduction: 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero xvii 

Roman  Orator}^  .         .        .  ■ xx\d 

Roman  Citizens  . xxvii 

The  Popular  Assemblies xxviii 

The  Senatp xxx 

The  Magistrates  .......  xxxii 

The  Courts xxxvi 

Provinces xxxvi 

The  Forum  and  the  Public  Buildings .        .        .         xxxvii 
Works  of  Reference xl 

Orations  : 

Oratio  in  Catilinam  Prima 1 

Oratio  in  Catilinam  Secunda 19 

Oratio  in  Catilinam  Tertia 38 

Oratio  in  Catilinam  Quarta 57 

De  Imperio  Cn.  Pompei  Oratio  ....        c  75 

Pro  Archia  Poeta  Oratio 110 

Selections  for  Sight  Reading: 

Pro  M.  Marcello  Oratio 129 

Epistulae  Selectae 143 

Cato  Maior  De  Senectute  Liber         .        •        •        .157 
C.  Sallusti  Bellum  Catilinae        .        •         .        .        .     170 

vii 


viii  CONTENTS  — LIST   OF  MAPS 

PAGB 

Abbreviations 180 

Notes 181 

Grammatical  Appendix 284 

Latin  Prose  Composition 346 

English-Latin  Vocabulary  ......  399 

Latin-English  Vocabulary 415 


LIST   OF   MAPS 


PAGE 


Plan  of  the  Forum  in  Cicero's  Time.  From  Plate 
III,  Ch.  Huelsen,  The  Roman  Forum,  G.  E.  Stechert  & 
Co.,  New  York,  1909  .         .         .         .        .         .  xxxix 

Italy  in  Cicero's  Time 20 

The  Roman  Empire  in  Grf.ece  and  Asia  Minor       .      74 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 


{Note.  —  Nearly  all  of  the  illustrations  in  this  book  have  been  made  from  photo- 
graphs. In  the  few  exceptional  cases,  the  publishers  take  pleasure  in  stating  in  tM» 
list  the  works  to  which  they  are  indebted.] 

Marcus  TuUius  Cicero.  From  the  bust  in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 
Brunn-Arndt  photograph.  [For  discussion,  see  Bernoulli, 
V.  I,  pp.  138-140,  T.  xii ;  Biirckhardt,  v.  I,  p.  165]     F)'ontispiece 

IN  THE   INTRODUCTION 

PAGB 

Scenes  from  the  life  of  a  famous  Roman.    Relief  from  a  sarcopli- 

agus  in  the  Galleria  degli  Uffizi,  Florence      ....    xvii 
*' Cicero's  Tower "  at  Arpinum   .        .  ,         .        .         .  xviii 

Antium xx 

So-called  ruins  of  Cicero's  villa  at  Tusculum      ....     xxi 
Raphael's  idea  of  Cicero.     From  Raphael's  sketch  book  in  the 

Museo  Civico,  Venice     . xxvi 

The  Forum  in  Cicero's  time.  Restoration  according  to  the  de- 
scriptions in  Ch.  Huelsen,  The  Boman  Forum,  G.  E.  Stechert 

&  Co.,  New  York,  1909 xxxviii 

Cicero  before  the  Senate.  From  one  of  the  Pomfret  Marbles  in 
the  Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford,  England.  Photographed 
from  the  engraving  by  J.  K.  Sherwin,  in  Oxonii,  E  Typo- 
grapheo  Clarendoniano,  1783         .        .  ...    xlii 

IN  THE   TEXT 

Headpiece:  Roman  eagle  and  oak  wreath.  Ornament  from 
Trajan's  Forum  ;  now  in  the  vestibule  of  the  Church  of  the 
Santi  Apostoli,  Rome     ........         1 

The  insignia  of  the  Pontificate.     From  the  frieze  of  the  temple 

of  Vespasian  .......         ...        2 

The  end  of  a  Roman  bronze  bed  (Pompeii).     Museo  Nazionale, 

Naples .5 

vs. 


X  LIST   OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

Cicero   and  Catiline  in   the   Senate.     From  the  painting  by 

Maccari 8 

A  city  gate.     Porta  Latina,  in  Kome,  as  it  is  to-day   ...       11 

A  domestic  shrine.  In  the  middle,  the  genius  of  the  master  of 
the  house,  sacrificing,  holding  a  libation  saucer  and  box  of 
incense  ;  at  the  sides,  two  Lares  (household  gods),  each 
with  a  drinking  horn  and  pail ;  below,  a  crested  serpent 
about  to  devour  the  offerings  ;  in  the  pediment  above,  sacri- 
ficial implements.     From  the  house  of  the  Vettii,  Pompeii   ,      13 

Ruins  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Stator.     On  the  Palatine  Hill, 

Rome 17 

The  Roman  Forum  as  it  is  to-day.  View  from  the  Tabularium, 
looking  toward  the  Coliseum.  The  columns  of  the  Temple 
of  Saturn  are  prominent  at  the  right.  (See  map,  p.  xxxix) 
In  the  distance  (right)  the  Palatine  Hill        ....       18 

A  gladiator's  helmet,  with  reliefs  representing  an  episode  of  the 

Trojan  war  (Herculaneum).     Museo  Nazionale,  Naples        .       23 

The  end  of  a  Roman  banquet.    From  a  Pompeian  wall  painting, 

Museo  Nazionale,  Naples 25 

A  Roman  sacrifice,  showing  soldiers  carrying  the  signa  militaria. 
Relief  of  the  time  of  Marcus  Aurelius,  from  the  Arch  of  Con- 
stantine,  Rome       ........  27 

Ruins  of  the  Roman  theater  at  Fiesole  (Faesulae)     .         .         .28 

L.  Cornelms  Sulla.     From  the  head  in  the  Vatican,  Rome.    (See 

Helhig,  90) 31 

The  interior  of  the  career  to-day.     Lower  dungeon  (Tullianum). 

(See  Forum  map  and  restoration,  pp.  xxxviii  and  xxxix)     .       32 

A  gladiator's  shield  and  greaves.  The  shield  is  adorned  with 
a  head  of  Medusa  and  an  olive  wreath  (Pompeii).  Museo 
Nazionale,  Naples .        .      35 

An  orator  in  the  toga.     British  Museum,  London       ...       36 

Tailpiece :  A  Roman  altar.  The  right-hand  relief  represents  a 
goddess  with  a  torch  ;  the  left  hand,  Leda  and  the  swan.  Altar 
of  the  Castores,  from  the  Lacus  Juturnae,  Roman  Forum     .       37 

Headpiece  :  Sacrificial  animals.     From  a  relief  on  a  balustrade 

in  the  Roman  Forum 38 

The  Mulvian  bridge.  Ponte  Molle,  as  it  is  now  called,  rests 
on  the  foundation  of  the  Pons  Mulvius,  built  by  the  Censor, 
M.  Aemilius  Scaurus,  in  b.c.  109.  The  four  central  arches 
axe  ancient .  .40 


LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS  Xl 

PAOB 

The  Cumaean  Sibyl  with  the  Sibylline  books.     From  the  fresco 

by  Michelangelo  in  the  Sistine  Chapel,  the  Vatican,  Rome   .       43 

A  Roman  sacrifice.  Showing  Marcus  Aurelius  sacrificing  before 
the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus.  From  a  relief  in  the 
Palazzo  dei  Conservatori,  Rome     ......      47 

The  Bronze  Wolf  of  the  Capitol.     Palazzo  dei   Conservatori, 

Rome 49 

Jupiter.    The  Zeus  Verospi  in  the  Vatican,  Rome.     (See  Melbig, 

No.  245) 51 

A  Roman  sacrificial  procession.     From  reliefs  belonging  to  the 

Ara  Pads  in  the  Galleria  degli  Uffizi,  Florence      .         .         52,  53 

A  Roman  in  the  toga,  sacrificing.     Vatican,  Rome    ...       54 

A  Roman  altar.     Altar  of  Juturna,  Roman  Forum     ...       56 

A  corner  in  a  Roman  house.  The  wall  painting  at  the  left  shows 
Daedalus,  pointing  out  to  Pasiphae  the  wooden  cow  that  he 
has  made.  The  painting  at  the  right  represents  the  punish- 
ment of  Ixion ;  the  prominent  standing  figure  is  that  of 
Mercury  ;  Juno  sits  on  a  throne  at  the  right.  From  a  din- 
ing-room in  the  house  of  the  Vettii,  Pompeii  ...       58 

A  Vestal  Virgin.     Found  in  the  Atrium  Vestae.     Now  in  the 

Museo  delle  Terme  Diocleziane,  Rome 59 

The  Atrium  in  the  house  of  the  Vestal  Virgins.  Showing  the 
statues  of  the  Vestals  and  the  marble-lined  cisterns  for 
receiving  rain  water 65 

A  painting  from  a  household  shrine  (Pompeii).  In  the  center 
the  goddess  of  Fortune  sacrificing,  while  a  servant  brings  the 
pig  destined  for  an  offering  ;  on  the  right  and  left,  two 
Lares  ;  below,  two  serpents  at  the  altar.  Museo  Nazionale, 
Naples.    Photograph,  G.  Sommer  &  figlio     ....       69 

Scipio  Africanus,  the  elder.     Capitoline  Museum,  Rome    .         .       70 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero.  From  the  bust  in  the  Galleria  degli 
Uffizi.  Brunn-Arndt  photograph.  (For  discussion,  see  ^er- 
noulli,  V.  I,  p.  132  ;  Biirckhardt,  pp.  524,  525 ;  Dutschke^ 
V.  Ill,  p.  293) 73 

Cn.  Pompeius.     From  the  bust  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples  .       76 

The  triumph  of  a  Roman  general.     Relief  from  a  sarcophagus 

in  the  Vatican,  Rome 78 

Medea.  From  the  painting  by  N.  Sichel.  By  courtesy  of  the 
Franz  Hanfstaengl  Fine  Art  Publishing  House,  28  West  38th 
Street,  New  York  ,  .,..,..       86 


Xii  LIST   OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


PAGB 


Ostia.     Showing  the  river  and  the  main  street  bordered  by  ruined 

shops 90 

View  of  Rome  as  it  looks  to-day.     Ruins  of  Sublician  Bridge  in 

foreground o         .         .         .       95 

Fortuna.     From  the  statue  in  the  Vatican,  Rome        ...       96 

M.  Claudius  Marcellus.     From  the   statue   in  the   Capitoline 

Museum,  Rome.     Photograph,  Anderson      ....       97 

Quintus   Hortensius.     From   the   herma   in  the  Villa  Albani, 

Rome.      Fhotograph,  Anderson     ......       99 

The  Appian  Way.     Showing  the  aqueduct  of  Claudius        .         .     102 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero.  From  the  bust  in  the  Capitoline  Mu- 
seum, Rome.     (See  Burckhardt,  v.  I,  p.  166)        .         .         .     109 

Headpiece :  Poet  and  Muse.  The  poet  is  evidently  reciting 
from  the  scroll  in  his  left  hand.  Relief  from  a  sarcophagus, 
British  Museum,  London 110 

Antioch  personified.  The  mural  crown  distinguishes  her  as  a 
city  goddess.  Below  her  feet  the  god  of  the  Orontes  issues 
from  the  ground.     From  the  statue  in  the  Vatican,  Rome    .     112 

A  comic  poet,  with  muse  and  actors'  masks.  On  the  wall  above 
the  table,  a  writing  tablet.  The  muse  is  supposed  to  have 
held  a  stilus  in  her  right  hand,  ready  to  write  down  the 
poet's  words.     From  a  relief  in  the  Lateran,  Rome       .         .     118 

Ennius.     From  the  bust  on  the  Scipio  tomb,  in  the  Vatican, 

Rome 119 

Orpheus,  Eurydice,  and  Hermes.     From  the  relief  in  the  Villa 

Albani,  Rome 120 

The  bust  of  Ennius  on  the  Scipio  sarcophagus.     The  Vatican, 

Rome.     (For  translation  of  inscription,  see  HeJhig,  No.  127)     122 

Alexander  the  Great.     From  the  bust  in  the  Capitoline,  Rome  .     123 

Calliope,   the   muse   of  epic  poetry.     From   the  statue  in  the 

Vatican,  Rome       .........     125 

Thalia,  muse  of  comedy.     Vatican,  Rome 126 

Tailpiece :  Roman  bronze  lamp  (Pompeii).     Museo  Nazionale, 

Naples 127 

IN  THE    SELECTIONS   FOR   SIGHT   READING 

Julius  Caesar.     From  the  bust  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples .     128 
The  Piraeus,  the  harbor  of  Athens,  where  Marcellus  was  assassi- 
nated     . 134 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  xiii 

PAGB 

A  girl  with  tabellae  and  stilus.     From   a   Herculanean  wall 

painting  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples        ....     143 
The  harbor  at  Baiae    .         •         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     145 

Arpinum  (general  view) 147 

A  grain  mill  at  Pompeii.     A  corner  of  a  baker's  shop,  showing 

the  baking  oven  at  the  left ;  grain  mills  at  the  right      ,         .     148 
A  group  of  Roman  women.     From  a  Herculanean  wall  painting, 
sometimes  called  "The  Tiring  of  the  Bride."     Museo  Nazio- 
nale, Naples 149 

A  Roman  woman  sacrificing.     From  the  statue  sometimes  called 

"Livia"  (Pompeii).     Museo  Nazionale,  Naples   .         .         .     151 

Tombs  on  the  Appian  Way .157 

Themistocles.     From  the  bust  in  the  Vatican,  Rome  .         .         .     160 
Appius  Claudius  entering  the  Senate.     From  the  painting  by 

Maccari 162 

Activities  on  shipboard.     A  ship  entering  port.     From  a  relief 

on  the  end  of  the  tomb  of  Naevoleia  Tyche,  Pompeii  .  .163 
Homer.  From  the  bust  in  the  British  Museum,  London  .  .  164 
Socrates.  From  the  herma  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples. 
Visconti  has  translated  the  Greek  inscription  as  follows : 
"  Not  only  now,  but  always,  it  has  been  my  habit  to  follow 
the  dictates  of  my  own  judgment.  Mature  reflection,  I  find, 
after  strict  examination,  to  be  the  best  of  all  things"   .         .     165 

An  ancient  theater  (Tusculum) 167 

Tailpiece  :  A  cinerary  urn.     Vatican,  Rome       ....     169 

IN  THE   NOTES 

The  temple  of  Jupiter  Stator.  Restoration  from  Duruy''s  His- 
tory of  Borne .     182 

The  Palatine  Hill  as  seen  from  the  Forum.      View  from  the 

Tabularium    ..........     184 

Caius  Marius.     From  the  bust  in  the  Uffizi,  Florence  .  ,    187 

Subsellium.  A  bench  about  six  feet  long  and  one  foot  wide, 
used  in  the  Senate  house.  Trollope,  Illustrations  of  Ancient 
Art,  London,  1854 193 

A  Roman  house.     Showing  the  shrine    (sacrarium)  in  place. 

House  of  Castor  and  Pollux,  Pompeii 197 

The  Rostra.     Restoration  after  Fig.  30,  Huelsen,  The  Boman 

Forum,  G.  E.  Stechert  &  Co.,  New  York,  1909     .         .         .203 


Xiv  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

Gladiators.     From  a  stucco  relief  on  the  tomb  of  Umbricius 

Scaurus,  Pompeii      Beal  3Iuseo  Borbonico,  Naples,  1824     .     207 

Cicero  in  the  toga.     (See  description  of  cut,  p.  xlii)  .         .         .     215 

Tabellae  et  stilus.     Objects  in  order :  tablets,  double  inkstand, 

stilus,  inscribed  parchment.    Beal  Museo  Borbonico,  1824  .     220 

A  Roman  sacrifice.  Showing  the  altar,  the  ram  destined  as  an 
offering,  and  the  person  sacrificing  holding  the  patera. 
From  a  relief  in  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston        .         .     222 

Gladiatorial  combats.  Showing  a  vanquished  gladiator  holding 
up  his  thumb  in  an  appeal  to  the  populace  for  mercy.  From 
a  relief  on  the  tomb  of  Umbricius  Scaurus,  Pompeii.  Beal 
Museo  Borbonico,  Naples,  1824 225 

Cato    (Uticensis)  and  Porcia  (so-called).     From   the   portrait 

group  in  the  Vatican,  Rome  .......     229 

A  section  of  the  career.  Showing  the  upper  chamber  and  the 
lower,  or  Tullianum,  where  the  conspirators  were  put  to 
death.     Yrom  Diiruy^s  History  of  Borne 230 

Sella  curulis.  A  chair  about  fourteen  inches  high,  which  could 
be  folded  together  like  a  modern  camp  stool,  and  so  could  be 
carried  about  after  the  consul  whenever  he  appeared  in  pub- 
lic.    Trollope,  Illustrations  of  Ancient  Art,  ^London,  1S64:  .     231 

Plan  of  a  shop  (Pompeii).    From  Mau''s  Bompeii.    By  courtesy 

of  the  Macmillan  Company 238 

A  baker's  shop.    From  a  Pompeian  wall  painting.    Museo  Nazio- 

nale,  Naples 239 

Front  elevation  of  the  Rostra.     Restoration  after  Fig.  27,  Huel- 

sen,  The  Boman  Forum,  G.  E.  Stechert  &  Co.,  1909      .         .  245 

Coin  of  Mithridates  VI,  king  of  Pontus  (b.c.  121-63).     Bau- 

meister,  Denkmaler  des  klassischen  Altertums,  Munich,  1885     246 

Coin   of  Perseus,   last  Greek  king  of  Macedon.      Baumeister, 

Denkmaler  des  klassischen  Altertums,  Munich,  1885     .  262 

A  rostral  column.  The  columna  rostrata  of  Duillius.  From  the 
restoration  in  the  Palazzo  dei  Conservatori,  Rome.  Bhoto- 
graph,  Anderson    .........     263 

Children  at  dice  play.  Medea  with  a  knife,  at  the  right.  From 
a  Pompeian  wall  painting.  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  Fho- 
tograph,  G.  Sommer  &  figlio,  Naples 276 

Orpheus  with  his  lyre.  From  a  Pompeian  wall  painting.  Mu- 
seo Nazionale,  Naples 279 

Plato.     From  the  herma  in  the  Vatican,  Rome   ....     283 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

[The  following  authorities  may  prove  helpful  in  connection  with  the  objects  picture4 
in  this  book,  and  with  other  monuments  of  the  time  of  Cicero.] 

Amelung,  Walther,  Fiihrer  durch  die  Antiken  in  Florenz,  Munich, 
1897. 

Baumeister.     Denkmaler  des  klassischen  Altertums,  Munich,  1885. 

Bernoulli,  J.  J.     Romische  Ikonographie,  Stuttgart,  1882-1902. 

Brunn.  Denkmaler  griechischer  und  romischer  Sculptur.  Unter 
Leitung  von  Heinrich  Brunn  herausg.  von  Friedrich  Bruckmann, 
Munich,  1888- 

Brunn  u.  Arndt.  Griechische  und  romische  Portrats.  Nach  Aus- 
wahl  und  Anordnung  von  Heinrich  Brunn  und  Paul  Arndt  her- 
ausg. von  Friedrich  Bruckmann,  Munich,  1891- 

BuRCKHARDT,  Jacob.     Der  Cicerone,  Leipzig  u.  Berlin,  1900. 

Catalogue  of  Sculpture  in  the  Department  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiq- 
uities, in  the  British  Museum,  London,  1904. 

DuTSCHKE.     Antike  Bildwerke  in  Oberitalien,  Leipzig,  1878. 

Helbig,  Wolfgang.  Guide  to  the  Public  Collections  of  Classic  Antiq- 
uities in  Rome.  Translated  by  J.  F.  and  F.  Muirhead.  Leipzig, 
Karl  Baedeker,  1895. 

Huelsen,  Ch.  The  Roman  Forum,  G.  E.  Stechert  &  Co.,  New  York, 
1909. 

Mau,  August.  Pompeii :  Its  Life  and  Art.  English  translation  by 
F.  W.  Kelsey,  Macmillan,  1899. 

MiCHAELis.     Ancient  Marbles  in  Great  Britain. 

Monaco,  Domenico.  A  complete  handbook  to  the  National  Museum 
at  Naples.     English  translation  by  E.  Neville  Rolfe,  Naples,  1906. 

Tbollope,  Edward.     Illustrations  of  Ancient  Art,  London,  1854. 


XV 


^i: 

■•^^ 

S' 

"m 

1 

4       i 
1 1 L.. — '' 

1 

1 

i 

1 

Scenes  from  the  Life  of  a  Famous  Roman  ^ 


INTRODUCTION 


MARCUS    TULLIUS    CICERO 

1.  Early  Life.  —  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  the  foremost  Roman 
orator  and  writer,  was  born  Jan.  3,  106  b.c.  His  birthplace  was 
Arpinum,  a  small  country  town  about  seventy  miles  southeast  of 
Rome,  famous  also  as  the  birthplace  of  Marius.  His  father,  a 
member  of  the  equestrian  order,  was  descended  from  a  family 
of  old  standing.  Quintus,  a  younger  brother  of  Marcus,  became 
a  praetor  at  Rome,  and  afterwards  won  distinction  as  one  of 
Caesar's  lieutenants  in  Gaul.  The  two  brothers  were  early  taken 
to  Rome  and  placed  under  the  care  of  the  best  instructors.  One 
of  these  was  Archias,  the  Greek  poet,  whose  citizenship  the  orator 
defended  in  later  years  before  Quintus,  when  the  latter  was  pre- 
siding judge. 

After  a  general  training  in  grammar,  rhetoric,  and  the  Greek 
language,  Marcus  began  the  study  of  law  under  Mucins  Scaevola, 
the  greatest  lawyer  of  his  time.  This  study  he  supplemented  by 
attending  the  courts  and  the  Forum,  listening  to  such  advocates 
as  Crassus  and  Antonius.  Then  at  the  age  of  eighteen  a  short 
military  campaign  under  Pompeius  Strabo,  uncle  of  Pompey  the 

^  The  group  at  the  left  represents  the  great  man's  triumph.  Note  the 
horses,  and  Victory  with  the  palm.  The  central  group  shows  him  sacri- 
ficing ;  and  the  third  represents  his  marriage.  Notice  that  the  principal 
figure  is  made  carefully  the  same  in  ail  three  groups  ;  that  in  the  two 
first,  however,  he  is  represented  in  the  tunic,  and  in  the  third,  as  wearing 
the  toga. 

xvii 


xviii 


INTRODUCTION 


"Cicero's  Tower"  at  Arpinum 


Great,  gave  Cicero  all  the  experience  he  desired  as  a  soldier. 
Gladly  he  resumed  his  studies,  —  rhetoric,  logic,  philosophy,  and 
oratory,  —  pursuing  them  for  two  years,  at  Athens,  in  Asia  Minor, 
and  at  Rhodes.  At  Athens  he  met  Pomponius  Atticus,  who  be- 
came his  intimate  friend  and  correspondent.  At  Rhodes,  he  was 
instructed  by  the  celebrated  rhetorician,  Apollonius  Molo,  who 
also  taught  Caesar.  It  was  this  instructor  who  said,  after  listen- 
ing to  the  young  orator,  "  You  have  my  praise  and  admiration, 
Cicero,  and  Greece  my  pity  and  commiseration,  since  those  arts 
and  that  eloquence,  which  are  the  only  glories  that  remain  to  her, 
will  now  be  transferred  to  Rome." 

2.  Cicero  as  an  Advocate.  —  Cicero's  first  appearance  as  an  ad- 
vocate was  in  81  B.C.,  in  a  civil  suit  in  defense  of  Publius  Quinc- 
tius,  with  the  brilUant  Hortensius  as  the  opposing  counsel. 
The  following  year  he  appeared  in  a  criminal  suit  defending  Sextus 
Roscius  against  a  plaintiff  who  was  a  favorite  of  Sulla.  His 
success  in  winning  the  case  was  therefore  a  special  triumph.    In 


MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO  xix 

77,  after  his  return  from  foreign  study,  he  resumed  the  practice 
of  law,  in  which  he  was  destined  soon  to  take  the  leadership. 

3.  Cicero's  Early  Political  Career.  — It  is  significant  of  Cicero's 
qualifications  that  being  a  novus  homo,  i.e.,  one  whose  ancestors 
had  never  held  office,  he  himseK  was  elected  to  the  four  offices 
of  the  cursus  honorum  at  the  earhest  legal  age  :  quaestor  at  thirty, 
curule  aedile  at  thirty-six,  praetor  at  thirty-nine,  and  consul  at 
forty-two.  The  quaestorship  in  75  b.c.  was  spent  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Sicily,  where  his  justice  and  impartiahty  endeared  him  to 
the  people,  while  he  greatly  increased  his  popularity  at  home  by 
sending  grain  from  the  province  at  a  time  of  great  scarcity.  The 
holding  of  this  office  entitled  Cicero  to  a  seat  in  the  Senate  for  life. 
Five  years  later  the  Sicilians  appealed  to  Cicero  to  prosecute 
their  Roman  governor  Verres,  for  tyranny  and  extortion.  He 
conducted  the  impeachment  with  such  skill  that  Hortensius,  the 
defendant's  counsel,  gave  up  the  case  and  Verres  voluntarily 
went  into  exile.  ■ 

In  69,  as  curule  aedile,  Cicero  pleased  the  people  by  the  public 
games  which  he  furnished  in  good  taste,  though  not  with  the 
lavish  expenditure  of  his  wealthier  predecessors.  His  praetorship 
in  66  was  made  memorable  by  the  passing  of  the  IVIanihan  Law, 
conferring  upon  Pompey  supreme  command  in  the  war  with 
Mithridates.  Cicero's  speech  in  behalf  of  the  bill  was  the  first 
he  delivered  to  the  people  from  the  Rostra,  an  oration  noted  for 
its  perfect  form  (see  p.  243).  By  means  of  it  he  won  the  favor 
of  Pompej^,  who  was  soon  to  become  an  important  pohtical  factor, 
and,  while  incurring  the  opposition  of  the  senatorial  party,  he 
secured  the  support  of  the  populace.  It  paved  the  way  to  the 
consulship. 

4.  Cicero's  Consulship.  —  Declining  the  governorship  of  a 
province  at  the  close  of  his  term  as  praetor,  Cicero  devoted  his 
attention  to  securing  the  highest  prize,  the  consulship.  His 
name  was  presented  in  64  b.c,  with  five  other  candidates,  includ- 
ing Antonius  and  Catiline.  Cicero  owed  his  election  to  his  clean 
record,  which  secured  for  him  the  solid  support  of  the  equites, 
his  own  order,  and  of  many  patricians  of  the  better  sort.  He 
was  the  first  novus  homo  to  be  elected  since  Marius,  his  fellow 


XX 


INTRODUCTION 


Arpinate.  Antonius,  second  in  the  contest,  became  hi? 
colleague. 

During  his  term  he  opposed  the  agrarian  law  of  ServiHus  Rul- 
lus,  defended  Rabirius,  an  aged  senator  falsely  accused  of  murder, 
and  also  the  consul-elect,  Murena,  charged  with  bribery.  But 
the  main  event  of  his  consulship,  and  indeed  of  his  Ufe,  was  the 
suppreseion  of  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline  (see  p.  181).  This  task 
was  the  more  difficult  because  his  colleague  was  in  sympathy  with 
the  conspirators,  and  Caesar  and  Crassus  had  supported  Catihne 
in  his  candidacy.  Furthermore,  there  was  no  strong  garrison  in 
Rome  at  the  time,  for  the  legions  were  with  Pompey  in  the  East, 
and  the  nearest  troops  were  in  Cisalpine  Gaul.  It  was  the  con- 
sul's prompt  action  that  made  him  pater  'patriae,  and  honored 
him  with  a  supplicatio,  the  first  given  to  a  civihan. 

5.  Cicero  in  Exile.  —  Having  passed  the  goal  of  his  pohtical 
ambition,  Cicero  spent  the  next  four  years  as  an  active  member 
of  the  Senate.     In  62  b.c.  he  dehvered  his  oration  for  the  poet 


Antium 


MARCUS   TULLIUS   CICERO 


XXI 


So-called  Ruins  of  Cicero's  Villa  at  Tusculum 


Archias,  his  former  teacher  (see  p.  269).  He  also  defended  P. 
Cornehus  Sulla,  who  was  charged  with  complicity  in  the  con- 
spiracy of  Catiline.  In  private  Ufe  there  was  much  that  added 
to  the  enjoyment  of  the  honors  he  had  earned.  His  house  was  on 
the  Palatine  Hill,  the  best  residential  section  of  Rome.  He  had 
villas  or  country  seats  at  Antium,  Cumae,  Formiae,  Pompeii, 
and  Tusculum,  with  their  libraries  and  works  of  art. 

But  a  cloud  hung  over  his  pleasures.  On  the  last  day  of  his 
consulship,  as  he  ascended  the  Rostra  to  give  an  account  of  his 
administration,  Metellus,  the  tribune,  had  tried  to  prevent  him 
by  declaring  that  a  magistrate  who  had  put  Roman  citizens  to 
death  without  trial,  should  not  himself  speak.  The  gathering 
storm  of  opposition  burst  in  the  tribuneship  of  Clodius,  58  b.c. 
This  profligate  patrician  had  become  the  personal  enemy  of  the 
orator  because  the  latter  had  testified  against  his  character.  As 
the  agent  of  the  triumvirs  whom  Cicero  had  offended,  he  pro- 
posed a  bill  that  whoever  had  put  to  death  a  Roman  citizen  with- 


XXU  INTRODUCTION 

out  trial  should  be  outlawed.  It  was  evident  against  whom  it 
was  aimed.  Failing  to  receive  assistance  from  Pompey  and  the 
consuls,  Cicero  went  into  voluntary  exile.  Immediately  another 
bill  of  Clodius  was  passed,  declaring  Cicero  a  public  enemy, 
confiscating  his  property,  and  prohibiting  him  from  fire  and 
water  within  four  hundred  miles  of  the  city.  Cicero  fled  to  South- 
ern Italy,  thence  to  Greece  and  Thessalonica.  This  was  about  the 
time  of  Caesar's  battle  with  the  Helvetians.  The  rest  of  the 
year  he  remained  crushed  in  spirit  and  hopeless,  notwithstanding 
the  consolation  and  kindness  extended  to  him  by  the  provin- 
cials. 

But  in  Rome  opposition  was  turning  to  favor.  Clodius  had 
lost  his  hold.  Pompey  and  the  new  consuls  and  tribunes  of  57 
urged  the  return  of  the  exile.  A  month  after  the  bill  recalling  him 
was  passed  in  the  assembly  of  the  people,  he  reached  Rome. 
His  homeward  journey  was  marked  with  demonstrations  of  affec- 
tion. His  entry  into  the  city  was  like  a  triumphal  procession. 
Later  his  house  on  the  Palatine  and  his  villas  were  rebuilt  at  the 
pubhc  expense. 

6.  Cicero  as  Ex-consul.  —  Cicero  resumed  his  place  in  the 
Senate  and  in  the  courts,  but  his  life  was  one  of  weakened  influ- 
ence. His  friendship  was  sought  by  Caesar,  and  finally  won,  so 
that  he  wrote  to  Atticus,  "The  delightful  friendship  with  Caesar 
is  the  one  plank  saved  from  my  shipwreck  which  gives  me  real 
pleasure."  It  was  after  his  return  from  exile  that  Cicero  began 
to  write  upon  rhetorical  and  philosophical  subjects  (see  sec.  10). 
In  53  B.C.,  he  was  honored  with  an  appointment  to  the  college  of 
augurs.  In  52,  while  attempting  to  speak  in  behalf  of  Milo, 
who  was  clearly  guilty  of  the  murder  of  Clodius,  he  was  humih- 
ated  by  failure,  breaking  down  '^  in  the  presence  of  the  drawn 
swords  of  the  soldiers,  and  of  the  intense  excitement  of  the  by- 
standers." The  oration,  which  was  delivered  only  in  part,  was 
afterwards  written  out,  and  is  one  of  his  best.  The  following 
year  Cicero  was  made  governor  of  Cilicia,  a  province  that  had 
been  grossly  misruled  by  his  predecessor.  The  new  governor 
won  the  hearty  gratitude  of  his  subjects  by  his  reforms  in  many 
ways,  and  by  subduing  their  enemies  with  his  legions.     He  was 


MARCUS  TULLIUS   CICERO  xxiii 

proclaimed  imperator,  and  on  his  return  to  Rome  would  probably 
have  been  awarded  a  triumph,  had  the  citizens  not  been  distracted 
by  Caesar's  crossing  of  the  Rubicon. 

7.  Cicero  and  the  Civil  War.  —  Cicero's  position  between 
Caesar  and  Pompey  was  indeed  difficult.  Both  leaders  had 
claims  upon  his  friendship.  Failing  as  a  peacemaker,  he  finally 
took  the  side  of  Pompey,  following  him  to  Greece.  After 
Caesar's  victory  at  Pharsalus,  he  returned  to  Brundisium,  await- 
ing for  months  the  will  of  the  conqueror,  until  the  message  came 
with  a  generous  offer  of  pardon.  This  was  in  47  B.C.  With  but 
little  interest  in  politics,  Cicero  sought  comfort  in  wiiting.  Three 
busy  years  followed,  in  which  he  produced  four  works  on  rhetoric 
and  oratory,  three  on  ethics,  two  on  philosophy,  besides  essays 
on  other  subjects.  Domestic  sorrows  came.  His  wife  Terentia 
was  estranged,  and  finally  divorced.  This  was  followed  by  the 
death  of  his  only  daugl:  i-er  Tullia,  to  whom  he  was  devotedly 
attached. 

Then  came  the  assassination  of  Caesar  in  44  b.c,  which  in  the 
course  of  events,  Cicero  was  more  than  ready  to  approve.  Once 
again,  at  the  age  of  63,  he  threw  his  energy  into  the  struggle  for 
the  freedom  of  the  repubUc.  He  became  the  life  and  soul  of  the 
senatorial  party,  aiding  the  young  Octavianus  in  his  claims 
against  Antony.  His  last  oratorical  efforts  were  called  forth  in 
the  fourteen  "  Philippics,"  hurled  against  Antony,  in  which  he 
declared  the  tyrant  to  be  a  public  enemy,  and  called  upon  the 
Romans  to  maintain  their  liberty.  But  the  voice  of  her  greatest 
orator  could  not  save  the  state. 

8.  Cicero's  Assassination.  —  The  formation  of  the  second 
triumvirate  blasted  all  hopes  of  the  patriots.  Once  more  the 
proscription  lists  were  made,  and  to  satisfy  Antony,  the  young 
Octavianus  consented  to  sacrifice  Cicero.  His  brother  Quintus 
was  also  proscribed.  Marcus  might  have  made  his  escape,  but 
was  overtaken  by  the  assassins  near  his  villa  at  Formiae,  Decem- 
ber 7,  43  B.C.  His  faithful  slaves  would  have  fought  to  the  end, 
but  he  permitted  no  resistance.  It  is  recorded  that  his  head 
and  hands  were  taken  to  Rome  and  in  mockery  nailed  to  the 
Rostra  by  order  of  Antony. 


Xxiv  INTRODUCTION 

9.  Cicero  as  an  Orator.  —  "It  happened  many  years  after, '^. 
writes  Plutarch,  "  that  Augustus  once  found  one  of  his  grandsons 
with  a  work  of  Cicero's  in  his  hands.  The  boy  was  frightened 
and  hid  the  book  under  his  gown ;  but  the  emperor  took  it  from 
him,  and  standing  there  motionless,  read  through  a  great  part 
of  the  book;  then  he  gave  it  back  to  the  boy  and  said :  '  This 
was  a  great  orator,  my  child;  a  great  orator,  and  a  man  who 
loved  his  country  well.'  " 

Rome  was  a  nation  of  orators.  Not  only  did  Cicero  hold  the 
first  place  among  them,  but  his  influence  has  been  recognized  by 
all  men  of  eloquence  since  his  day.  To  natural  ability,  a  com- 
manding voice  and  a  pleasing  personahty,  were  added  long  and 
careful  discipline  and  experience.  It  is  true  that  he  argued 
chiefly  as  an  advocate,  often  exaggerating  or  evading  facts  in 
order  to  emphasize.  He  was  criticised  for  being  verbose,  but 
this  defect  he  partly  corrected.  With  his  incisive  wit,  his  keen 
sense  of  humor,  his  wonderful  mastery  of  words,  he  swayed  the 
people  and  the  Senate  at  his  will.  Of  one  hundred  and  seven 
orations  attributed  to  Cicero,  over  fifty  have  been  preserved  en- 
tire, with  fragments  of  twenty  others.  Most  of  these  were  re- 
vised for  publication  after  being  delivered. 

10.  Cicero  as  a  Writer.  —  The  name  of  Cicero  is  the  greatest 
la  Roman  literature.  Mackail  saj^s,  "  Cicero's  imperishable 
glory  is  that  he  created  a  language  which  remained  for  sixteen 
centuries  that  of  the  civilized  world,  and  used  that  language  to 
create  a  style  which  nineteen  centuries  have  not  replaced,  and 
in  some  respects  have  scarcely  altered.  He  stands  in  prose,  like 
Virgil  in  poetry,  as  the  bridge  between  the  ancient  and  the 
modern  world."  One  can  hardly  understand  how  a  busy  man 
could  find  time  to  write  so  much  upon  so  many  subjects.  His 
writings,  as  they  have  come  down  to  us,  fill  ten  volumes,  about 
five  thousand  pages.  Besides  his  orations  and  letters  we  have 
his  works  on  rhetoric  and  i:)hilosophy.  With  his  broad  experi- 
ence no  one  could  write  with  more  authority  than  he  upon  rhetoric 
and  oratory.  In  his  De  Oratore,  Brutus,  and  Orator,  he  treats  of 
the  ideal  orator,  his  education  and  training,  and  the  history  of 
oratory  down  to  his  own  time. 


MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO  XXV 

The  treatises  in  philosophy  were  written  in  the  last  years  of  his 
life.  In  46-44  b.c.  he  produced  fifteen  works,  including  De 
Republica,  De  Legibus,  De  Offi^ciis,  De  Amicitia,  De  Senectute,  De 
Finibus,  De  Natura  Deorum,  and  the  Tusculan  Disputations. 
He  had  studied  Greek  philosophy  from  his  youth.  But  very  httle 
had  been  written  in  Latin  on  this  subject.  To  reproduce  the 
thoughts  of  the  Greeks  without  aiming  to  be  original,  to  teach  the 
lessons  of  philosophy  to  his  countrymen  in  their  own  tongue,  this 
was  his  task.  Of  the  Tusculan  Disputations  it  was  Erasmus  who 
said:  ''  I  cannot  doubt  that  the  mind  from  which  such  teach- 
ings flowed  was  in  some  sense  inspired  by  divinity.  I  always  feel 
a  better  man  for  reading  Cicero." 

11.  Cicero's  Letters.  —  To  the  modern  world  most  interest- 
ing are  the  letters  of  Cicero.  Of  these  we  have  over  eight 
hundred,  written  to  his  family  and  friends  {Ad  Familiares),  to 
his  intimate  friend  and  publisher,  T.  Pomponius  Atticus  {Ad 
Atticum),  to  his  brother  Quintus  {Ad  Q.  Fratrem),  and  to  Marcus 
Brutus  {Ad  M.  Brutum).  The}''  cover  a  period  of  twenty-five 
years,  68  to  43  b.c,  and  are  a  priceless  source  of  information  of 
the  times  of  Cicero,  the  last  days  of  the  republic.  And  yet  as 
we  read  these  charming  and  natural  expressions  of  the  great 
Roman,  we  are  impressed  with  their  modern  tone  and  our  com- 
mon ci^ihzation. 

12.  The  Character  of  Cicero.  —  Historians  vary  greatly  in 
their  estimate  of  Cicero.  Perhaps  it  is  nearest  the  truth  to  say 
that  he  had  many  w^eaknesses  but  much  strength.  He  was 
emotional,  vain,  sensitive.  As  a  statesman  he  made  many  mis- 
takes. He  failed  to  grasp  the  supreme  problems  of  his  time.  He 
lacked  force,  will,  and  aim.  He  was  vacillating  in  the  ci\dl  war, 
but  his  choice  of  affihation  had  to  be  made  between  two  e\dls. 
That  he  w^as  a  patriot  there  can  be  no  doubt.  His  greatest  desire 
was  to  save  and  free  the  repubhc.  That  he  was  honest  and  in- 
corruptible is  shown  in  his  provincial  administration.  He  was  a 
man  of  peace  and  honor,  pure  in  hfe  and  purpose,  and  sympathetic 
with  the  oppressed.  A  biographer  well  says :  "  His  fideht}"  to 
his  prudent  friend  Atticus,  his  affection  to  his  loyal  freedman  Tiro, 
his  unfailing  courtesy  toward  his  mfe  Terentia,  the  love  he  lav- 


ZXVI 


INTRODUCTION 


^ 


■■(/ 


!-,/>" 


♦^JC^TVUJGP  '^iCS' 


ished  upon  his 
daughter  Tullia,  his 
unworthy  son  Mar- 
cus, and  his  sturdy 
brother  Quintus, 
stand  forth  in  strik- 
ing contrast  to  the 
coldness  of  the  typi- 
cal Roman  of  his 
day." 

ROMAN    ORA- 
TORY 

13.  In  the  time  of 
Cicero  there  were 
two  styles  of  ora- 
tory, the  Asiatic  and 
the  Attic.  The  for- 
mer style  called  for 
ornamentation,  and 
attention  to  lan- 
guage and  delivery  rather  than  to  thought ;  the  latter  was  di- 
rect, simple,  natural.  Hortensius  represented  the  Asiatic;  Cic- 
ero, the  Attic,  though  being  a  pupil  of  the  Rhodian  School,  he 
was  inclined  to  strike  a  mean  between  the  two  extremes. 

14.  Orations  were  judicial,  deliberative,  or  demonstrative. 
(1)  Judicial  orations,  of  which  the  Pro  Archia  is  an  example,  were 
delivered  in  a  court  of  justice.  (2)  Deliberative  orations  were 
delivered  to  the  Senate  or  the  popular  assembly  in  the  discussion 
of  some  public  question.  The  oration  for  the  Manilian  Law  and 
those  against  Catihne  were  of  this  kind.  (3)  Demonstrative 
orations  were  designed  to  praise  or  censure  some  one.  These  are 
illustrated  by  the  oration  Pro  Marcello,  by  the  portions  of  the 
Manilian  Law  eulogizing  Pompey,  and  portions  of  the  Catiline 
orations  denouncing  the  conspirator. 

15.  The  formal  outline  of  an  oration  included  six  parts  :  (1)  the 
exordium,  or  introduction;    (2)  the  narratio,  or  statement  of  the 


Raphael's  Idea  of  Cicero 
(From  his  sketch  book) 


ROMAN   CITIZENS  XXVii 

case,  including  the  propositio,  or  statement  of  the  main  theme; 
(3)  the  partitio,  or  division  of  the  argument .  (4)  the  confirmatio, 
or  affirmative  argument  from  the  speaker's  side;  (5)  the  refutatio, 
or  rebuttal  of  the  opponent's  argument;  (6)  the  peroratio,  or 
conclusion. 

ROMAN    CITIZENS 

16.  The  old  distinction  between  patricians  and  plebeians  was 
wiped  out  as  early  as  300  B.C.,  when  both  classes  aUke  were  en- 
titled to  hold  any  office,  civil  or  religious.  But  another  dis- 
tinction arose,  dividing  the  people  into  three  classes,  the  sena- 
torial order,  the  knights,  and  the  commons. 

17.  The  Senatorial  Order,  or  Optimates.  —  This  order  in- 
cluded all  who  were  descended  from  a  curule  magistrate  (32) 
or  who  had  themselves  held  office.  They  therefore  constituted 
an  hereditar}^  nobility.  They  practically  held  a  monopoly  of  the 
offices,  for  while  any  freeborn  citizen  might  be  a  candidate,  the 
power  of  the  senatorial  party  was  against  all  except  the  nobles. 
Senators  were  excluded  by  law  from  trade  and  banking.  Their 
distinctive  dress  was  the  tunic  with  a  broad  purple  stripe. 

18.  The  Equites,  or  Knights.  —  This  term,  originally  apphed  to 
the  cavalry  of  the  state,  came  to  be  used  of  the  men  who  had  the 
property  quahfication  of  400,000  sesterces,  about  20,000  dollars 
{ordo  eqiiester) .  They  formed,  therefore,  an  aristocracy  of  wealth, 
controlling  capital  and  farming  the  pubhc  revenues.  They  had 
no  constitutional  privileges  until  the  time  of  Gains  Gracchus, 
when  they  were  given  the  exclusive  right  to  sit  on  juries.  The 
equites  then  lost  their  mihtary  connection  and  became  influential 
in  poUtics,  often  as  rivals  of  the  senators.  The  insignia  of  the 
order  was  a  gold  ring  and  two  purple  stripes  on  the  tunic. 

19.  The  Commons.  —  In  Cicero's  time  the  older  famiUes  had 
all  become  senators  or  knights.  The  great  body  of  the  people 
constituted  the  populus,  plebs,  or  populates.  By  amassing  suffi- 
cient wealth  one  of  the  inferior  class  could  rise  to  the  equites; 
by  holding  the  offices,  he  became  a  senator.  Such  a  man  ennobled 
his  family,  and  being  the  first  to  hold  office,  was  a  novus  homo 
(a  man  without  ancestry).     "  The  condition  of  the  commons  was 


xxviil  INTRODUCTION 

pitiable.  The  combinations  of  capital  shut  them  out  of  commerce 
and  manufacture,  while  the  competition  of  slave  labor  almost 
closed  agriculture  and  trade  against  them.  Some  found  employ- 
ment in  the  colonies  and  provinces,  some  eked  out  a  scanty  living 
on  their  farms,  some  made  war  their  trade ;  but  the  idle  and  de- 
graded flocked  into  the  capital  to  live  on  the  cheap  corn  provided 
by  the  treasury,  and  to  sell  their  votes  to  the  highest  bidder.'^ 
(Johnston.) 

20.  Freed  slaves  {liherti,  lihertini)  were  citizens  and  had  the 
right  to  vote,  but  not  to  hold  office  until  the  taint  of  slavery 
was  removed  by  two  or  more  generations. 

21.  Municipia,  or  municipal  towns,  were  conquered  com- 
munities subject  to  taxation  and  military  service,  which  finally 
gained  full  citizenship.  Civitates  foederatae  were  communities 
whose  privileges  depended  on  special  treaty  with  Rome.  Colo- 
nies sent  from  the  city  (coloniae),  as  a  rule,  enjoyed  full  citizen- 
ship. A  praefectura  was  a  town  in  which  justice  was  administered 
by  a  prefect  sent  from  Rome.  Individual  foreigners  were  often 
honored  with  citizenship  by  special  gift,  sometimes  conferred  by 
a  commander. 

THE    POPULAR   ASSEMBLIES 

There  were  three  assemblies  based  on  three  different  divisions; 
of  the  citizens. 

22.  The  Comitia  Curiata.  —  This  was  the  old  assembly  of 
thirty  curiae  or  wards.  Originally  its  function  was  to  confer 
imperium  on  the  king  and  to  decide  on  peace  and  war.  In  the 
time  of  the  repubhc  its  only  duty  was  the  conferring  of  authority 
on  the  consuls  and  praetors  as  a  matter  of  form,  each  curia  being 
represented  by  a  single  delegate. 

23.  Comitia  Centuriata.  —  This  assembly  began  as  a  mihtary 
organization  in  the  days  of  Servius  Tullius,  when  the  people  were 
divided  into  centuries  (centuriae).  The  century  or  division  to 
which  a  man  belonged  was  determined  by  the  amount  of  his 
wealth.  About  250  b.c.  the  assembly  was  reorganized  into  three 
hundred  and  seventy-three  centuries.  This  comitia  elected  the 
consuls,  praetors,  and  censors,  and  for  a  long  time  decided  ques- 


THE   POPULAR  ASSEMBLIES  xxix 

tions  of  peace  and  war.  This  latter  function,  however,  was 
transferred  to  the  Senate.  Its  power  of  legislation  was  trans- 
ferred largely  to  the  comitia  tributa,  and  its  judicial  power  to  the 
standing  courts.  It  could  be  summoned  by  a  consul,  praetor,  or 
dictator.  Being  military  in  theory,  its  meetings  were  usually 
held  in  the  Campus  Martins. 

24.  Comitia  Tributa.  —  This  was  an  assembly  of  the  tribes, 
thirty-five  in  number,  growing  out  of  the  older  concilium  plebis. 
The  assembly  convened  under  either  name  according  to  whether 
the  patricians  were  included  (comitia  tributa),  or  excluded  {con- 
cilium plebis).  Their  functions  were  elective,  legislative,  and 
judicial.  The  comitia  tributa  elected  curule  aediles,  quaestors, 
and  certain  lesser  magistrates,  and  was  presided  over  by  a  con- 
sul or  praetor.  Its  enactments  were  known  as  leges.  The  con- 
cilium plebis,  whose  presiding  officer  was  a  tribune,  elected  the 
plebeian  tribunes  and  aediles  and  came  to  be  the  chief  legisla- 
tive body  of  the  government.  Its  laws,  known  as  plebiscita, 
had  the  same  validity  as  the  leges  of  the  comitia  tributa,  and  did 
not  require  the  sanction  of  the  Senate.  Like  the  comitia  cen- 
turiata,  these  tribal  assemblies  relegated  their  judicial  authority 
to  the  standing  courts,  though  as  late  as  63  b.c,  Rabinius  was 
tried  before  the  tributa  mth  Cicero  as  his  defender.  The  ses- 
sions of  these  assemblies  were  held  in  the  Campus  for  elections, 
and  in  the  Forum  for  law-making, 

25.  Methods  of  Voting.  Adjournment.  —  The  assemblies 
mentioned  above  were  called  for  taking  action  not  for  dehbera- 
tion.  The  voting  was  done  by  secret  ballot.  At  legislative 
meetings  each  voter  received  an  affirmative  and  a  negative 
ballot.  At  meetings  to  elect  magistrates  he  received  a  blank 
tabella,  on  which  he  wrote  the  name  of  the  candidate  of  his 
choice.  In  each  century  or  tribe  the  individual  votes  determined 
the  vote  of  the  century  or  tribe  which  was  then  cast  as  a  unit,  a 
majority  of  these  divisions  deciding  the  vote  of  the  assembly. 
So,  for  example,  the  favoring  vote  of  eighteen  of  the  thirty-five 
tribes  would  pass  a  bill,  though  the  individuals  represented  might 
be  less  than  those  who  opposed  it.  If  the  voting  was  not  com- 
pleted by  sunset,  all  was  void.    The  session  might  then  be  ad- 


XXX  INTRODUCTION 

journed  by  the  presiding  officer,  by  his  colleague,  or  a  superior 
officer,  or  by  the  occurrence  of  Ughtning  or  storm.  Finally  the 
voting  would  have  to  be  repeated  if  the  officer  failed  or  refused 
to  announce  the  result. 

26.  Contiones.  —  An  assembly  of  citizens  to  listen  to  an  ad- 
dress or  to  a  discussion  was  a  contio.  The  people  came  together 
as  individuals.  Though  called  together  by  magistrates  only,  the 
assembly  could  be  addressed  by  private  citizens.  It  had  no 
powers,  and  adopted  no  resolutions.  If  action  was  to  follow,  a 
comitia  had  to  be  properly  called.  The  second  and  third  orations 
against  CatiHne  and  the  oration  for  the  Manihan  Law  were  de- 
livered before  contiones. 

27.  Political  Parties.  —  As  in  all  nations,  two  factions  sprang 
ap,  the  aristocratic  and  the  democratic  {optimates  and  populares). 
Cicero  defined  the  former  thus :  "  All  those  are  optimates  who, 
no  matter  to  what  class  of  citizens  they  belong,  bravely  defend 
the  institutions  of  our  ancestors."  They  formed  the  conservative 
class,  including  the  nobiUty  as  the  chief  element.  "  Those  who 
wish  the  things  which  they  do  and  say  to  be  pleasing  to  the 
multitude,"  said  Cicero",  '^  are  the  populares."  The  intense  party 
strife  between  these  factions  which  began  with  the  Gracchi  lasted 
till  the  time  of  Caesar,  who  became  the  successful  popular  cham- 
pion. 

THE   SENATE 

28.  Membership.  —  In  the  earlier  days  of  the  republic  any 
citizen  of  proper  age  was  ehgible  to  the  Senate,  though  the  prefer- 
ence was  given  to  ex-magistrates.  After  Sulla,  the  Senate  be- 
came exclusively  a  body  of  ex-magistrates,  serving  ex-officio  for 
life.  Before  admission  to  membership,  a  candidate  must  be 
declared  worthy  by  the  censor,  must  be  thirty -one  years  old,  and 
mast  abstain  from  certain  occupations.  While  there  was  no 
property  requirement,  only  men  of  means  would  be  able  to  serve, 
as  they  did,  without  pay.  The  senators  in  a  body  were  ad- 
dressed as  patres  conscripti,  i.e.  patres  et  conscripti,  a  phrase  first 
used  in  509  B.C.  to  include  the  original  senators  {patres)  and  the 
newly  enrolled  {conscripti)  plebeians.    The  number  of  senators 


THE   SENATE  XXxi 

was  fixed  by  Sulla  at  600,  by  Caesar  at  900,  and  afterwards  re- 
duced to  600. 

29.  The  Session.  —  The  regular  meeting  place  of  the  Senate 
was  the  Curia  Hostilia  on  the  north  side  of  the  Comitium,  but 
any  temple  might  be  used  instead.  The  first  oration  against 
Catihne  was  delivered  in  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator,  the  fourth 
in  the  Temple  of  Concord.  A  session  was  called  generally  by  a 
consul,  praetor,  or  tribune,  who  became  the  presiding  officer. 
None  but  members  were  admitted,  but  others  might  hsten  to  the 
proceedings  from  the  entrance. 

30.  Procedure.  —  After  the  senators  had  been  summoned  by 
the  herald  (praeco)  or  by  proclamation,  the  presiding  officer  took 
the  auspices.  He  then  proposed  the  question  to  be  considered 
(rem  ad  senatum  referre),  and  called  upon  the  members  to  ex- 
press their  opinions  (rogare  sententias).  The  privilege  of  speech 
was  given  first  to  magistrates-elect,  then  to  ex-magistrates 
ranking  as  consuls,  praetors,  aediles,  tribunes,  quaestors.  The 
presiding  officer  was  entitled  to  speak  at  any  stage  of  the 
debate.  The  members  either  spoke  at  length  or  simply  ex- 
pressed agreement,  or  nonagreement  with  the  motion.  After 
the  discussion  the  voting  was  by  division.  All  voted  except 
magistrates  in  office.  A  decision  of  the  Senate  which  was  not 
vetoed  was  called  a  senatus  consultum;  but  if  vetoed  by  any 
magistrate  having  the  right  of  veto,  it  was  only  a  senatus 
audoritas.  To  be  valid,  the  decision  must  be  reached  before 
sunset.  Filibustering  was  practised,  for  the  opponent  of  a 
measure  could  prevent  action  on  it  by  talking  until  sunset. 

31.  Functions.  —  The  Senate  was  primarily  an  advisory  body, 
giving  advice  only  when  asked,  but  by  reason  of  the  dignity  of  its 
members,  it  gained  in  power  until  it  controlled  all  legislation  and 
elections.     Among  its  special  powers  were  the  following : 

1.  In  rehgious  matters  the  Senate  ordered  the  consultation  of 
the  soothsayers  or  the  Sibylline  books,  decreed  a  thanksgiving 
(supplicatio) ,  games,  or  hoUdays,  and  cooperated  with  the  rehgious 
officers  in  times  of  peril. 

2.  In  financial  matters  the  Senate  controlled  taxation,  reve- 
nues, appropriations,  and  coinage. 


xxxii  INTRODUCTION 

3.  The  Senate  declared  war  and  concluded  peace,  assigning 
troops  and  military  commands,  awarding  the  title  of  imperator 
and  granting  a  triumph  or  a  supplicatio. 

4.  The  Senate  could  enter  into  an  alliance  by  treaty  with  a 
foreign  nation,  assume  the  protectorate  of  a  territory,  or  confer 
the  title  of  king  or  friend  of  the  Roman  people  on  a  foreign  poten- 
tate. Embassies  from  foreign  nations  were  sent  to  it,  and  de- 
mands addressed  to  a  foreign  nation  were  sent  by  the  Senate. 

5.  The  government  of  the  provinces  was  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Senate,  which  assigned  the  proconsuls  and  the  propraetors. 

6.  The  Senate  discussed  bills  which  were  to  be  presented  to  the 
legislative  assemblies. 

7.  The  Senate  had  the  sole  right  of  naming  a  dictator,  or  might 
suspend  the  ordinary  laws  by  passing  a  senatus  consultum  ulti- 
mum,  directing  the  consuls  videant  ne  quid  res  publica  detrimenti 
capiat. 

THE    MAGISTRATES 

32.  There  were  six  ordinary  magistrates  in  the  repubhcan 
period :  consul,  censor,  praetor,  tribune  of  the  plebs,  aedile, 
quaestor.  The  dictator  and  magister  equitum  were  extraor- 
dinary, appointed  only  in  critical  times.  The  consul  and 
praetor  (dictator  and  magister  equitum)  were  magistrates  with 
imperium,  i.e.  with  supreme  executive  authority,  military,  civil, 
and  judicial,  which  had  formerly  belonged  to  the  kings.  The 
other  officials  were  magistrates  with  potestas.  The  consul,  censor, 
praetor,  curule  aedile  (dictator  and  magister  equitum)  were  curule 
magistrates,  i.e.  were  entitled  to  use  the  sella  curulis,  an  ivory 
chair  of  peculiar  shape,  as  a  symbol  of  authority.  Non-curule 
magistrates  used  a  subsellium,  a  low  wooden  bench.  By  a  law 
in  180  B.C.,  a  cursus  honorum  was  estabhshed,  making  it  neces- 
sary for  one  to  have  been  quaestor  before  becoming  praetor,  and 
to  have  been  praetor  before  becoming  consul.  Furthermore,  it 
was  considered  desirable  to  be  aedile  before  being  praetor,  though 
not  essential.  Besides  this  sequence,  a  minimum  age  limit  was 
fixed  for  the  incumbent  of  each  office ;  for  quaestor,  thirty-one ; 
aedile,  thirty-seven;    praetor,  forty;    consul,  forty-three.    Th^^ 


THE   MAGISTRATEiS  XXxiil 

date  of  the  elections  was  usually  set  by  the  Senate  for  July,  but 
postponements  might  occur.  Quaestors  were  inaugurated  the 
following  December  5;  tribunes,  December  10;  others,  January  1. 
The  term  of  office  was  one  year,  except  for  the  censor,  who  served 
eighteen  months.  An  interval  of  two  years  was  necessary  be- 
tween the  different  offices,  and  one  of  ten  years  before  reelection 
to  the  same  office.  Every  magistrate  possessed  the  power  of  veto 
over  his  colleague  or  an  inferior  magistrate.  There  was  no  salary 
for  public  officials,  but  an  ex-magistrate  found  a  source  of  gain 
in  the  province  to  which  he  was  assigned. 

33.  Consuls.  —  The  two  consuls  were  theoretically  of  equal 
power,  exercising  their  authority  on  alternate  months.  They 
were  the  chief  magistrates,  checking  by  veto  any  other  except  a 
tribune.  Each  consul  was  limited  by  the  veto  power  of  the  other 
and  of  the  tribune,  and  was  restrained  by  the  fact  that  he  would 
have  to  give  an  account  of  his  administration  to  the  people.  In 
the  transaction  of  foreign  affairs,  they  presided  over  the  Senate, 
and  executed  its  orders.  They  conducted  the  election  of  the 
curule  magistrates  in  the  popular  assemblies.  They  had  the  power 
to  levy  troops,  and  were  nominally  the  commanders,  but  in 
Cicero's  time  it  was  unusual  for  them  to  take  the  field.  In  times 
of  peril,  the  consuls  were  invested  by  the  Senate  with  the  power 
of  a  dictator.  A  consul  whose  authority  was  prolonged  beyond 
his  term  of  office  became  a  proconsul  and  acted  as  governor  of  a 
province.  The  consular  insignia  were  the  toga  praetexta,  sella 
curulis,  and  twelve  lictors,  who  bore  the  fasces. 

34.  Praetors.  —  In  case  of  the  absence  of  both  consuls  from 
the  city,  the  praetors  acted  in  their  place.  But  their  chief  duty 
was  to  act  as  judges.  As  the  government  developed,  their 
number  was  increased  from  one  to  eight,  as  it  was  in  Cicero's 
time.  Of  these,  one  was  the  praetor  urbanus,  in  charge  of  cases 
between  citizens ;  another  was  the  praetor  inter  peregrinos,  in 
charge  of  cases  between  foreigners,  or  between  a  foreigner  and  a 
citizen ;  the  remaining  six  presided  over  the  standing  courts  for 
special  offences.  The  praetor  urbanus  was  the  chief  judge  of  Rome. 
At  the  close  of  his  year,  a  praetor  became  propraetor,  in  the  ca- 
pacity of  provincial  governor. 


xxxiv  INTRODUCTION 

35.  Aediles.  —  There  were  four  aediles,  two  "  curule  "  and 
two  ''  plebeian."  The  former  were  chosen  by  the  comitia 
trihuta,  the  latter  by  the  concilium  plebis  (24).  Their  duties 
were  practically  the  same,  the  city  being  divided  into  four  dis- 
tricts, one  for  each  aedile.  These  duties  were  the  care  of  the 
streets  and  public  buildings,  the  water  supply  and  the  grain 
market,  the  superintending  of  the  pohce,  and  the  providing  against 
fire.  An  important  function  was  to  provide  for  the  public  games 
and  festivals.  For  this  purpose  there  was  a  state  appropriation 
of  funds,  but  the  desire  to  win  the  favor  of  the  people  often  led 
the  aedile  to  excessive  expenditure  which  he  expected  to  pay  by 
means  of  later  income  in  the  provinces. 

36.  Quaestors.  —  The  quaestors  were  the  public  treasurers. 
Before  the  third  century  b.c.  they  also  prepared  evidence  in 
public  prosecutions  (hence  the  name,  from  quaero).  They  col- 
lected money  due  the  state  and  paid  it  out  by  order  of  the  Senate. 
They  were  also  custodians  of  the  pubhc  documents  such  as  census 
lists,  contracts,  and  copies  of  laws.  Their  number,  at  first  two, 
was  increased  by  Sulla  to  twenty.  Two  of  these  [quaestor es 
urbani),  served  in  the  city  as  general  financial  officers,  while  the 
others  were  with  the  army  or  in  the  provinces  as  paymasters. 
Their  year  of  office  began  December  5,  when  they  drew  lots  for 
assignments  as  referred  to  in  Cat.  IV.  7. 

37.  Tribunes.  —  The  ten  tribunes  of  the  plebs  were  of  neces- 
sity plebeian,  either  by  birth  or  adoption  (24).  The  office  was 
first  created  to  protect  the  people  against  the  arbitrary  action 
of  a  magistrate.  Though  they  had  no  positive  duties  except  to 
preside  at  certain  elections  (24)  they  came  to  be  the  most  power- 
ful officers  in  the  state,  for  by  their  power  of  veto  (ius  intercedendi) 
they  could  prevent  the  act  of  any  curule  magistrate,  the  passage 
of  laws  by  the  assemblies,  or  the  decree  of  the  Senate.  The  only 
check  upon  them  was  the  veto  of  a  colleague.  They  could  also 
convoke  and  preside  over  the  Senate  (28)  and  the  comitia  trihuta, 
and  initiate  legislation.  Their  activity  was  confined  to  the  city, 
from  which  tney  were  permitted  to  be  absent  only  a  day  at  a 
time.  As  protectors  of  the  people,  the  houses  of  the  tribunes 
stood  open  day  and  night.    Their  persons  were  declared  sacred. 


THE   MAGISTRATES  xxxv 

i.e.  death  might  be  inflicted  on  any  man  who  harmed  the  tribune 
in  the  exercise  of  his  authority. 

38.  Censors.  —  Two  censors  were  elected  every  five  years- 
They  served  for  eighteen  months  and  then  abdicated,  their 
duties  for  the  remaining  time  being  assigned  to  the  other  magis- 
trates. These  duties  were  (1)  to  take  the  census,  assess  property, 
and  arrange  for  the  register  of  tribes,  classes,  and  centuries ; 
(2)  to  revise  the  lists  of  senators  and  knights,  excluding  the 
unworth}^  (28),  and  in  general  to  supervise  pubhc  morals ;  (3)  to 
sell  the  pri\aleges  of  collecting  taxes,  and  to  let  contracts  for 
public  buildings.  A  man  could  be  degraded  from  his  rank, 
remaining  so  for  the  current  register.  On  the  other  hand,  a 
master  could  free  a  slave  by  having  liim  inscribed  on  the  censor's 
Ust  of  citizens.  In  the  last  century  of  the  repubhc  the  office  lost 
much  of  its  prestige,  and  from  86  to  70  b.c.  no  censors  were 
elected  (Arcliias,  ch.  5). 

39.  Dictator.  —  In  times  of  special  peril  the  consuls  appointed 
a  dictator  by  order  of  the  Senate.  His  authority  lasted  for  six 
months,  or  less  if  regular  order  was  restored.  There  was  no 
appeal  from  his  decisions.  He  appointed  a  military  assistant  to 
command  the  cavalry  {magister  equitum),  while  he  commanded 
the  infantry.  There  was  no  regular  dictator  after  202  b.c,  for 
Sulla  and  Caesar,  who  were  so  called,  usurped  the  office. 

40.  Religious  Officers.  —  The  religion  of  the  Romans  was  a 
state  institution.  The  priests  were  men  of  great  influence  and 
had  much  to  do  with  pubhc  hfe.  The  most  important  of  the 
priestly  colleges  were  the  pontifl's  (pontifices)  and  the  augurs 
(auguries).  The  former,  15  in  number,  supervised  all  reUgious 
observances,  chose  and  guarded  the  Vestals,  regulated  the 
Calendar,  fixing  the  days  for  legal  business  and  for  festivals. 
They  held  office  for  life.  The  president  of  the  college,  the  ponti- 
fex  maximus,  was  not  prevented  from  engaging  in  secular  pursuits. 
Thus  Caesar  was  elected  to  this  office  at  the  age  of  tliirty-six,  and 
continued  his  public  career.  The  augurs  observed  and  inter- 
preted the  auspices  or  reputed  natural  signs.  These  signs  were 
derived  from  the  heavens,  including  thunder  and  hghtning,  from 
the  ffight  of  birds,  from  the  behavior  of  sacred  chickens,  and  in 


XXXvi  INTRODUCTION 

other  ways  according  to  traditional  rules.  Unless  the  auspices 
were  first  taken,  no  assembly,  no  meeting  of  the  Senate,  no  elec- 
tion could  be  held,  neither  could  war  be  declared,  nor  could 
public  business  of  any  kind  be  transacted.  Cicero  was  made 
one  of  the  fifteen  augurs  in  53  b.c. 

Haruspices  from  Etruria  foretold  the  future  in  detail,  rather 
than  simple  answers  "  yes  "  or  "  no."  They  were  an  unofficial 
guild,  consulted  in  special  cases. 

THE    COURTS 

41.  The  Roman  courts  were  in  charge  of  the  praetors  (34). 
In  cases  of  minor  importance,  the  praetor  either  gave  the  deci- 
sion himself  or  referred  it  to  a  judge  (index)  or  jury.  For  cases  of 
greater  importance,  standing  courts  were  estabhshed  by  Sulla, 
the  quaestiones  perpetuae,  presided  over  by  the  praetors.  These 
courts  considered  cases  concerning  misgovernment  (extortion), 
murder,  forgery,  embezzlement,  treason,  assault,  etc.  Juries 
varied  in  number  of  men,  and  were  selected  by  the  presiding 
judge.  After  70  b.c.  a  law  provided  that  they  should  be  taken 
equally  from  the  senators,  the  knights,  and  the  tribuni  aerarii. 
Their  service  was  honorary.  Trials  were  first  held  in  the  open 
air  at  the  tribunal  of  the  praetor  in  the  Forum,  but  after  184  B.C., 
often  in  the  basilicas  around  the  Forum.  From  the  decisions  of 
the  standing  courts  there  was  no  appeal.  By  the  Valerian  law 
(509  B.C.)  citizens  condemned  to  death  or  excessive  fine  by  any 
magistrate  had  the  right  of  appcfl  to  the  comitia  centuriata  and 
tributa  respectively.  But  capital  punishment  and  the  flogging  of 
citizens  were  abolished  by  the  Porcian  law  (198  b.c).  Imprison- 
ment as  a  penalty  was  not  known  in  Rome,  though  one  await- 
ing trial  might  be  kept  in  the  career.  The  ordinary  penalties 
were  a  fine  (multa),  loss  of  citizenship  (infamia),  or  exile.  Exile 
was  either  voluntary,  or  practicall}^  imposed  b}^  the  denial  of  the 
use  of  fire  and  water  (aquae  et  ignis  inter dictio) . 

PROVINCES 

42.  A  Boman  provmce  was  organized  under  a  charter  prepared 
by  the  conquering  general  with  the  sanction  of  the  Senate.     Its 


THE   FORUM  XXXvii 

government  was  intrusted  to  a  proconsul  when  an  army  was 
necessary,  to  a  propraetor  when  the  province  was  quiet.  As  far 
as  practicable,  the  freedom  of  the  provincials  in  local  matters 
was  not  interfered  with.  **  The  tax  exacted  of  a  prov^-'ice  was  a 
tithe  (decuma),  or  a  fixed  amount  in  money  {stipendium) .  Be- 
sides the  tithe,  the  Senate  might  impose  the  burden  of  supplying 
further  produce  at  a  fixed  price."  (Gow.)  During  the  later 
years  of  the  republic,  especially,  the  provinces  were  plundered 
by  the  governors  as  well  as  by  the  tax  farmers.  Although  charges 
could  be  brought  in  the  special  court  at  Rome  against  the  offender, 
yet  in  fact  such  action  brought  little  permanent  relief. 

THE    FORUM    AND    THE    PUBLIC    BUILDINGS 

43.  The  Forum  was  the  low  open  space  between  the  Capitoline 
and  Palatine  Hills,  originally  a  market  place.  "  It  was  about 
two  hundred  and  twenty  yards  long,  sixty  j^ards  wide  near  the 
Capitoline,  narrowing  to  thirty-five  near  the  Palatine."  (Gow.) 
Adjacent  to  it  on  the  northwest  corner  was  a  small  square,  the 
Comitium,  used  in  earlier  days  as  the  center  of  public  life. 
Between  tne  Forum  and  th?  Comitium  stood  the  Rostra,  the 
speaker's  platform,  from  which  audiences  could  be  addressed  on 
either  side.  It  was  from  this  platform  that  Cicero's  orations  to 
the  people  were  delivered.  The  Capitoline  Hill  on  the  west  was 
famed  for  its  temple  of  Jupiter.  The  Palatine  Hill  on  the  southeast 
was  the  site  of  many  shrines,  and  of  the  residences  of  wealthy 
citizens.  On  the  north  side  of  the  Comitium  was  the  Senate  House, 
the  Curia  Hostilia,  whose  site  is  now  marked  by  the  Church 
of  St.  Adriano.  At  the  western  end  of  the  Forum  was  the  Temple 
of  Concord,  built  to  commemorate  the  final  harmony  between 
the  patricians  and  the  plebeians.  The  Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator, 
in  which  Cicero  dehvered  his  first  oration  against  Catihne  prob- 
ably stood  on  the  slope  of  the  Palatine,  a  short  distance  to  the 
east  of  the  Forum.  Among  the  other  buildings  of  interest  about 
the  Forum  were  the  Temple  of  Vesta,  with  its  sacred  fire ;  the 
Regia,  formerly  the  palace  of  the  king,  later  the  residence  of  the 
pontifex  maximus;  the  basilicae,  used  for  the  law  courts ;  and 
the  tabernae,  rows  of  shops.     The  Forum  was  therefore  the  center 


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Xl  INTRODUCTION 

of  the  religious,  legal,  and  business  interests.  On  the  northwest 
corner  stood  the  Tulhanum  or  state's  prison,  which  exists  to-day, 
the  place  of  the  execution  of  Catiline's  fellow-conspirators  (see 
p.  32). 

WORKS    OF    REFERENCE 

.    44.  Beesly,  a.  H.,  Catiline,  Clodius,  and  Tiberius. 
BoissiER,  G.,  Cicero  and  his  Friends. 
Collins,  W.    L.,    Cicero   (Ancient  Classics  for  English 

Readers.) 
Fausset,  W.  Y.,  The  Student's  Cicero. 
Forsyth,  W.,  Life  of  Cicero. 
Froude,  J.  A.,  Caesar,  a  Sketch. 
Oman,  Ch.,  Pompey  (Seven  Roman  Statesmen). 
Plutarch,  Life  of  Cicero. 
Strachan-Davidson,  J.  L.,  Cicero  and  the  Fall  of  the 

Roman  Republic. 
Trollope,  a.,  Life  of  Cicero. 


Cruttwell,  C.  T.,  a  History  of  Roman  Literature. 
Fowler,  H.  N.,  A  History  of  Roman  Literature. 
Mackail,  J.  W.,  Latin  Literature. 
MiDDLETON  and   Mills,    The   Students'  Companion  to 

Latin  Authors. 
Sears,  L.,  The  History  of  Orator5^ 


Abbott,  F.  F.,  Roman  Political  Institutions. 
Church,  A.  J.,  Roman  Life  in  the  Days  of  Cicero. 
Gow,  J.,  A  Companion  to  School  Classics. 
Greenidge,  a.  H.  J.,  Legal  Procedure  in  Cicero's  Time. 
Greenidge,  a.  H.  J.,  Roman  Public  Life. 
Johnston,  H.  W.,  The  Private  Life  of  the  Romans. 


Huelsen,  Ch.,  Forum  Romanum. 

Lanciani,  R.,  The  Ruins  and  Excavations  of  Ancient  Rome. 
MiDDLETON,  J.  H.,  The  Remains  of  Ancient  Rome. 
Nichols,  F.  M.,  The  Roman  Forum. 


Cicero  before  the  Senate 
(From  the  statue  at  Oxford) 


[xliij 


M,    TULLI   CICERONIS 
ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM  PRIMA 
IN   SENATU    HABITA 


The  orator  arraigns  Catiline  for  his  boldness. 

1.  Quo  usque  tandem  abutere,  Catillna,  patientia  no- 
stra ?  Quam  cliu  etiam  furor  iste  tuus  nos  eludet  ?  Quern 
ad  finem  sese  effrenata  iactabit  audacia?  Nihilne  te 
nocturnum  praesidium  Palati,  nihil  urbis  vigiliae,  nihil 
timor  popull,  nihil  concursus  bonorum  omnium,  nihil  hies 
mtinltissimus  habendi  senatus  locus,  nihil  horum  ora 
vultusque  moverunt?  Patere  tua  consilia  non  sentis? 
Constrictam  iam  horum  omnium  scientia  tenerl  coniura- 
tionem  tuam  non  vides  ?  Quid  proxima,  quid  superiore 
nocte  egeris,  ubi  fueris,  quos  convocaveris,  quid  consiliio 
ceperis,  quern  nostrum  ignorare  arbitraris? 

0  tempora  !  O  mores  !  Senatus  haec  intellegit,  consul 
videt;  hic  tamen  vivit.  Vivit?  Immo  vero  etiam  in 
senatum  venit,  fit  public!  consili  particeps,  notat  et  desig- 
nat  oculTs  ad  caedem  unum  quemque  nostrum.  Nosis 
autem,  fortes  virl,  satis  facere  rei  publicae  videmur,  si 
istius  furorem  ac  tela  vTtemus. 


^  n      > 


)   ,.S    •      J. 


M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 


The  Insignia  of  the  Pontificate 

Ad  mortem  te,  Catillna,  duci  iussu  consulis  iam  pridem 
oportebat;   in  te  conferri  pestem,  quam  tu  in  nos  machi- 

20naris.  An  vero  vir  amplissimus,  P.  Scipio,  pontifex 
maximus,  Ti.  Gracchum  mediocriter  labefactantem  statum 
rei  publicae  privatus  interfecit;  Catillnam  orbem  terrae 
caede  atque  incendiis  vastare  cupientem  nos  consules  per- 
leremus  ?     Nam   ilia   nimis   antiqua   praetereo,    quod  C. 

25  Servilius  Ahala  Sp.  Maelium  novis  rebus  studentem  manti 
sua  occidit.  Fuit,  fuit  ista  quondam  in  hac  re  publica 
virtus,  ut  virl  fortes  acrioribus  suppliciis  civem  pernicio- 
sum  quam  acerbissimum  host  em  coercerent.  Habemus 
senatus   consultum  in  te,   Catilina,   vehemens   et   grave. 

3oNon  deest  rei  publicae  consilium  neque  auctoritas  huius 
ordinis;   nos,  nos,  dico  aperte,  consules  desumus. 


The  Senate  has  decreed  against  Catiline,  but  he  is  allowed 

to  live. 

2.  Decrevit  quondam  senatus,  ut  L.  Opimius  consul 
\aderet,  ne  quid  res  publica  detriment!  caperet.  Nox 
nfdla  intercessit;  interfectus  est  propter  quasdam  sedi- 
35tionum  suspiciones  C.  Gracchus,  clarissimo  patre,  avo, 
maioribus;  occTsus  est  cum  liberTs  M.  Fulvius  consularis. 
Simili  senatus  consulto  C.  Mario  et  L.  Valerio  consulibus 
est  permissa  res  publica.  Num  unum  diem  postea  L. 
Saturmnum  tribtinum  plebis  et  C.  Servllium  praetoren? 


ORATIO  IN  CATILINAM  PRIMA  3 

mors  ac  rei  publicae  poena  remorata  est  ?  At  nos  vicesi-  40 
mum  iam  diem  patimur  hebescere  aciem  horum  auctori- 
tatis.  Habemus  enim  htiiusce  modi  senattis  consultum, 
verum  inclusum  in  tabulis  tamquam  in  vagina  recondi- 
tum,  quo  ex  senattis  consulto  confestim  te  interfectum 
esse,  Catilina,  convenit.  Vivis,  et  vivis  non  ad  dep6nen-45 
dam,  sed  ad  confirmandam  audaciam. 

Cupio,  patres  conscrlpti,  me  esse  clementem,  cupio  in 
tantis  re!  publicae  periculis  me  non  dissolutum  videri, 
sed  iam  me  ipse  inertiae  nequitiaeque  condemno.  Castra 
sunt  in  Italia  contra  populum  Romanum  in  Etruriae  f auci-  50 
bus  conlocata;  crescit  in  dies  singulos  hostium  numerus; 
eorum  autem  castrorum  imperatorem  ducemque  hostium 
intra  moenia  atque  adeo  in  senatu  videmus,  intestlnam 
aliquam  cotldie  perniciem  rel  publicae  molientem. 

Si  te  iam,   Catilina,   comprehendl,   si  interfici  iussero,  55 
credo,  erit  verendum  mihi,  ne  non  potius  hoc  omnes  boni 
serius  a  me  quam  quisquam  crudelius  factum  esse  dicat. 
Verum  ego  hoc,  quod  iam  pridem  factum  esse  oportuit, 
certa  de  causa  nondum  adducor  ut  faciam.     Tum  denique 
interficiere  cum  iam  nemo  tam  improbus,  tam  perditus,  60 
tam  tul   similis   invenirl  poterit   qui   id  non  iure  factum 
esse  fateatur.     Quamdiu   quisquam  erit  qui  te  defendere 
audeat,  vives,  et  vives  ita  ut  vivis,  multls  mels  et  firmis 
praesidiis  cbsessus,  'ne  commovere  te  contra  rem  publicam 
possis.     Multorum  te  etiam  oculT  et  aures  non  sentientem,  65 
sicut  adhuc  fecerunt,  speculabuntur  atque  custodient. 

The  conspiracy  is  fully  known. 

3.   Etenim  quid  est,   Catilina,   quod  iam   amplius  ex- 
spectes,  si  neque  nox  tenebris  obscurare  coeptus  nefarios 
nee   privata   domus   parietibus   continere   voces   coniura- 
tionis  tuae  potest,  si  inlustrantur,   si  erumpunt  omnia? 70 
Muta  iam  istam  mentem;   mihi  crede,  obllviscere  caedis 


4  M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 

atque  incendiorum.  Teneris  undique ;  luce  sunt  clariora 
nobis  tua  consilia  omnia,  quae  iam  mecum  licet  recog- 
noscas.     Meministme  me  ante  diem  xii  Kalendas  Novem- 

Tsbres  dicere  in  senatu  fore  in  armis  certo  die,  qui  dies  fu- 
turus  esset  ante  diem  vi  Kalendas  Novembres,  C.  Man- 
lium,  audaciae  satellitem  atque  administrum  tuae? 
Num  me  fefellit,  Catillna,  non  modo  res  tanta,  tam 
atrox  tamque   incredibilis,  verum,   id   quod  multo  magis 

80  est  admirandum,  dies  ? 

Dixi  ego  Idem  in  senatu  caedem  te  optimatium  con- 
tulisse  in  ante  diem  v  Kalendas  Novembres,  tum  cum 
multi  principes  civitatis  Roma  non  tam  sui  conservandi 
quam  tuorum   consiliorum   reprimendorum   causa  profu- 

85gerunt.  Num  mfitiarl  potes  te  illo  ipso  die  meis  prae- 
sidils,  mea  diligentia  circumclusum  commovere  te  contra 
rem  publicam  non  potuisse,  cum  tu  discessu  ceterorum, 
nostra  tamen,  qui  remansissemus,  caede  te  contentum 
esse  dicebas?     Quid?     Cum  te  Praeneste  Kalendls  ipsis 

90  Novembribus  occupaturum  nocturno  impetti  esse  con- 
fideres,  sensistine  illam  coloniam  meo  iussu  meis  prae- 
sidiis,  custodiis,  vigiliis  esse  munitam?  Nihil  agis,  nihil 
moliris,  nihil  cogitas,  quod  non  ego  non  modo  audiam, 
sed  etiam  videam  planeque  sentiam. 

Tlie  meeting  of  conspirators  at  the  house  of  Laeca.    The  attempt  on 

the  life  of  Cicero. 

95  4.  Recognosce  tandem  mecum  noctem  illam  superiorem ; 
iam  intelleges  multo  me  vigilare  acrius  ad  salutem  quam 
te  ad  perniciem  rei  publicae.  Dico  te  priore  nocte  venisse 
inter  falcarios  (non  agam  obscure)  in  M.  Laecae  domum; 
convenisse  eodem   complures  eiusdem  amentiae   sceleris- 

100  que  socios.  Num  negare  audes?  Quid  taces?  Convin- 
cam,  si  negas.  Video  enim  esse  hic  in  senatu  quosdam 
qui  tecum  una  fuerunt. 


ORATIO  IN  CATILINAM  PRIMA 


O  di  immortales  !  Ubinam  gentium  sumus  ?  In  qua 
urbe  vivimus  ?  Quam  rem  publicam  habemus  ?  Hic,  hie 
sunt  in  nostro  numero,  patres  conscript!,  in  hoc  orbisios 
terrae  sanctissimo  gravissimoque  consilio,  qui  de  nostro 
omnium  interitu,  qui  de  huius  urbis  atque  adeo  de  orbis 
terrarum  exitio  cogitent.  Hos  ego  video  consul  et  de  re 
publica  sententiam  rogo, 
et  quos  ferro  trucldari 
oportebat,  eos  nondum 
voce  vulnero  ! 

FuistI  igitur  apud  Lae- 
cam  ilia  nocte,  Catillna ; 
distribuisti  partes  Italiae ; 
statuisti  quo  quemqiie 
proficisci  placeret ;  dele- 
gistl  quos  Romae  relin- 
queres,  quos  tecum  edu- 
ceres ;  dlscrlpsisti  urbis 
partes  ad  incendia ;  con- 
firmasti  te  ipsum  iam 
esse  exiturum ;  dixisti 
paulum  tibi  esse  etiam 
nunc  morae,  quod  ego 
viverem.  Reperti  sunt 
duo  equites  Romani  qui 
te  ista  cura  llberarent,  et 
sese  ilia  ipsa  nocte  paulo  ante  lucem  me  in  meo  lectulo  in- 
terfecturos  pollicerentur.  Haec  ego  omnia,  vixdum  etiam  130 
coetu  vestro  dimisso,  comperi;  domum  meam  maioribus 
praesidiis  munivl  atque  firmavi ;  exclusi  eos  quos  tu  ad  me 
saltitatum  mane  miseras,  cum  ill!  ipsi  venissent  quos  ego 
iam  multis  ac  summis  viris  ad  me  id  temporis  ventures 
esse  praedixeram.  135 


The  End  of  a  Roman  Bronze  Bed 


6  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

Catiline  is  urged  to  leave  the  city  and  join  his  waiting  forces. 

5.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  Catilina,  perge  quo  coepisti. 
Egredere  aliquando  ex  urbe ;  patent  portae ;  proficlscere. 
Nimium  diu  te  imperatorem  tua  ilia  Manliana  castra 
deslderant.     Educ  tecum  etiam  omnes  tuos;    si  minus, 

l4oquam  plurimos;  purga  urbem.  Magno  me  metu  libera- 
bis,  dum  modo  inter  me  atque  te  murus  intersit.  Nobis- 
cum  versari  iam  diutius  non  potes ;  non  feram,  non  patiar, 
non  sinam. 

Magna  dis  immortalibus  habenda  est  atque  huic  ipsi 

145  lovi  Statori,  antiquissimo  custodi  huius  urbis,  gratia,  quod 
banc  tarn  taetram,  tam  horribilem  tamque  Infestam  rei 
publicae  pestem  totiens  iam  effugimus.  Non  est  saepius 
in  uno  homine  summa  salus  perlclitanda  rei  publicae. 
Quamditi  mihi  consul!  designato,  Catilina,  insidiatus  es, 

150  non  publico  me  praesidio,  sed  privata  dlligentia  defend!. 
Cum  proximis  comitiis  consularibus  me  consulem  in  campo 
et  competltores  tuos  interficere  voluisti,  compress!  cona- 
tus  tuos  nefarios  amicorum  praesidio  et  copi!s,  ntillo  tu- 
multu   publice   concitato ;    denique,   quotienscumque   me 

155  pet!sti,  per  me  tibi  obstit!,  quamquam  videbam  perniciem 
meam  cum  magna  calamitate  re!  publicae  esse  coniunc- 
tam.  Nunc  iam  aperte  rem  publicam  universam  petis; 
templa  deorum  immortalium,  tecta  urbis,  v!tam  omnium 
c!vium,  Italiam  totam  ad  exitium  et  vastitatem  vocas. 

160  Qua  re,  quoniam  id  quod  est  pr!mum,  et  quod  huius 
imper!  disciplinaeque  maiorum  proprium  est,  facere  non- 
dum  audeo,  faciam  id  quod  est  ad  severitatem  lenius  et 
ad  communem  salutem  utilius.  Nam  s!  te  interfic!  iussero, 
residebit  in  re  publica  reliqua  coniuratorum  manus;    s!n 

165  tu,  quod  te  iam  dudum  hortor,  exieris,  exhaurietur  ex 
urbe  tuorum  comitum  magna  et  perniciosa  sent!na  rei 
publicae.     Quid  est,  Catil!na?     Num  dubitas  id,  me  im- 


ORATIO  IN  CATILINAM  PRIMA  7 

perante,  facere  quod  iam  tua  sponte  faciebas?  Exire  ex 
urbe  iubet  consul  hostem.  Interrogas  me,  num  in  ex- 
silium?     Non  iubeo;   sed,  si  me  consulis,  suadeo.  170 

All  men  fear  Catiline  because  of  his  crimes. 

6.  Quid  est  enim,  Catilina,  quod  te  iam  in  hac  urbe 
delectare  possit,  in  qua  nemo  est  extra  istam  coniura- 
tionem  perditorum  hominum  qui  te  non  metuat,  nemo 
qui  non  oderit?  Quae  nota  domesticae  turpitudinis  non 
inusta  vitae  tuae  est  ?  Quod  privatarum  rerum  dedecus  175 
non  haeret  in  fama  ?  Quae  libido  ab  oculls,  quod  facinus 
a  manibus  umquam  tuis,  quod  flagitium  a  toto  corpore 
afuit?  Cui  tu  adulescentulo,  quem  corruptelarum  in- 
lecebris  inretisses,  non  aut  ad  audaciam  ferrum  aut  ad 
libldinem  f acem  praetulisti  ?  180 

Quid  vero?  Nuper  cum  morte  superioris  uxoris  novis 
nuptiis  domum  vacuefecisses,  nonne  etiam  alio  incredibili 
scelere  hoc  scelus  cumulasti?  Quod  ego  praetermitto  et 
facile  patior  sileri,  ne  in  hac  civitate  tanti  facinoris  im- 
manitas  aut  exstitisse  aut  non  vindicata  esse  videatur.  185 
Praetermitto  ruinas  fortunarum  tuarum,  quas  omnes  im- 
pendere  tibi  proximis  Idibus  senties.  Ad  ilia  venio  quae 
non  ad  privatam  ignominiam  vitiorum  tuorum,  non  ad 
domesticam  tuam  difficultatem  ac  turpitudinem,  sed  ad 
summam  rem  publicam  atque  ad  omnium  nostrum  vitam  190 
salutemque  pertinent. 

Potestne  tibi  haec  lux,  Catilina,  aut  huius  caeli  spiritus 
esse  iucundus,  cum  scias  esse  horum  neminem  qui  nesciat 
te  pridie  Kalendas  lanuarias  Lepido  et  Tullo  consulibus 
stetisse  in  comitio  cum  telo,  manum  consul  um  et  princi-i96 
pum  civitatis  interficiendorum  causa  paravisse,  sceleri  ac 
furori  tuo  non  mentem  aliquam  aut  timorem  tuum,  sed 
fortunam  populi  Romani  obstitisse?  Ac  iam  ilia  omitto 
(neque  enim  simt  aut  obscura  aut  non  multa  commissa 


[81 


ORATIO  IN   CATILINAM   PRIMA  9 

postea) ;  quotiens  tu  me  designatum,  quotiens  consulem  200 
interficere  conatus  es !  Quot  ego  tuas  petitiones,  ita 
coniectas  ut  vitari  posse  non  viderentur,  parva  quadam 
decllnatione  et,  ut  aiunt,  corpore  effugi !  Nihil  adse- 
queris,  neque  tamen  conari  ac  velle  desistis.  Quotiens 
tibi  iam  extorta  est  ista  sica  de  manibus  !  Quotiens  exci-  205 
dit  casu  aliquo  et  elapsa  est !  Quae  quidem  quibus  abs 
te  initiata  sacrls  ac  devota  sit  nescio,  quod  earn  necesse 
putas  esse  in  consulis  corpore  defigere. 

The  senators  show  their  hostility.     Their  country  cries  out  against 

him. 

7.  Nunc  vero  quae  tua  est  ista  vita?  Sic  enim  iam 
tecum  loquar,  non  ut  odio  permotus  esse  videar,  quo  210 
debeo,  sed  ut  misericordia,  quae  tibi  nulla  debetur.  Venisti 
paulo  ante  in  senatum.  Quis  te  ex  hac  tanta  frequentia 
totque  tuis  amlcis  ac  necessarils  salutavit?  Si  hoc  post 
hominum  memoriam  contigit  neminl,  vocis  exspectas  con- 
tumeliam,  cum  sTs  gravissimo  iudicio  taciturnitatis  oppres-  215 
sus?  Quid,  quod  adventu  tuo  ista  subsellia  vacuefacta 
sunt,  quod  omnes  consulares,  qui  tibi  persaepe  ad  caedem 
constittitl  fuerunt,  simul  atque  adsedisti,  partem  istam 
subselliorum  nudam  atque  inanem  rellquerunt,  quo  tan- 
dem animo  tibi  ferendum  putas?  220 

Servl,  mehercule,  mei  si  me  isto  pacto  metuerent,  ut  te 
metuunt  omnes  elves  tui,  domum  meam  relinquendam 
putarem ;  tu  tibi  urbem  non  arbitraris  ?  Et,  si  me  meis 
civibus  initiria  suspectum  tam  graviter  atque  offensum 
viderem,  carere  me  aspectu  civium  quam  Infestis  omnium  225 
oculls  conspici  mallem.  Tu  cum  conscientia  scelerum 
tuorum  agnoscas  odium  omnium  iustum  et  iam  diti  tibi 
debitum,  dubitas,  quorum  mentes  senstisque  vulneras, 
eorum  aspectum  praesentiamque  vltare?  Si  te  parentes 
timerent  atque  odissent  tul  neque  eos  ulla  ratione  placare230 


10  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

posses,  ut  opinor,  ab  eorum  oculis  aliquo  concederes. 
Nunc  te  patria,  quae  communis  est  parens  omnium  nos- 
trum, odit  ac  metuit,  et  iam  diu  nihil  te  iudicat  nisi  de 
parricidio    suo    cogitare;     huius   tu   neque    auctoritatem 

235verebere  nee  indicium  sequere  nee  vim  pertimesces? 

Quae  tecum,  Catillna,  sic  agit  et  quodam  modo  tacita 
loquitur  :  '  Nullum  iam  aliquot  annis  f acinus  exstitit  nisi 
per  te,  nullum  flagitium  sine  te ;  tibi  unl  multorum  civium 
neces,  tibi  vexatio  direptioque  sociorum  impunita  fuit  ac 

240  libera ;  tu  non  solum  ad  neglegendas  leges  et  quaestiones, 
verum  etiam  ad  evertendas  perfringendasque  valuisti. 
Superiora  ilia,  quamquam  ferenda  non  fuerunt,  tamen,  ut 
potui,  tuli;  nunc  vero  me  totam  esse  in  metu  propter 
unum  te,  quicquid  increpuerit,  Catilinam  timeri,  nullum 

245videri  contra  me  consilium  inirl  posse  quod  a  tuo  scelere 
abhorreat,  non  est  ferendum.  Quam  ob  rem  discede  atque 
hunc  mihi  timorem  eripe ;  si  est  verus,  ne  opprimar ;  sin 
falsus,  ut  tandem  aliquando  timere  desinam.' 

Catiline  has  judged  himself  deserving  of  custody. 

8.   Haec  si  tecum,  ita  ut  dixi,  patria  loquatur,  nonne 
25oimpetrare    debeat,    etiamsi    vim    adhibere    non    possit? 
Quid,  quod  tu  te  ipse  in  custodiam  dedisti,  quod  vitandae 
suspicionis  causa  ad  M'.  Lepidum  te  habitare  velle  dlxisti? 
A  quo  non  receptus  etiam  ad  me  venire  ausus  es,  atque  ut 
domi  meae  te  adservarem  rogasti.     Cum  a  me  quoque  id 
255responsum  tulisses,  me  nullo  modo  posse  isdem  parietibus 
ttito  esse  tecum,  qui  magno  in  periculo  essem,  quod  isdem 
moenibus     contineremur,     ad     Q.     Metellum    praetorem 
venisti.     A  quo  repudiatus  ad  sodalem  tuum,  virum  opti- 
mum, M.  Metellum,  demigrasti;   quem  tu  videlicet  et  ad 
260  custodiendum  dlligentissimum  et  ad  suspicandum  saga- 
cissimum   et   ad  vindicandum   fortissimum   fore   putasti. 
Sed  quam  longe  videtur  a  carcere  atque  a  vinculis  abesse 


ORATIO  IN  CATILINAM  PRIMA 


11 


debere,  qui  se  ipse  iam  dignum  custodia  itidicarit  ?     Quae 
cum  ita  sint,  Catillna,  dubitas,  si  emori  aequo  animo  non 
potes,  abire  in  aliquas  terras  et  vitam  istam  multis  sup- 265 
pliciis  iustis  debitlsque  ereptam  fugae  solitudinlque  man- 
dare? 

'Refer/  inquis,  'ad  senatum';  id  enim  postulas,  et, 
SI  hic  ordo  placere  decreverit  te  ire  in  exsilium,  obtem- 
peraturum  te  esse  dicis.  Non  referam,  id  quod  abhorret270 
a  meis  moribus,  et  tamen  faciam  ut  intellegas  quid  hi  de 
te  sentiant.  Egredere  ex  urbe,  Catillna;  libera  rem  pu- 
blicam  metti;  in  exsilium,  si  banc  vocem  exspectas,  pro- 
ficiscere.  Quid  est,  Catillna?  Ecquid  attendis,  ecquid 
animadvertis  horum  silentium  ?  Patiuntur,  tacent.  Quid  275 
exspectas  auctoritatem  loquentium,  quorum  voluntatemv 
tacitorum  perspicis?  At  si  hoc  idem  huic  adulescenti 
optimo,  P.  Sestio,  si  fortissimo  viro,  M.  Marcello,  dixis- 


A  City  Gate 


12  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

sem,  iam  mihi  consul!  hoc  ipso  in  templo  iure  optimo 

280senatus  vim  et  mantis  intulisset.     De  te  autem,  Catilina, 

cum  quiescunt,  probant ;  cum  patiuntur,  decernunt ;  cum 

tacent,  clamant;   neque  hi  solum,  quorum  tibi  auctoritas 

est  videhcet  cara,   vita  vilissima,   sed  etiam  illl  equites 

Romam,  honestissimi  atque  optimi  viri,  ceterique  fortissimi 

285  elves,  qui  circumstant  senatum,  quorum  tu  et  frequentiam 

videre  et  studia  perspicere  et  voces  paulo  ante  exaudire 

potuisti.     Quorum  ego  vix  abs  te  iam  diti  manus  ac  tela 

contineo,  eosdem  facile  adducam  ut  te  haec,  quae  vastare 

iam  pridem  studes,  relinquentem  usque  ad  portas  prose- 

290  quantur. 

In  the  face  of  unpopularity  Cicero  again  calls  upon  the  enemy  to  go 

into  exile. 

9.  Quamquam  quid  loquor?  Te  ut  uUa  res  frangat? 
Tu  ut  umquam  te  corrigas?  Tti  ut  ullam  fugam  medi- 
tere  ?  Tu  ut  tillum  exsilium  cogites  ?  Utinam  tibi  istam 
mentem  di  immortales  duint !     TametsI  video,  si  mea  voce 

205  perterritus  ire  in  exsilium  animum  induxeris,  quanta  tem- 
pestas  invidiae  nobis,  si  minus  in  praesens  tempus  recent! 
memoria  scelerum  tuorum,  at  in  posteritatem  impendeat. 
Sed  est  tanti,  dum  modo  ista  sit  privata  calamitas  et  a  re! 
ptiblicae  periculis  seiungatur.      Sed  tu  ut  vitiis  tuis  com- 

300moveare,  ut  legum  poenas  pertimescas,  ut  temporibus  re! 
publicae  cedas,  non  est  postulandum.  Neque  enim  is  es, 
Catilina,  ut  te  aut  pudor  umquam  a  turpitudine  aut  metus 
a  periculo  aut  ratio  a  furore  revocarit. 

Quam  ob  rem,  ut  saepe  iam  dixi,  proficiscere,  ac,  si 

805  mihi  inimico,  ut  praedicas,  tuo  conflare  vis  invidiam,  recta 
perge  in  exsilium.  Vix  feram  sermones  hominum,  s!  id 
feceris;  vix  molem  istius  invidiae,  s!  in  exsilium  iussti 
consulis  ieris,  sustinebo.  Sin  autem  servire  meae  laud!  et 
gloriae  mavis,  egredere  cum  importtina  sceleratorum  manu, 


UKATIO  IN  CATILINAM  PRIMA 


13 


A  Domestic  Shrine 


confer  te  ad  Manlium,  concita  perditos  elves,  secerne  te  a  sio 
boms,  infer  patriae  bellum,  exsulta  impio  latrocinio,  ut  a 
me  non  eiectus  ad  alienos,   sed  invitatus   ad  tuos  Isse 
videaris. 

Quamquam  quid  ego  te  invTtem,  a  quo  iam  sciam  esse 
praemissos,  qui  tibi  ad  Forum  Aurelium  praestolarentur  315 
armati ;  cui  iam  sciam  pactam  et  constitutam  cum  Manlio 
diem;  a  quo  etiam  aquilam  illam  argenteam,  quam  tibi 
ac  tuls  omnibus  confTdo  perniciosam  ac  funestam  futuram, 
cui  domi  tuae  sacrarium  constitutum  fuit,  sciam  esse  prae- 
missam?     Tu  ut  ilia  carere  dititius  possis,  quam  venerari320 


14  M.   TULLI   CICEKOJNIS 

ad  caedem  proficiscens  solebas,  a  cuius  altaribus  saepe 
istam  impiam  dexteram  ad  necem  civium  transtulisti  ? 

The  character  of  Catiline. 

10.  Ibis  tandem  aliquando  quo  te  iam  pridem  ista  tua 
cupiditas  effrenata  ac  furiosa  rapiebat;    neque  enim  tibi 

325  haec  res  adfert  dolorem,  sed  quandam  incredibilem  volup- 
tatem.  Ad  hanc  te  amentiam  natura  peperit,  voluntas 
exercuit,  fortuna  servavit.  Numquam  tu  non  modo  otium, 
sed  ne  bellum  quidem  nisi  nefarium  concupisti.  Nactus 
es,  ex  perditis  atque  ab  omnl  non  modo  fortuna  verum 

ssoetiam  spe  derelictis  conflatam,  improborum  manum. 

Hic  tu  qua  laetitia  perfruere,  quibus  gaudiis  exsultabis, 
quanta  in  voluptate  bacchabere,  cum  in  tanto  numero 
tuorum  neque  audies  virum  bonum  quemquam  neque  vide- 
bis  !     Ad  huius  vltae  studium  meditati  illi  sunt  qui  ferun- 

335  tur  labores  tul:  iacere  hum!  non  solum  ad  obsidendum 
stuprum,  verum  etiam  ad  facinus  obeundum,  vigilare  non 
solum  insidiantem  somno  maritorum,  verum  etiam  bonis 
otiosorum.  Habes  ubi  ostentes  tuam  illam  praeclaram 
patientiam  famis,  frigoris,  inopiae  rerum  omnium,  quibus 

340  te  brevi  tempore  confectum  esse  senties.  Tantum  profeci 
tum,  cum  te  a  consulatu  reppuli,  ut  exsul  potius  temptare 
quam  consul  vexare  rem  ptiblicam  posses,  atque  ut  id., 
quod  esset  a  te  scelerate  susceptum,  latrocinium  potius 
quam  bellum  nominaretur. 

The  whole  country  demands  that  the  consul  punish  the  traitor. 

345  11.  Nunc,  ut  a  me,  patres  conscripti,  quandam  prop© 
iiistam  patriae  querimoniam  detester  ac  deprecer,  per- 
cipite,  quaeso,  diligenter  quae  dicam,  et  ea  penitus  animis 
vestris  mentibusque  mandate.  Etenim  si  mecum  patria, 
quae  mihi  vita  mea  multo  est  carior,  si  cdncta  Italia,  si 

360  omnis  res  publica  loquatur : 


ORATIO  IN  CATILINAM  PREMA  15 

'M.  TuUl,  quid  agis?  Tune  eum  quern  esse  hostem 
comperisti,  quern  ducem  belli  futurum  vides,  quern  ex- 
spectarl  imperatorem  in  castrls  hostium  sentis,  auctorem 
sceleris,  prlncipem  coniurationis,  evocatorem  servorum  et 
civium  perditorum,  exire  patiere,  ut  abs  te  non  emissus355 
ex  urbe,  sed  immissus  in  urbem  esse  videatur?  Nonne 
hunc  in  vincula  duel,  non  ad  mortem  rapi,  non  summo 
supplicio  mactarl  imperabis?  Quid  tandem  te  impedit? 
Mosne  maiorum?  At  persaepe  etiam  privati  in  hac  re 
publica  perniciosos  elves  morte  multarunt.  An  leges,  360 
quae  de  civium  Romanorum  supplicio  rogatae  sunt?  At 
numquam  in  hac  urbe  qui  a  re  publica  defecerunt  civium 
iura  tenuerunt.  An  invidiam  posteritatis  times?  Prae- 
claram  vero  populo  Romano  refers  gratiam,  qui  te,  homi- 
nem  per  te  cognitum,  nulla  commendatione  maiorum,  tam  365 
mature  ad  summum  imperium  per  omnes  honorum  gradus 
extulit,  si  propter  invidiae  aut  alictiius  periculi  metum 
salutem  civium  tuorum  neglegis.  Sed  si  quis  est  invidiae 
metus,  non  est  vehementius  severitatis  ac  fortitudinis 
invidia  quam  inertiae  ac  nequitiae  pertimescenda.  An  370 
cum  bello  vastabitur  Italia,  vexabuntur  urbes,  tecta  arde- 
bunt,  turn  te  non  existimas  invidiae  incendio  conflagra- 
turum  ? ' 

Cicero's  reason  for  recommending  exile  rather  than  death. 

12.  His  ego  sanctissimis  rei  publicae  vocibus  et  eorum 
hominum  qui  hoc  idem  sentiunt  mentibus  pauca  respon-375 
debo.  Ego  si  hoc  optimum  factu  iudicarem,  patres  con- 
script!, Catilinam  morte  multari,  unius  usuram  horae 
gladiatori  isti  ad  vivendum  non  dedissem.  Etenim  si 
summi  viri  et  clarissimi  cives  Saturnini  et  Gracchorum  et 
Flacci  et  superiorum  complurium  sanguine  non  modo  se380 
non  contaminarunt,  sed  etiam  honestarunt,  certe  veren- 
dum  mihi  non  erat  ne  quid  hoc  parricida  civium  inter- 


16  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

fecto  invidiae  mihi  in  posteritatem  redundaret.     Quodsi 
ea  mihi  maxime  impenderet,  tamen  hoc  animo  fui  semper, 

385  ut  invidiam  virtute  partam  gloriam,  non  invidiam  putarem. 

Quamquam  non  nuUi  sunt  in  hoc  ordine,  qui  aut  ea 

quae  imminent,  non  videant  aut  ea  quae  vident  dissimu- 

ient;     qui   spem    Catilinae   molhbus   sententiis    aluerunt 

coniurationemque    nascentem-   non    credendo    corrobora- 

390verunt;  quorum  auctoritate  multi  non  solum  improbi, 
verum  etiam  imperlti,  si  in  hunc  animadvertissem,  crude- 
Uter  et  regie  factum  esse  dicerent.  Nunc  intellego,  si  iste, 
quo  intendit,  in  Manliana  castra  pervenerit,  neminem  tarn 
stultum  fore  qui  non  videat  coniurationem  esse  factam, 

395  neminem  tam  improbum  qui  non  fateatur.  Hoc  autem 
tino  interfecto  intellego  hanc  rei  publicae  pestem  paulisper 
reprimi,  non  in  perpetuum  comprimi  posse.  Quodsi  se 
eiecerit  secumque  suos  eduxerit  et  eodem  ceteros  undique 
collectos  naufragos  adgregarit,   exstinguetur  atque  dele- 

40obitur  non  modo  haec  tam  adulta  rei  publicae  pestis, 
verum  etiam  stirps  ac  semen  malorum  omnium. 

All  patriots  will  unite  under  the  guidance  of  Heaven  to  save  the  state 

13.  Etenim  iam  diu,  patres  conscripti,  in  his  periculis 
coniurationis  insidiisque  versamur,  sed  nescio  quo  pacto 
omnium  scelerum  ac  veteris  furoris  et  audaciae  maturitas 

405  in  nostri  consulatus  tempus  erupit.  Quodsi  ex  tanto  la- 
trocinio  iste  tinus  tolletur,  videbimur  fortasse  ad  breve 
quoddam  tempus  cura  et  metti  esse  relevati;  periculum 
autem  residebit  et  erit  inclusum  penitus  in  venis  atque  in 
visceribus  rei  publicae.     Ut  saepe  homines  aegri  morbo 

4iogravi,  cum  aestu  febrique  iactantur,  si  aquam„  gelidam 
biberunt,  primo  relevari  videntur,  deinde  multo  gravius 
vehementiusque  adflictantur,  sic  hie  morbus  qui  est  in 
re  publica,  relevatus  istius  poena  vehementius  reliquis  vivis 
ingravescet. 


ORATIO   IN  CATILINAM  PRIMA  17 


Ruins  of  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator 

Quare  secedant  improbi,  secernant  se  a  bonis,  unum  in  415 
locum  congregentur,  muro  denique,  quod  saepe  iam  dixl, 
secernantur  a  nobis ;   desinant  Insidiari  domi  suae  consull, 
circumstare  tribunal  praetoris  urbanl,  obsidere  cum  gladils 
curiam,  malleolos  et  faces  ad  Inflammandam  urbem  com- 
parare;    sit  denique  Inscrlptum  in  fronte  unius  cuiusque420 
quid  de  re  publica  sentiat.     Polliceor  hoc  vobis,  patres 
conscrlpti,  tantam  in  nobis  consulibus  fore  dlligentiam,  tan- 
tam  in  vobIs  auctoritatem,  tantam  in  equitibus  Romanis 
virtutem,    tantam    in    omnibus    bonis    consensionem,    ut 
Catillnae  profectione  omnia  patefacta,  inlustrata,  oppressa,  425 
vindicata  esse  videatis. 

Hisce  ominibus,  Catillna,  cum  summa  rei  publicae 
salute,  cum  tua  peste  ac  pernicie,  cumque  eorum  exitio 
qui  se  tecum  omnI  scelere  parricldioque  iunxerunt,  pro- 
ficlscere  ad  impium  bellum  ac  nefarium.  Tu,  luppiter,  430 
qui  Isdem  quibus  haec  urbs  auspicils  a  Romulo  es  con- 
stitutus,  quem  Statorem  huius  urbis  atque  imperl  vere 
nominamus,  hunc  et  huius  socios  a  tuls  ceterlsque  templls, 
a  tectis  urbis  ac  moenibus,  a  vita  fortunisque  civium  arce- 
bis  et  homines  bonorum  inimlcos,  hostes  patriae,  latrones435 
Italiae,  scelerum  foedere  inter  se  ac  nefaria  societate 
coniQnctos,  aeternis  supplicils  vivos  mortuosque  mactabis. 


M.   TULLl   CICERONIS 
ORATIO     IN   CATILINAM   SECUNDA 

AD   POPULUM 

Cicero  announces  the  departure  of  Catiline. 

1.  Tandem  aliquando,  Quirltes,  L.  Catilinam,  furentem 
audacia,  scelus  anhelantem,  pestem  patriae  nefarie  molien- 
tem,  vobis  atque  huic  urbl  ferro  flammaque  minitantem, 
ex  urbe  vel  eiecimus  vel  emlsimus  vel  ipsum  egredientem 
verbis  prosecuti  sumus.  Abiit,  excessit,  evasit,  erupit.  5 
Nulla  iam  pernicies  a  monstro  illo  atque  prodigio  moeni- 
bus  ipsis  intra  moenia  comparabitur.  Atque  hunc  quidem 
unum  huius  belli  domestic!  ducem  sine  controversia  vici- 
mus.  Non  enim  iam  inter  latera  nostra  sica  iila  versa- 
bitur;  non  in  campo,  non  in  foro,  non  in  curia,  noni^* 
denique  intra  domestico^  parietes  pertimescemus.  Loco 
ille  motus  est,  cum  est  ex  urbe  depulsus.  Palam  iam  cum 
hoste  nullo  impediente  bellum  iustum  geremus.  Sine 
dubio  perdidimus  bominem  magnificeque  vicimus,  cum 
ilium  ex  occultis  msidiis  in  apertum  latrocinium  conieci-i5 
mus.  Quod  vero  non  cruentum  mucronem,  ut  voluit, 
extulit,  quod  vTvIs  nobis  egressus  est,  quod  ei  ferrum  e 
manibus  extorsimus,  quod  incolumes  elves,  quod  stantem 
urbem  reliquit,  quanto  tandem  ilium  maerore  esse  adflic- 
tum  et  profligatum  putatis?  lacet  ille  nunc  prostratus,  20 
Quirltes,  et  se  perculsum  atque  abiectum  esse  sentit  et 
fretorquet  oculos  profecto  saepe  ad  banc  urbem,  quam  e 

19 


Italy  in  Cicero's  Tims 


(%1 


ORATIO  IN  CATILESTAM  SECUNDA  21 

suis   faucibus    ereptam    esse    luget;     quae    quidem    mihi 

laetarl  videtur,  quod  tantam  pestem  evomuerit  forasque 

proiecerit.  26 

Why  he  was  allowed  to  go  without  arrest. 

2.  Ac  si  quis  est  talis,  quales  esse  omnes  oportebat,  qui 
in  hoc  ipso,  in  quo  exsultat  et  triumphat  oratio  mea,  me 
vehementer  accuset,  quod  tam  capitalem  hostem  non 
comprehenderim  potius  quam  emiserim,  non  est  ista  mea 
culpa,  Quirltes,  sed  temporum.  Interfectum  esse  L.  30 
Catilinam  et  gravissimo  supplicio  adfectum  iam  prldem 
oportebat,  idque  a  me  et  mos  maiorum  et  huius  imperi 
severitas  et  res  publica  postulabat.  Sed  quam  multos 
fuisse  putatis  qui  quae  ego  deferrem  non  crederent,  quam 
multos  qui  etiam  defenderent?  Ac  si  illo  sublato  depelliss 
a  vobis  omne  periculum  iiidicarem,  iam  pridem  ego  L. 
Catilinam  non  modo  invidiae  meae,  verum  etiam  vitae 
periculo  sustulissem.  Sed  cum  viderem,  ne  vobis  quidem 
omnibus  re  etiam  tum  probata,  si  ilium,  ut  erat  meritus, 
morte  multassem,  fore  ut  eius  socios  invidia  oppressus40 
persequi  non  possem,  rem  hiic  deduxi  ut  tum  palam  pug- 
nare  possetis,  cum  hostem  aperte  videretis. 

Quem  quidem  ego  hostem,  Quirites,  quam  vehementer 
foris  esse  timendum  putem,  licet  hinc  intellegatis,  quod 
etiam  illud  moleste  fero,  quod  ex  urbe  parum  comitatus45 
exierit.  Utinam  ille  omnes  secum  suas  copias  eduxisset ! 
Tongilium  mihi  eduxit,  quem  amare  in  praetexta  coeperat, 
Publicmm  et  Minucium,  quorum  aes  alienum  contracium 
in  popina  nullum  rei  publicae  motum  adferre  poterat; 
rellquit  quos  viros,  quanto  aere  alieno,  quam  valentes,  so 
quam  nobiles ! 

Cicero's  contempt  for  the  conspirators  left  in  the  city. 

3.  Itaque  ego  ilium  exercitum  prae  Gallicanis  legioni- 
bus  et  hoc  dilectu,  quem  in  agro  Piceno  et  Gallico  Q. 


22  M.  TULLI  CICER0NI8 

Metellus  habuit,  et  his  copiis  quae  a  nobis  cotidie  com- 

55parantur,  magno  opere  contemno,  collectum  ex  senibus 
desperatis,  ex  agresti  luxuria,  ex  rtisticis  decoctoribus,  ex 
eis  qui  vadimonia  deserere  quam  ilium  exercitum  ma- 
luerunt;  quibus  ego  non  modo  si  aciem  exercitus  nostri, 
verum  etiam  si  edictum  praetoris  ostendero,   concident. 

60H0S  quos  video  volitare  in  foro,  quos  stare  ad  curiam, 
quos  etiam  in  senatum  venire,  qui  nitent  unguentis,  qui 
fulgent  purpura,  mallem  secum  suos  mllites  eduxisset ;  qui 
si  hie  permanent,  mementote  non  tam  exercitum  ilium 
esse  nobis   quam   hos   qui   exercitum   deseruerunt  perti- 

oSmescendos.  Atque  hoc  etiam  sunt  timendi  magis,  quod, 
quid  cogitent,  me  scire  sentiunt,  neque  tamen  permoven- 
tur. 

Video  cui  sit  Apulia  attributa,  quis  habeat  Etruriam, 
quis  agrum  Picenum,  quis  Gallicum,  quis  sibi  has  urbanas 

TOlnsidias  caedis  atque  incendiorum  depoposcerit.     Omnia 

superioris  noctis   consilia   ad   me   perlata  esse   sentiunt; 

patefeci  in  senatu  hesterno  die.     Catillna  ipse  pertimuit, 

profugit ;  hi  quid  exspectant  ?     Ne  illi  vehementer  errant, 

si   illam  meam   pristinam   lenitatem   perpetuam   sperant 

76  futtiram. 

These  men  should  follow  Catiline. 

4.  Quod  exspectavl,  iam  sum  adsecutus,  ut  vos  omnes 
factam  esse  aperte  coniurationem  contra  rem  publicam 
videretis;  nisi  vero  si  quis  est,  qui  Catillnae  similes  cum 
Catillna  sentire  non  putet.      Non  est  iam  lenitatl  locus; 

80  severitatem  res  ipsa  flagitat.  Unum  etiam  nunc  conce- 
dam:  exeant,  proficiscantur,  ne  patiantur  deslderio  sui 
Catilinam  miserum  tabescere.  Demonstrabo  iter :  Aurelia 
via  profectus  est;  si  accelerare  volent,  ad  vesperam  con- 
sequentur. 

S5  O  fortunatam  rem  publicam,  si  quidem  hanc  sentinam 
urbis  eiecerit !    Uno,  mehercule,  Catillna  exhausto,  levata 


ORATIO  IN  CATILINAM  SECUNDA 


23 


mihi  et  recreata  res  publica  videtur.  Quid  enim  mali  aut 
sceleris  fingi  aut  cogitarl  potest  quod  non  ille  conceperit? 
Quis  tota  Italia  veneficus,  quis  gladiator,  quis  latro,  quis 
sicarius,  quis  parriclda,  quis  testamentorum  subiector,  90 
quis  circumscrlptor,  quis  ganeo,  quis  nepos,  quis  adulter, 
quae  mulier  Infamis,  quis  corruptor  iuventutis,  quis  cor- 
ruptus  quis  perditus  invenirl  potest,  qui  se  cum  Catillna 
non  familiarissime  vixisse  fateatur?  Quae  caedes  per 
hosce  annos  sine  illo  facta  est,  quod  nefarium  stuprumgs 
non  per  ilium? 

lam  vero  quae  tanta  umquam  in  ullo  homine  iuventutis 
inlecebra  f uit  quanta  in  illo  ?  Qui  alios  ipse  amabat  tur- 
pissime,  aliorum  amori  flagitiosissime  serviebat;  alils 
fructum  libldinum,  alils  mortem  parentum  non  modo  im-ioo 
pellendo,  verum  etiam  adiuvando  poUicebatur.  Nunc 
vero  quam  subito  non  solum  ex  urbe,  vcrum  etiam  ex 
agrls  ingentem 
numerum  perdito- 
rum  hominum  col- 
legerat !  Nemo 
non  modo  Romae, 
sed  ne  ullo  qui- 
dem  in  a  n  g  u  1  o 
totius  Italiae  op- 
pressus  aere  alieno 
fuit  quem  non  ad 
hoc  incredibile  sce- 
leris foedus  asci- 
verit. 


Fate  overhangs  these 
degenerate  traitors. 


A  Gladiator's  Helmet 


5.  Atque  ut  eius  diversa  studia  in  dissimili  ratione  per- 116 
spicere  possltis,  nemo  est  in  ludo  gladiatorio  paulo  ad  faci- 


24  M.  TULLI  CICERCNIS 

nus  audacior  qui  se  non  intimum  Catilmae  esse  fateatur, 
nemo  in  scaena  levior  et  nequior  qui  se  non  eiusdem  prope 

I20sodalem  fuisse  commemoret.  Atque  Idem  tamen,  stupro- 
rum  et  scelerum  exercitatione  adsuefactus  frigore  et  fame 
et  siti  et  vigiliis  perferendis  fortis  ab  istis  praedicabatur, 
cum  industriae  subsidia  atque  mstrumenta  virtutis  in 
libidine  audaciaque  consumeret. 

125  Hunc  vero  si  secuti  erunt  sul  comites,  si  ex  urbe  exierint 
desperatorum  hominum  flagitiosi  greges,  O  nos  beatos  ! 
O  rem  publicam  fortunatam  !  0  praeclaram  laudem  con- 
sulatus  mei !  Non  enim  iam  sunt  mediocres  hominum 
libidines,    non   htimanae   ac   tolerandae    audaciae;     nihil 

I30c6gitant  nisi  caedem,  nisi  incendia,  nisi  raplnas.  Patri- 
mofliia  sua  profuderunt,  fortunas  suas  obUgaverunt;  res 
eos  iam  pridem  deseruit,  fides  nuper  deficere  coepit; 
eadem  tamen  ilia  quae  erat  in  abundantia,  libido  permanet. 
Quodsl   in   vino   et   alea   comissationes   solum   et   scorta 

135  quaererent,  essent  illl  quidem  desperandl,  sed  tamen  essent 
ferendi;  hoc  vero  quis  ferre  possit,  inertes  homines  for- 
tissimls  virls  Insidiari,  stultissimos  prudentissimis,  ebriosos 
sobrils,  dormientes  vigilantibus  ?  Qui  mihi  accubantes  in 
convlvils,    complexl    mulieres    impudica?,    vino    languid!, 

I4oconferti  cibo,  sertis  redimltl,  unguentla  obliti,  debilitati 
stuprls  ertictant  sermonibus  suls  caedem  bonorum  atque 
urbis  incendia. 

Quibus  ego  confldo  impendere  fatum  aliquod,  et  poenam 
iam  diu  improbitati,  nequitiae,   scelerl,  libldini  debitam 

145  aut  Instare  iam  plane  aut  certe  adpropinquare.  Quos  si 
mens  consulatus,  quoniam  sanare  non  potest,  sustulerit, 
non  breve  nescio  quod  tempus,  sed  multa  saecula  propa- 
garit  rei  publicae.  Nulla  est  enim  natio  quam  perti- 
mescamus,  nullus  rex  qui  bellum  populo  Romano  facere 

isopossit.  Omnia  sunt  externa  linius  virtute  terra  marique 
pacata;   domesticum  bellum  manet;  iatus  insidiae  sunt, 


ORATIO  IN  CATILINAM  SECUNDA 


25 


The  End  of  a  Roman  Banquet  i 

intus  inclusum  periculum  est;  intus  est  hostis.  Cum 
luxuria  nobis,  cum  amentia,  cum  scelere  certandum  est. 
Huic  ego  me  bello  ducem  profiteor,  Quirites;  suscipio 
inimicitias  hominum  perditorum  !  Quae  sanari  poterunt,  15S 
quacumque  ratione  sanabo ;  quae  resecanda  erunt,  non 
patiar  ad  perniciem  civitatis  manere.  Proinde  aut  ex- 
eant  aut  quiescant  aut,  si  et  in  urbe  et  in  eadem  mente 
permanent,  ea  quae  merentur  exspectent. 


1  This  illustration  taken  from  a  badly  damaged  Pompeian  wall  paint- 
ing shows  the  Roman  custom  of  reclining  at  a  feast  (accubantes  in  conviviis). 
In  the  foreground  (almost  obliterated)  is  a  slave  putting  on  his  master's 
shoe  ;  another  offers  the  wine  cup  ;  and  a  third  supports  a  banqueter  who 
is  vino  languidus. 


26  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

Cicero  narrates  the  arraignment  of  Catiline. 

160  6.  At  etiam  sunt  qui  dicant,  Quirltes,  a  me  eiectiiim 
in  exsilium  esse  Catillnam.  Quod  ego  si  verbo  adsequi 
possem,  istos  ipsos  eicerem  qui  haec  loquuntur.  Homo 
enim  videlicet  timidus  aut  etiam  permodestus  vocem  con- 
sulis  ferre  non  potuit;   simul  atque  ire  in  exsilium  iussus 

165  est,  paruit,  ivit. 

Hesterno  die,  Quirites,  cum  domi  meae  paene  inter- 
fectus  essem,  senatum  in  aedem  lovis  Statoris  convocavi, 
rem  omnem  ad  patres  conscriptos  detuli.  Quo  cum 
Catilina  venisset,  quis  eum  senator  appellavit,  quis  salu- 

ITOtavit,  quis  denique  ita  aspexit  ut  perditum  civem  ac  non 
potius  ut  importtinissimum  hostem?  Quin  etiam  prln- 
cipes  eius  ordinis  partem  illam  subselliorum  ad  quam  ille 
accesserat  ntidam  atque  inanem  reliquerunt.  Hie  ego 
vehemens  ille   consul   qui  verbo   cives  in  exsilium  eicio 

175  quaesivi  a  Catilina  in  nocturno  conventu  apud  M.  Laecam 
fuisset  necne.  Cum  ille  homo  audacissimus  conscientia 
convictus  primo  reticuisset,  patefeci  cetera;  quid  ea  nocte 
egisset,  quid  in  proximam  constituisset,  quem  ad  modum 
esset  ei  ratio  totius  belli  descripta,  edocui.     Cum  haesi- 

isotaret,  cum  teneretur,  quaesivi  quid  dubitaret  proficisci  eo 
quo  iam  pridem  pararet,  cum  arma,  cum  secures,  cum 
fasces,  cum  tubas,  cum  signa  militaria,  cum  aquilam  illam 
argenteam,  cui  ille  etiam  sacrarium  domi  suae  fecerat, 
scirem  esse  praemissam.     In  exsilium  eiciebam  quem  iam 

185  ingressum  esse  in  bellum  videbam  ?  Etenim,  credo,  Man- 
lius  iste  centurio,  qui  in  agro  Faesulano  castra  posuit, 
bellum  populo  Romano  suo  nomine  indlxit,  et  ilia  castra 
nunc  non  Catillnam  ducem  exspectant,  et  ille  eiectus  in 
exsilium  se  Massiliam,  ut  aiunt,  non  in  haec  castra  conferet* 


A  Roman  Sacrifice,  showing  Soldiers  carrying  the  Signa 

MiLITARIA 

(Notice  also  the  aquila.) 


28 


M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 


Ruins  of  the  Roman  Theatre  at  Fiesole  (Faesulae) 
Cicero  is  willing  to  endure  unpopularity. 

190  7.  O  condicionem  miseram  non  modo  administrandae, 
verum  etiam  conservandae  rei  publicae !  Nunc  si  L. 
Catillna  consiliis,  laboribus,  periculls  meis  circumclusus  ac 
debilitatus  subito  pertimuerit,  sententiam  mutaverit, 
deseruerit  suos,   consilium  belli  faciendl  abiecerit,  et  ex 

195  hoc  cursu  sceleris  ac  belli  iter  ad  fugam  atque  in  exsilium 
converterit,  non  ille  a  me  spoliatus  armis  audaciae,  n5n 
obstupefactus  ac  perterritus  mea  dlligentia,  non  de  spe 
conatuque  depulsus,  sed  indemnatus,  innocens  in  exsilium 
eiectus  a  consule  vi  et  minis  esse  dicetur;    et  erunt  qui 

200  ilium,  si  hoc  fecerit,  non  improbum  sed  miserum,  me  non 
diligentissimum  consulem  sed  crudelissimum  tyrannum 
existimari  velint ! 

Est  mihi  tanti,  Quirites,  huius  invidiae  falsae  atque  ini- 
quae  tempestatem  subire,  dum  modo  a  vobis  huius  horri- 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM  SECUNDA  29 

bilis  belli  ac  nefarii  perlculum  depellatur.     Dicatur  sane  204 
eiectus  esse  a  me,  dum  modo  eat  in  exsilium.     Sed,  mihi 
credite,  non  est  ittirus.     Numquam  ego  ab  dis  immortali- 
bus  optabo,  Quirites,  invidiae  meae  levandae  causa,  ut  L. 
Catilinam  ducere  exercitum  hostium  atque  in  armis  voli- 
tare  audiatis,  sed  triduo  tamen  audietis;   multoque  magis2io 
illud  timeo,  ne  mihi  sit  invidiosum  aliquando,  quod  ilium 
emiserim   potius    quam    quod    eiecerim.     Sed    cum    sint 
homines  qui  ilium,  cum  profectus  sit,  eiectum  esse  dicant, 
Idem,    si   interfectus    esset,    quid    dlcerent?     Quamquam 
isti  qui  Catilinam  Massiliam  Ire  dictitant,  non  tam  hoc  21a 
queruntur  quam  verentur.     Nemo  est  istorum  tam  miseri- 
cors  qui  ilium  non  ad  Manlium  quam  ad  Massilienses  Ire 
malit.     Ille  autem  si,  mehercule,  hoc  quod  agit  numquam 
antea  cogitasset,  tamen  latrocinantem  se  interfici  mallet 
quam  exsulem  vivere.     Nunc  vero,  cum  el  nihil  adhuc220 
praeter  ipslus  voluntatem  cogitationemque  accident,  nisi 
quod  vivls  nobis  Roma  profectus  est,  optemus  potius  ut 
eat  in  exsilium  quam  queramur. 

Six  classes  of  men  in  Catiline's  forces. 

8.  Sed  cur  tam  diu  de  uno  hoste  loquinmr,  et  de  eo 
hoste  qui  iam  f atetur  se  esse  hostem,  et  quem,  quia,  quod  225 
semper  volul,  mtirus  interest,  non  timeo ;  de  his,  qui  dis- 
simulant,  qui  Romae  remanent,  qui  noblscum  sunt,  nihil 
dicimus  ?  Quos  quidem  ego,  si  ullo  modo  fieri  possit,  non 
tam  ulclscl  studeo  quam  sanare  sibi  ipsos,  placare  rel 
publicae;  neque  id  quare  fieri  non  possit,  si  me  audIre23Q 
volent,  intellego.  Exponam  enim  vobis,  Quirites,  ex  qui- 
bus  generibus  hominum  istae  copiae  comparentur ;  deinde 
singulis  mediclnam  consill  atque  orationis  meae,  si  quam 
potero,  adferam. 


30  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

First :  Men  of  wealth,  unwilling  to  pay  their  debts. 

235  Unum  genus  est  eorum  qui  magno  in  aere  alieno  maiores! 
etiam  possessiones  habent,  quarum  amore  adducti  dissolvi 
nuUo  modo  possunt.  Horum  hominum  species  est 
honestissima,  sunt  enim  locupletes;  voluntas  vero  et 
causa  impudentissima.     Tu  agrls,  tu  aedificiis,  tu  argento, 

240  tu  familia,  tu  rebus  omnibus  ornatus  et  copiosus  sis,  et 
dubites  de  possessione  detrahere,  adquirere  ad  fidem? 
Quid  enim  exspectas?  Bellum?  Quid  ergo?  In  vasta- 
tione  omnium  tuas  possessiones  sacrosanctas  futuras  putas  ? 
An    tabulas    novas?     Errant    qui    istas    a    Catilina    ex- 

245  spectant ;  meo  beneficio  tabulae  novae  proferentur,  verum 
auctionariae ;  neque  enim  isti  qui  possessiones  habent  alia 
ratione  ulla  salvi  esse  possunt.  Quod  si  mattirius  facere 
voluissent  neque,  id  quod  stultissimum  est,  certare  cum 
usurls    fructibus    praediorum,    et    locupletioribus    his    et 

25omehoribus  civibus  uteremur.  Sed  hosce  homines  minime 
puto  pertimescendos,  quod  aut  deduci  de  sententia  possunt 
aut,  si  permanebunt,  magis  mihi  videntur  vota  facturi 
contra  rem  publicam  quam  arma  laturl. 

Second :  Debtors  ambitious  for  political  power. 

9.   Alterum  genus  est  eorum  qui,  quamquam  premun- 

355  tur  aere  alieno,  dominationem  tamen  exspectant,  rerum 

potlrl  volunt ;   honores,  quos  quieta  re  publica  desperant, 

perturbata   se    consequi   posse   arbitrantur.     Quibus   hoc 

praecipiendum  vide  tur,  unum  scilicet  et  idem  quod  reli- 

quis  omnibus,  ut  desperent  se  id  quod  conantur  consequi 

260 posse;    primum  omnium  me  ipsum  vigilare,  adesse,  pro- 

videre  rel  publicae;    deinde  magnos  animos  esse  in  bonis 

virls,  magnam  concordiam,  magnas  praeterea  copias  mili- 

tum ;   deos  denique  immortales  huic  invicto  populo,  claris- 

simo  imperio,  pulcherrimae  urbi,  contra  tantam  vim  sceleris 

366  praesentes   auxilium   esse   laturos.     Quodsl   iam   sint   id 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   SECUNDA 


31 


quod  summo  furore  cupiunt  adept!,  num  illi  in  cinere  urbis 
et  in  sanguine  civium,  quae  mente  conscelerata  ac  nefaria 
concuplverunt,  consules  se  aut  dictatores  aut  etiam  reges 
sperant  futures  ?  Non  vident  id  se  cupere  quod,  si  adept! 
sint,  fugitive  alicui  aut  gladiator!  conced!  sit  necesse?       270 

Third :  Sulla's  veterans,  who  hope  for  the  spoils  of  another  war. 

Tertium  genus  est  aetate  iam  adfectum,  sed  tamen 
exercitatione  robustum ; 
quo  ex  genere  iste  est 
Manlius  cui  nunc  Cati- 
llna  succedit.  Hi  sunt 
homines  ex  els  colonils 
quas  Sulla  constituit ; 
quas  ego  universas  civ- 
ium esse  optimorum  et 
fortissimorum  virorum 
sentio,  sed  tamen  ei  sunt 
coloni  qui  se  in  Insper- 
atls  ac  repentlnis  pecu- 
nils  sumptuosius  Inso- 
lentiusque  iactarunt. 
Hi  dum  aedificant  tam- 
quam  beati,  dum  prae- 
diis  lectls,  familils  mag- 
nis,  convlvils  apparatis 
delectantur,  in  tantum 
aes  alienum  inciderunt, 
ut,  si  sah^  esse  velint, 
Sulla  sit  els  ab  Inferls 
excitandus ;  qui  etiam 
nonnullos  agrestes,  homines  tenues  atque  egentes,  in  ean-295 
dem  ill  am  spem  raplnarum  veterum  impulerunt.  Quos 
ego  utrosque  in  eodem  genere  praedatorum  dlreptorum- 


/ 


■™-"**^  ■"— ^ 


L.  Cornelius  Sulla. 


32 


M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 


que  pono.     Sed  eos  hoc  moneo,  desinant  furere  ac  pro- 

scriptiones  et  dictaturas  cogitare.     Tantus  enim   illorum 

300  temporum  dolor  inustus  est  civitati  ut  iam  ista  non  modo 

homines,  sed  ne  pecudes  quidem  mihi  passurae  esse  vide- 

antur. 

Fourth :  Hopeless  bankrupts. 

10.  Quartum  genus  est  sane  varium  et  mlxtum  et  tur- 
bulentum;    qui   iam   pridem   premuntur,    qui   numquam 

SOoemergunt,  qui  partim  inertia,  partim  male  gerendo  nego- 
tio,  partim  etiam  sumptibus  in  vetere  aere  alieno  vacillant ; 
qui  vadimonils,  itidicils,  proscrlptione  bonorum  defatlgati, 
permultl  et  ex  urbe  et  ex  agris  se  in  ilia  castra  conferre 
dicuntur.     Hosce  ego  non  tam  mllites  acres  quam  Infitia- 

310  tores  lentos  esse  arbitror.  Qui  homines  quam  primum, 
SI  stare  non  possunt,  corruant,  sed  ita  ut  non  modo  civitas, 
sed  ne  viclnl  quidem  proximi  sentiant.  Nam  illud  non 
intellego,  quam  ob  rem,  si  vivere  honeste  non  possunt, 
perire  turpiter  velint,  aut  cur  minore  dolore  perituros  se 

315  cum  multls,  quam  si  soli  pereant,  arbitrentur. 


The  Interior  of  the  Carcer  To-day 
See  note  on  1.  319,  p.  88. 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM  SECUNDA  33 

Fifth:  Criminals. 

Quintum  genus  est  parricldarum,  sicariorum,  denique 
omnium  facinorosorum.  Quos  ego  a  Catilina  non  revoco ; 
nam  neque  ab  eo  divelll  possunt,  et  pereant  sane  in  latroci- 
nio,  quoniam  sunt  ita  multi  ut  eos  career  capere  non  possit. 

Sixth :  Catiline's  body-guard  of  effeminate  debauchees. 

Postremum  autem  genus  est  non  solum  numero,  verum320 
etiam  genere  ipso   atque  vita,  quod   proprium  Catillnae 
est,  de  eius  dilectu,  immo  vero  de  complexu  eius  ac  sinu; 
quos  pexo  capillo,  nitidos,  aut  imberbes  aut  bene  barba- 
tos  videtis,  manicatis  et  talaribus  tunicis,  veils  amictos, 
non  togis;    quorum    omnis  industria  vitae   et  vigilandi325 
labor  in  antelucanis   cenls  expromitur.     In  his  gregibus 
omnes  aleatores,  omnes  adulter!,  omnes  impuri  impudici- 
que  versantur.     Hi  pueri  tam  lepidi  ac  delicati  non  solum 
amare  et  amari,  neque  saltare  et  cantare,  sed  etiam  sicas 
vibrare  et  spargere  venena  didicerunt.     Qui  nisi  exeunt,  330 
nisi  pereunt,  etiamsi  Catilina  perierit,  scitote  hoc  in  re 
publica  seminarium  Catilinarum  futiirum.     Verum  tamen 
quid  sibi  isti  miseri  volunt?     Num  suas  secum  mulier- 
culas  sunt  in   castra  ducttiri?     Quem  ad   modum  autem 
illis  carere  poterunt,  his  praesertim  iam  noctibus?     Quo  335 
autem  pacto  ill!  Appenninum  atque  illas  pruinas  ac  nives 
perferent  ?     Nisi   idcirco   se   facilius   hiemem   toleratiiros 
putant,  quod  ntidi  in  conviviis  saltare  didicerunt. 

The  forces  of  the  State  contrasted  with  those  of  Catiline. 

11.   O  bellum  magno  opere  pertimescendum,  cum  hanc 
sit   habiturus   Catilina   scortorum   cohortem  praetoriam  !  340 
Instruite  nunc,  Quirites,  contra  has  tam  praeclaras  Ca- 
tilinae  copias  vestra   praesidia  vestrosque  exercitus.     Et 
primum  gladiator!  ill!  confecto  et  saucio  consules  impera- 


34  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

toresque  vestros  opponite ;    deinde  contra  illam  naufra- 

S45  gorum  eiectam  ac  debilitatam  manum  florem  totius  Italiae 
ac  robur  educite.  lam  vero  urbes  coloniarum  ac  muni- 
cipiorum  respondebunt  Catilmae  tumulis  silvestribus. 
Neque  ego  ceteras  copias,  ornamenta,  praesidia  vestra 
cum  illlus  latronis  inopia  atque  egestate  conferre  debeo. 

350  Sed  SI  omissis  his  rebus  quibus  nos  suppeditamur,  eget 
ille,  senatu,  equitibus  Romanis,  urbe,  aerario,  vect/igali- 
bus,  cuncta  Italia,  provinciis  omnibus,  exterls  nationibus, 
SI  his  rebus  omissis  causas  ipsas  quae  inter  se  confllgunt 
contendere  vellmus,  ex  eo  ipso  quam  valde  illl  iaceant 

355  intellegere  possumus.  Ex  hac  enim  parte  pudor  ptignat, 
ilhnc  petulantia;  hinc  pudlcitia,  ilHnc  stuprum;  hinc 
fides,  iUinc  fraudatio ;  hinc  pietas,  ilhnc  scelus ;  hinc  con- 
stantia,  illinc  furor ;  hinc  honestas,  ilhnc  turpitude ;  hinc 
continentia,  illinc  libido ;    denique  aequitas,  temperantia, 

360  fortitudo,  prudentia,  virtutes  omnes  certant  cum  inlqui- 
tate,  luxuria,  ignavia,  temeritate,  cum  vitils  omnibus; 
postremo  copia  cum  egestate,  bona  ratio  cum  perdita, 
mens  sana  cum  amentia,  bona  denique  spes  cum  omnium 
rerum  desperatione  confllgit.     In  eius  modi  certamine  ac 

365proelio  nonne,  si  hominum  studia  deficiant,  dl  ipsi  im- 
mortales  cogant  ab  his  praeclarissimis  virtutibus  tot  et 
tanta  vitia  superarl? 

The  consul  calls  for  vigilance,  and  warns  traitors  of  punishment. 

12.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  Quirltes,  vos,  quem  ad  modum 
iam  antea  dixl,  vestra  tecta  vigilils  custodilsque  defendite ; 

370mihi,  ut  urbl  sine  vestro  motu  ac  sine  ullo  tumultu  satis 
esset  praesidi,  consultum  atque  provlsum  est.  Colon! 
omnes  municipesque  vestrl  certiores  a  me  facti  de  hac 
nocturna  excursione  Catillnae  facile  urbes  suas  finesque 
defendent.     Gladiatores,   quam  sibi  ille  manum  certissi- 

375  mam  fore  putavit,  quamquam  animo  mehore  sunt  quam 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   SECUNDA 


35 


A  Gladiator's  Shield  and  Greaves 

pars  patriciorum,  potestate  tamen  nostra  contincbuntur. 
Q.  Metellus,  quern  ego  hoc  prospiciens  in  agrum  Gallicum 
Picenumque  praemisT,  aut  opprimet  hominem  aut  eius 
omnes  motCis  conatusque  prohibebit.  Reliquis  autem  de 
rebus  constituendls,  maturandls,  agendis  iam  ad  senatumsso 
referemus,  quern  vocarl  videtis. 

Nunc  illos  qui  in  urbe  remanserunt,  atque  adeo  qui 
contra  urbis  salutem  omniumque  vestrum  in  urbe  a  Catilina 
relict!  sunt,  quamquam  sunt  hostes,  tamen,  quia  sunt 
elves,  monitos  etiam  atque  etiam  volo.  Mea  lenitas385 
adhuc  SI  cui  solutior  visa  est,  hoc  exspectavit,  ut  id  quod 
latebat  erumperet.  Quod  reUquum  est,  iam  non  possum 
obllvisci  meam  hanc  esse  patriam,  me  horum  esse  con- 
sulem,  mihi  aut  cum  his  vivendum  aut  pro  his  esse  morien- 
dum.  Nullus  est  portis  custos,  ntillus  Insidiator  viae;  si 390 
qui  exire  volunt,  conivere  possum.  Qui  vero  se  in  urbe 
commoverit,  cuius  ego  non  modo  factum,  sed  inceptum 
ullum  conatumve  contra  patriam  deprehendero,  sentiet  in 


36 


M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 


394  hac  urbe  esse  consules  vigilantes,  esse  egregios  magistra- 

tus,  esse  fortem  senatum, 
esse  arma,  esse  carcerem, 
quern  vindicem  nefariorum 
ac  manifestorum  scelerum 
maiores  nostrl  esse  volue- 
runt. 

Order  will  be  restored  by  the 
aid  of  the  gods. 

13.  Atque  haec  omnia 
SIC  agentur,  Quirites,  ut 
maximae  res  minimo  motu, 
perlcula  summa  ntillo  tum- 
ultu,  bellum  intestinum  ac 
domesticum  post  hominum 
memoriam  crudelissimum 
et  maximum  me  uno  togato 
duce  et  imperatore  sedetur. 
Quod  ego  SIC  administrabo, 
Quirites,  ut,  si  ullo  modo 
fieri  poterit,  ne  improbus 
quidem  quisquam  in  hac 
urbe  poenam  sui  sceleris 
sufferat.  Sed  si  vis  mani- 
festae  audaciae,  si  impen- 
dens  patriae  periculum  me 
necessario  de  hac  animi 
lenitate  dedtixerit,  illud 
profecto  perficiam,  quod  in 
tanto  et  tam  msidioso  bello 
422  vix  optandum  videtur,  ut  neque  bonus  quisquam  intereat 
paucorumque  poena  vos  omnes  salvi  esse  possitis. 

Quae  quidem  ego  neque  mea  prudentia  neque  humanis 


An  Orator  in  the  Toga 


ORATIO  IN  CATILINAM  SECUNDA 


37 


consilils  fretus  polliceor  vobis,  Quirltes,  sed  multis  et  non425 
dubiis  deorum  immortalium  significationibus,  quibus  ego 
ducibus  in  banc  spem  sententiamque  sum  ingressus;  qui 
iam  non  procul,  ut  quondam  solebant,  ab  externo  hoste 
atque  longinquo,  sed  hic  praesentes  suo  numine  atque 
auxilio  sua  templa  atque  urbis  tecta  defendunt.  Quos430 
vos,  Quirltes,  precari,  venerari,  implorare  debetis,  ut,  quam 
urbem  pulcherrimam  florentissimamque  esse  voluerunt, 
banc  omnibus  hostium  copils  terra  marique  superatis  a 
perditissimorum  civium  nefario  scelere  defendant. 


M.    TULLI    CICERONIS 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   TERTIA 


AD   POPULUM 


Cicero  congratulates  the  Roman  people  on  their  safety. 

1.  Rem  ptiblicam,  Quirites,  vltamque  omnium  vestrum, 
bona,  fortunas,  coniuges  liberosque  vestros,  atque  hoc 
domicilium  clarissimi  imperi,  •  fortunatissimam  pulcher- 
rimamque  urbem,  hodierno  die  deorum  immortalium 
ssummo  erga  vos  amore,  laboribus,  consiliis,  perlculls  meis 
e  flamma  atque  ferro  ac  paene  ex  faucibus  fati  ereptam  et 
vobis  conservatam  ac  restitutam  videtis.  Et  sT  non  minus 
nobis  iucundl  atque  inlustres  sunt  ei  dies  quibus  conser- 
vamur  quam  ill!  quibus  nascimur,  quod  salutis  certa 
lolaetitia  est,  nascendl  incerta  condicio,  et  quod  sine  sensu 
nascimur,  cum  voluptate  servamur,  profecto,  quoniam 
ilium  qui  banc  urbem  condidit,  ad  deos  immortales  bene- 
volentia  famaque  sustulimus,  esse  apud  vos  posterosque 
vestros  in  honore  debebit  is  qui  eandem  banc  urbem  con- 

38 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   TERTIA  39 

ditam  amplificatamque  servavit.  Nam  toti  urbi,  templis,  i6 
delubris,  tectis  ac  moenibus  subiectos  prope  iam  ignes 
circumdatosque  restinximus ;  idemque  gladios  in  rem 
publicam  destrictos  rettudimus  mucronesque  eorum  a 
iugulls  vestrls  deiecimus.  Quae  quoniam  in  senatu  inlus- 
trata,  patefacta,  comperta  sunt  per  me,  vobis  iam  exponam  20 
breviter,  Quirltes,  ut  et  quanta  et  quam  m?,nifesta  et  qua 
ratione  investlgata  et  comprehensa  sint,  vos,  qui  et  igno- 
ratis  et  exspectatis,  scire  possitis. 

Principio,  ut  Catilina  paucis  ante  diebus  erupit  ex  urbe, 
cum   sceleris   sui   socios,    huiusce   nefarii   belli   acerrimos25 
duces,    Romae    reliquisset,    semper    vigilavi    et    providi, 
Quirites,  quem  ad  modum  in  tantis  et  tam  absconditis  in- 
sidiis  salvi  esse  possemus. 

How  written  evidence  was  secured  against  the  conspirators. 

2.   Nam  tum,   cum  ex  urbe   Catilinam  eiciebam   (non 
enim  iam  vereor  huius  verbi  invidiam,  cum  ilia  magis  sit  30 
timenda,  quod  vivus  exierit),  sed  tum,  cum  ilium  exter- 
minari  volebam,  aut  reliquam  coniuratorum  manum  simui 
exituram   aut   eos   qui   restitissent,   infirmos   sine   illo   ac 
debiles  fore  putabam.     Atque  ego  ut  vidi  quos  maximo 
furore  et  scelere  esse  inflammatos  sciebam,  eos  nobiscum35 
esse  et  Romae  remansisse,  in  eo  omnes  dies  noctesque  con- 
siimpsi,   ut,   quid   agerent,   quid  molirentur,   sentirem   ac 
viderem,  ut,  quoniam  auribus  vestrls  propter  incredibilem 
magnitudinem  sceleris  minorem  fideni  faceret  oratio  mea, 
rem  ita  comprehenderem,   ut  tum  demum  animis  salutI40 
vestrae  provideretis,  cum  oculis  makficium  ipsuni  videretis. 
Itaque,  ut  comperi  legatos  Allobrogum  belli  Transalpini 
et  tumulttis  Gallici  excitandi  causa  a  P.  Lentulo  esse  solli- 
citatos,  eosque  in  Galliam  ad  suos  elves  eodemque  itinere 
cum  litteris  mandatisque  ad  Catilinam  esse  missos,  comi-46 
temque  els   adiunctum   esse   T.   Volturcium,   atque   huic 


[40] 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   TERTIA  41 

esse  ad  Catilinam  datas  litteras,  facultatem  mihi  oblatam 
putavl,  ut,  quod  erat  difficillimum,  quodque  ego  semper 
optabam  ab  dis  immortalibus,  ut  tota  res  non  solum  a  me, 
sed  etiam  a  senatu  et  a  vobis  manifesto  deprehenderetur.  5o 

Itaque  hesterno  die  L.  Flaccum  et  C .  Pomptlnum  prae- 
tores,  fortissimos,  atque  amantissimos  rei  publicae  viros, 
ad  me  vocavl,  rem  exposul,  quid  fieri  placeret  ostendl. 
111!  autem,  qui  omnia  de  re  publica  praeclara  atque  egregia 
sentirent,  sine  recusatione  ac  sine  uUa  mora  negotium  sus-55 
ceperunt,  et  cum  advesperasceret,  oceulte  ad  pontem  Mul- 
vium  pervenerunt,  atque  ibi  in  proximis  villis  ita  bipertito 
fuerunt  ut  Tiberis  inter  eos  et  pons  interesset.  Eodem 
autem  et  ipsi  sine  cuiusquam  suspicione  multos  fortes 
viros  eduxerant,  et  ego  ex  praefectura  Reatlna  complureseo 
delectos  adulescentes,  quorum  opera  utor  adsidue  in  rei 
publicae  praesidio,  cum  gladils  miseram.  Interim  tertia 
fere  vigilia  exacta,  cum  iam  pontem  Mulvium  magno 
comitatu  legati  Allobrogum  ingredl  inciperent  unaque  Vol- 
turcius,  fit  in  eos  impetus ;  educuntur  et  ab  illls  gladii  et  a  65 
nostrls.  Res  praetoribus  erat  nota  soils,  ignorabatur  a 
ceteris. 

How  the  conspirators  and  the  Gallic  envoys  were  brought  before  the 

Senate. 

3.  Tum  interventti  Pomptini  atque  Flacci  pugna  quae 
erat  commissa  sedatur.  Litterae,  quaecumque  erant  in 
eo  comitatu,  integris  signis  praetoribus  traduntur;  ipsi  70 
comprehensT  ad  me,  cum  iam  dilucesceret,  dedticuntur. 
Atque  horum  omnium  scelerum  improbissimum  machina- 
torem  Cimbrum  Gabinium  statim  ad  me  nihil  dum  sus- 
picantem  vocavT ;  delude  item  arcessltus  est  L.  Statilius 
et  post  eum  C.  Cethegus ;  tardissime  autem  Lentulus  76 
venit,  credo  quod  in  litteris  dandis  praeter  consuettidinem 
proxima  nocte  vigilarat. 


42  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

Cum  summis  et  clarissimis  huius  civitatis  viris,  qui 
audita  re  frequentes  ad  me  mane  convenerant,  litteras  a 

some  prius  aperiri  quam  ad  senatum  deferri  placeret,  ne,  si 
nihil  esset  inventum,  temere  a  me  tantus  tumultus  iniec- 
tus  civitati  videretur,  negavi  me  esse  facturum,  ut  de  peri- 
culo  publico  non  ad  consilium  publicum  rem  integram 
deferrem.     Etenim,    Quirltes,    si    ea    quae    erant    ad   me 

85delata,  reperta  non  essent,  tamen  ego  non  arbitrabar  in 
tantis  rel  publica3  periculis  esse  mihi  nimiam  dlligentiam 
pertimescendam.  Senatum  frequentem  celeriter,  ut  vidis- 
tis,  coegi.  Atque  interea  statim  admonitu  Allobrogum  C. 
Sulpicium  praetorem,  fortem  virum,  misi,  qui  ex  aedibus 

90  Cethegi,  si  quid  telorum  esset,  efferret ;  ex  quibus  ille 
maximum  sicarum  numerum  et  gladiorum  extulit. 

The  testimony  of  Volturcius  and  the  Gauls  before  the  Senate. 

4.  Introduxi  Volturcium  sine  Gallls;  fidem  publicam 
iussu  senatus  dedl ;  hortatus  sum  ut  ea  quae  sclret  sine 
timore  indicaret.     Tum  ille  dixit,  cum  vix  se  ex  magno 

95timore  recreasset,  a  P.  Lentulo  se  habere  ad  Catilinam 
mandata  et  litteras,  ut  servorum  praesidio  uteretur,  ut 
ad  urbem  quam  primum  cum  exercitu  accederet ;  id  autem 
eo  consiho,  ut,  cum  urbem  ex  omnibus  partibus,  quem  ad 
modum  discriptum  distributumque  erat,  incendissent  cae- 

loodemque  Infinitam  civium  fecissent,  praesto  esset  ille,  qui 
et  fugientes  exciperet  et  se  cum  his  urbanls  ducibus 
coniungeret. 

IntroductI  autem  Galli  ius  iurandum  sibi  et  litteras  ab 
Lentulo,    Cethego,    Statilio   ad   suam   gentem   data   esse 

105  dixerunt,  atque  ita  sibi  ab  his  et  a  L.  Cassio  esse  praescrlp- 
tum,  ut  equitatum  in  Italiam  quam  primum  mitterent; 
pedestres  sibi  copias  non  dcfuturas.  Lentulum  autem  sibi 
conflrmasse  ex  fatis  Sibylllnis  haruspicumque  responsis  se 
esse  tertium  ilium  Cornelium,  ad  quem  regnum  huius  urbis 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   TERTIA 


43 


The  Cumaean  Sibyl,  with  the  Sibylline  Books  i 

atqiie  imperium  pervenire  esset  necesse ;  Cinnam  ante  se  no 
et  Sullam  fuisse.  Eundemque  dixisse  fatalem  himc 
annum  esse  ad  interitum  huius  urbis  atque  imperi,  qui 
esset  annus  decimus  post  virginum  absolutionem,  post 
Capitoll  autem  incensionem  vicesimus.  Hanc  autem 
Cethego  cum  ceteris  controversiam  fuisse  dixerunt,  quodii5 
Lentulo  et  aliis  Saturnalibus  caedem  fieri  atque  urbem 
incendi  placeret,  Cethego  nimium  id  longum  videretur. 


Four  conspirators   identify  their  letters   and  confess  their   guilt. 
5.   Ac  ne  longum  sit,  Quirites,  tabellas   proferri   iussi- 
mus,  quae  a  quoque  dicebantur  datae.     Primo  ostendimus 
Cethego  signum ;    cognovit.     Nos  linum  incldimus,  legi- 120 
mus.     Erat  scriptum  ipsius  manti  Allobrogum  senatui  et 
populo,   sese  quae  eorum  legatis  confirmasset  facturum 

*  See  note  on  line  108,  p.  42. 


44  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

esse;    orare  ut  item  ill!  facerent  quae  sibi  eorum  legati 
recepissent.     Turn  Cethegus,  qui  paulo  ante  aliquid  tamen 

125  de  gladiis  ac  sicis  quae  apud  ipsum  erant  deprehensa  re- 
spondisset,  dixissetque  se  semper  bonorum  ferramentorum 
studiosum  fuisse,  recitatis  litterls  debilitatus  atque  abiectus 
conscientia  repente  conticuit.  Introductus  est  Statilius; 
cognovit   et   signum   et   manum    suam.     Recitatae   sunt 

130  tabellae  in  eandem  fere  sententiam ;  confessus  est.  Tum 
ostendl  tabellas  Lentulo  et  quaes! vl  cognosceretne  signum. 
Adnuit.  'Est  vero/  inquam,  'notum  quidem  signum, 
imago  avi  tul,  clarissimi  viri,  qui  amavit  tinice  patriam  et 
elves  suos;    quae  quidem  te  a  tanto  scelere  etiam  muta 

i35revocare  debuit.' 

Leguntur  eadem  ratione  ad  senatum  AUobrogum  popu- 
lumque  litterae.  Si  quid  de  his  rebus  dicere  vellet,  fee! 
potestatem.  Atque  ille  primo  quidem  negavit ;  post 
autem  aliquanto,  toto  iam  indicio  exposito  atque  edito, 

I40surrexit;  quaesivit  a  Gallis  quid  sibi  esset  cum  eis,  quam 
ob  rem  domum  suam  venissent,  itemque  a  Volturcio. 
Qui  cum  illi  breviter  constanterque  respondissent,  per 
quem  ad  eum  quotiensque  venissent,  quaesissentque  ab 
eo  nihilne  secum  esset  de  fatis  Sibyllinis  loctitus,  tum  ille 

145  subito  scelere  demens,  quanta  conscientiae  vis  esset  osten- 
dit.  Nam  cum  id  posset  infitiari,  repente  praeter  opinionem 
omnium  confessus  est.  Ita  eum  non  modo  ingenium 
illud  et  dicendi  exercitatio,  qua  semper  valuit,  sed  etiam 
propter  vim  sceleris  manifest!  atque  deprehensi  impuden- 

150  tia,  qua  superabat  omnes,  improbitasque  defecit. 

Volturcius  vero  subito  litteras  proferri  atque  aperiri 
iubet,  quas  sibi  a  Lentulo  ad  Catilinam  datas  esse  dicebat. 
Atque  ibi  vehementissime  perturbatus  Lentulus  tamen  et 
signum   et   manum   suam    cognovit.     Erant    autem   sine 

166  nomine,  sed  ita :  '  Quis  sim,  scies  ex  eo  quem  ad  te  misi. 
Cura  ut  vir  sis,  et  cogita  quem  in  locum  sis  progressus. 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   TERTIA  45 

Vide  ecquid  tibi  iam  sit  necesse,  et  cura  ut  omnium  tibi 
auxilia  adiungas,  etiam  Infimorum.'  Gablnius  deinde  in- 
troductus,  cum  primo  impudenter  respondere  coepisset,  ad 
extremum  nihil  ex  eis  quae  Galli  msimulabant  negavit.  160 
Ac  mihi  quidem,  Quirites,  cum  ilia  certissima  visa  sunt 
argumenta  atque  indicia  sceleris,  tabellae,  signa,  mantis, 
denique  unius  cuiusque  confessio ;  tum  multo  certiora  ilia, 
color,  oculi,  vultus,  taciturnitas.  Sic  enim  obstupuerant, 
sic  terram  intuebantur,  sic  furtim  nonnumquam  inter  sese  165 
aspiciebant,  ut  non  iam  ab  aliis  indicari,  sed  indicare  se 
ipsi  viderentur. 

The  Senate  praises  the  consuls  and  praetors,  decrees  custody  for  the 
traitors,  and  a  solemn  thanksgiving  to  the  gods. 

6.  Indiciis  expositis  atque  editis,  Quirites,  senatum  con- 
sului  de  summa  re  piiblica  quid  fieri  placeret.  Dictae 
sunt  a  principibus  acerrimae  ac  fortissimae  sententiae,  i70 
quas  senatus  sine  iilla  varietate  est  seciitus.  Et  quoniam 
nondum  est  perscriptum  senatus  consultum,  ex  memoria 
vobis,  Quirites,  quid  senatus  censuerit  exponam. 

Primum  mihi  gratiae  verbis  amplissimis  aguntur,  quod  vir- 
tiite,  consilio,  providentia  mea  res  piiblica  maximis  periculis  i76 
sit  liberata.     Deinde  L.  Flaccus  et  C.  Pomptinus  praetores, 
quod  eorum  opera  forti  fidelique  iisus  essem,  merito  ac 
iiire  laudantur.     Atque  etiam  viro  forti,  collegae  meo,  laus 
impertitur,   quod   eos   qui   hiiius   coniurationis  participes 
fuissent,  a  suis  et  a  rei  piiblicae  consiliis  removisset.     Atque  180 
ita  censuerunt,  ut  P.  Lentulus,  cum  se  praetiira  abdicasset, 
in  custodiam  traderetur ;  itemque  uti  C.  Cethegus,  L.  Sta- 
tilius,  P.  Gabinius,  qui  omnes  praesentes  erant,  in  custo- 
diam traderentur;    atque  idem  hoc  decretum  est  in  L. 
Cassium,  qui  sibi  prociirationem  incendendae  urbis  depo-i86 
poscerat;    in  M.  Ceparium,  cui  ad  sollicitandos  pastores 
Apiiliam  attributam  esse  erat  indicatum;    in  P.  Furium, 


46  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

qui  est  ex  eis  colonis  quos  Faesulas  L,  Sulla  deduxit;   in 
Q.  Annium  Chilonem,  qui  una  cum  hoc  Furio  semper  erat 

190  in  hac  AUobrogum  sollicitatione  versatus;  in  P.  Um- 
brenum,  libertinum  hominem,  a  quo  primum  Gallos  ad 
Gablnium  perductos  esse  constabat.  Atque  ea  lenitate 
senatus  est  usus,  Quirites,  ut  ex  tanta  coniuratione  tanta- 
que  hac  multitudine  domesticorum  hostium  novem  homi- 

195  num  perditissimorum  poena  re  publica  conservata,  reli- 
quorum  mentes  sanari  posse  arbitraretur. 

Atque  etiam  supplicatio  dis  immortalibus  pro  singular! 
eorum  merito  meo  nomine  decreta  est,  quod  mihi  primum 
post  hanc  urbem  conditam  togato  contigit,  et  his  decreta 

200 verbis  est,  'quod  urbem  incendiis,  caede  cives,  Itaham 
bello  liberassem.'  Quae  supplicatio  si  cum  ceteris  sup- 
plicationibus  conferatur,  hoc  interest,  quod  ceterae  bene 
gesta,  haec  una  conservata  re  publica  constituta  est. 
Atque  illud  quod  faciendum  primum  fuit,  factum  atque 

205  transactum  est.  Nam  P.  Lentulus,  quamquam  patefactis 
indiciis,  confessionibus  suis,  iiidicio  senatus  non  modo 
praetoris  ius,  verum  etiam  civis  amiserat,  tamen  magi- 
stratii  se  abdicavit,  ut,  quae  religio  C.  Mario,  clarissimo 
viro,  non  fuerat,  quo  minus  C.   Glauciam,  de  quo  nihil 

2ionominatim  erat  decretum,  praetorem  occideret,  ea  nos  re- 
ligione  in  privato  P.  Lentulo  puniendo  liberaremur. 

The  victory  of  the  state  could  not  have  been  won  easily  with  Cati- 
line in  the  city. 

7.  Nunc  quoniam,  Quirites,  consceleratissimi  pericu- 
losissimique  belli  nefarios  duces  captos  iam  et  compre- 
hensos  tenetis,  existimare  debetis  omnes  Catilinae  copias, 
2i5omnes  spes  atque  opes  his  depulsis  urbis  periculis  con- 
cidisse.  Quem  quidem  ego  cum  ex  urbe  pellebam,  hoc 
providebam  animo,  Quirites,  remoto  Catilina  non  mihi 
esse  P.  Lentuli  somnum  nee  L.  Cassi  adipes  nee  C.  Cethegl 


A  Roman  Sacrifice 
(The  Temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  in  the  background) 


[47] 


48  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

furiosam    temeritatem   pertimescendam.     Ille   erat   umis 

220  timendus  ex  istis  omnibus,  sed  tarn  diu  dum  urbis  moeni- 
bus  continebatur.  Omnia  norat,  omnimn  adittis  tenebat; 
appellare,  temptare,  sollicitare  poterat,  audebat.  Erat  ei 
consilium  ad  facinus  aptum,  consilio  autem  neque  manus 
neque  lingua  deerat.     lam  ad  certas  res  conficiendas  cer- 

225  tos  homines  delectos  ac  descriptos  habebat.  Neque  vero, 
cum  aliquid  mandarat,  confectum  putabat;  nihil  erat 
quod  non  ipse  obiret,  occurreret,  vigilaret,  laboraret ;  frigus, 
sitim,  famem  ferre  poterat. 

Hunc  ego  hominem  tam  acrem,  tam  audacem,  tam  para- 

230  tum,  tam  callidum,  tam  in  scelere  vigilantem,  tam  in 
perditis  rebus  dlligentem,  nisi  ex  domesticis  insidiis  in 
castrense  latrocinium  compulissem  (dicam  id  quod  sentio, 
Quirltes),  non  facile  hanc  tantam  molem  mail  a  cervlcibus 
vestris  depulissem.     Non  ille  nobis  Saturnalia  constituis- 

235  set,  neque  tanto  ante  exit!  ac  fati  diem  rei  ptiblicae  de- 
nuntiavisset,  neque  commTsisset  ut  signum,  ut  litterae 
suae  testes  manifest!  sceleris  deprehenderentur.  Quae 
nunc  illo  absente  sic  gesta  sunt  ut  nullum  in  privata 
domo  furtum  umquam  sit  tam  palam  inventum  quam 

240  haec  tanta  in  re  publica  coniuratio  manifesto  inventa  atque 
deprehensa  est.  Quodsl  Catillna  in  urbe  ad  hanc  diem 
remansisset,  quamquam,  quoad  fuit,  omnibus  eius  con- 
silils  occurri  atque  obstiti,  tamen,  ut  levissime  dIcam, 
dimicandum  nobis  cum  illo  fuisset,  neque  nos  umquam, 

245  cum  ille  in  urbe  hostis  esset,  tantis  perlculls  rem  publicam 
tanta  pace,  tanto  otio,  tanto  silentio  llberassemus. 

The  will  of  the  gods  was  clearly  shown. 

8.   Quamquam  haec  omnia,  Quirltes,  ita  sunt  a  me  ad- 

ministrata,  ut  deorum  immortalium  nutu  atque  consilio 

et  gesta  et  provlsa  esse  videantur.     Idque  cum  coniectura 

260consequl  possumus,  quod  vix  videtur  human!  consil!  tan- 


ORATIO   IN    CATILINAM    TERTIA 


49 


The  Bronze  Wolf  of  the  Capitol 


tarum  rerum  gubernatio  esse  potuisse,  turn  vero  ita 
praesentes  his  temporibus  opem  et  auxilium  nobis  tulerunt, 
ut  eos  paene  oculis  videre  possemus.  Nam  ut  ilia  omit- 
tam,  visas  nocturno  tempore  ab  occidente  faces  ardorem- 
que  caeli,  ut  fulminum  iactus,  ut  terrae  motus  relinquam,  253 
ut  omittam  cetera,  quae  tarn  mult  a  nobis  consulibus  facta 
sunt,  ut  haec  quae  nunc  flunt,  canere  di  immortales  vide- 
rentur,  hoc  certe,  quod  sum  dicttirus,  neque  praetermitten- 
dum  neque  relinquendum  est. 

Nam  profecto  memoria  tenetis  Cotta  et  Torquato  con- 260 
sulibus  complures  in  Capitolio  res  de  caelo  esse  percussas, 
cum  et  simulacra  deorum  depulsa  sunt  et  statuae  veterum 
hominum  deiectae  et  legum  aera  liquefacta  et  tactus 
etiam  ille  qui  hanc  urbem  condidit,  Romulus,  quem  in- 
auratum  in  Capitolio,  parvum  atque  lactantem  uberibus263 
luplnis  inhiantem,  fuisse  meministis.  Quo  quidem  tem- 
pore cum  haruspices  ex  tota  Etruria  convenissent,  caedes 


50  M.  TULLl  CICERONI^ 

atque  incendia  et  legum  interitum  et  bellum  civile  ac 
domesticum  et  totius  urbis  atque  imperi  occasum  adpro- 

27opinquare  dixerunt,  nisi  di  immortales,  omni  ratione  pla- 
cati,  suo  numine  prope  fata  ipsa  flexissent. 

Itaque  illorum  responsis  turn  et  ludi  per  decern  dies 
facti  sunt,  neque  res  ulla  quae  ad  placandos  deos  pertineret 
praetermissa   est.     Idemque   iusserunt   simulacrum   lovis 

275  f acere  mains  et  in  excelso  conlocare  et  contra,  atque  antea 
fuerat,  ad  orientem  convertere ;  ac  se  sperare  dixerunt,  si 
illud  signum,  quod  videtis,  solis  ortum  et  forum  curiam- 
que  conspiceret,  fore  ut  ea  consilia  quae  clam  essent  inita 
contra  salutem  urbis  atque  imperi,   inlustrarentur,  ut  a 

280senatu  populoque  Romano  perspici  possent.  Atque  illud 
signum  conlocandum  consules  illi  locaverunt;  sed  tanta 
fuit  operis  tarditas,  ut  neque  superioribus  consulibus  neque 
nobis  ante  hodiernum  diem  conlocaretur. 

A  new  statue  to  Jupiter,  by  whom  the  magistrates  were  guided. 

9.   Hie  quis  potest  esse,  Quirites,  tam  aversus  a  vero, 

285  tam  praeceps,  tam  mente  captus,  qui  neget  haec  omnia 

quae  videmus,  praecipueque  banc  urbem  deorum  immor- 

talium    nutu    ac    potestate    administrari  ?     Etenim    cum 

esset  ita  responsum,  caedes,  incendia,  interitum  rei  pu- 

blicae  comparari,  et  ea  per  cives,  quae  tum  propter  mag- 

29onitudinem  scelerum  nonnuUis  incredibilia  videbantur,  ea 

non  modo  cogitata  a  nefariis  civibus   verum   etiam   sus- 

cepta  esse  sensistis.     Illud  vero  nonne  ita  praesens  est  ut 

ntitu   lovis   Optimi    Maximi    factum    esse    videatur,   ut, 

cum  hodierno  die  mane  per  forum  meo  iussu  et  conitirati 

295  et   eorum   indices   in   aedem   Concordiae   diicerentur,    eo 

ipso  tempore  signum  statueretur?     Quo  conlocato  atque 

ad  vos  senatumque  converse,   omnia  quae  erant  contra 

saltitem  omnium  cogitata,  inliistrata  et  patefacta  vidistis. 

Quo  etiam  maiore  sunt  isti  odio  supplicioque  digni  qui  noD 


ORATIO   IN  CATILINAM   TERTIA 


51 


solum  vestris  domiciliis  atque  tectis,  sed  etiam  deorumsoo 
templls   atque   delubris   sunt   funestos   ac   nefarios   Ignes 
Inferre  conatl.     Quibus  ego  si  me  restitisse  dicam,  nimium 
mihi  sumam  et  non  sim  ferendus.     Ille,  ille  luppiter  re- 
stitit;   ille  Capi- 
tolium,  ille  haec 
templa,  ille  cunc- 
tam    urbem,   ille 
vos  omnes  salvos 
esse  voluit.     Dis 
ego  immortalibus 
ducibus    banc 
mentem,  Quirites, 
voluntatemque 
suscepi  atque  ad 
haec     tanta    in- 
dicia   perveni. 
lam  vero  ab  Len- 
tulo      ceterisque 
domesticis     hos- 
tibus  tarn  de- 
menter  tantae  res 
creditae     et     ig- 
notis  et  barbaris 
commissaeque 
litterae     num- 
quam  essent  pro- 
fecto,  nisi  ab  dis 
immortalibus 
huic    tantae    au- 
daciae   consilium 

esset  ereptum.  Quid  vero  ?  Ut  homines  Galli  ex  civitate 
male  pacata,  quae  gens  una  restat,  quae  bellum  populo  Ro- 
mano facere  et  posse  et  non  nolle  videatur,  spem  imperi 


Jupiter 


33(1 


52 


M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 


A  Roman  Sacrificial  Procession 


ac  rerum  maximarum  ultro  sibi  a  patriciis  hominibus 
335oblatam  neglegerent  vestramque  saltitem  suls  opibus 
anteponerent,  id  non  divmitus  esse  factum  putatis,  prae- 
sertim  qui  nos  non  pugnando,  sed  tacendo  superare 
potuerint  ? 

This  conspiracy  compared  with  former  civil  dissensions. 

10.    Quam  ob  rem,   Quirites,   quoniam  ad  omnia  pul- 

Movmaria  supplicatio  decreta  est,  celebratote  illos  dies  cum 

*     coniugibus  ac  liberis  vestris.     Nam  multi  saepe  honores 

dis  immortalibus  iusti  habiti  sunt  ac  debit!,  sed  profecto 

iustiores  numquam.     Erepti  enim  estis  ex  crudelissimo  ac 

miserrimo  interitu ;    sine  caede,  sine  sanguine,  sine  exer- 

345citu,  sine  dimicatione,  togati  me  uno  togato  duce  et  im- 

peratore   vicistis.     Etenim   recordaminl,    Quirltes,   omnes 

civiles  dissensiones,  non  solum  eas  quas  audistis,  sed  eas 

quas  vosmet  ipsi  meministis  atque  vidistis.     L.  Sulla .  P. 

Sulpicium  oppressit ;    C.  Marium,  custodem  htiius  urbis, 

35omult6sque  fortes  viros  partim  eiecit  ex  civitate,  partim 

interemit.     Cn.    Octavius   consul   armis  expulit  ex  urbe 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   TERTIA 


53 


ft    ft    -    T'^     i  ' 


5 


r 


-/*'' 


•JBr-.' 


A  Roman  Sacrificial  Procession 


collegam ;  omnis  hic  locus  acervis  corporum  et  civium 
sanguine  redundavit.  Superavit  postea  Cinna  cum  Mario ; 
turn  vero  clarissimis  viris  interfectis  lumina  civitatis  ex- 
stincta  sunt.  Ultus  est  huius  victoriae  crudelitatem  355 
postea  Sulla ;  ne  dici  quidem  opus  est  quanta  deminutione 
civium  et  quanta  calamitate  rei  publicae.  Dissensit  M. 
Lepidus  a  clarissimo  et  fortissimo  viro  Q.  Catulo ;  attulit 
non  tam  ipsius  interitus  rel  publicae  Itictum  quam  cetero- 
rum.  360 

Atque  illae  tamen  omnes  dissensiones  erant  eius  modi 
quae  non  ad  delendam,  sed  ad  commutandam  rem  pub- 
licam  pertinerent.  Non  ill!  nullam  esse  rem  publicam, 
sed  in  ea  quae  esset  se  esse  principes,  neque  banc  urbem 
conflagrare,  sed  se  in  hac  urbe  florere  voluerunt.  Atque  365 
illae  tamen  omnes  dissensiones,  quarum  nulla  exitium  rei 
publicae  quaesivit,  eius  modi  fuerunt  ut  non  reconcilia- 
tione  concordiae,  sed  internecione  civium  diiudicatae  sint. 
In  hoc  autem  tino  post  hominum  memoriam  maximo  cru- 
delissimoque  bello,  quale  bellum  nulla  umquam  barbariaSTO 


54 


M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 


371  cum  sua  gente  gessit,  quo  in  bello  lex  haec  fuit  a  Lentulo, 
Catilina,  Cethego,  Cassio  constituta,  ut  omnes  qui  salva 

urbe  salvl  esse  pos- 
sent,  in  hostium  nu- 
mero  ducerentur,  ita 
me  gessi,  Quirites,  ut 
salvi  omnes  conserva- 
reminl ;  et,  cum  hostes 
vestri  tantum  civium 
superf  uturum  putas 
sent  quantum  infini- 
tae  caedi  restitisset, 
tantum  autem  urbis 
quantum  flamma  obire 
non  potuisset,  et  ur- 
bem  et  cives  integros 
incolumesque  servavl. 


Cicero's  own  reward. 

11.  Quibus  pro  tan- 
tis  rebus,  Quirites, 
nullum  ego  a  vobis 
praemium  virttitis, 
nullum  Insigne  hono- 
ris, nullum  monumen- 
tum  laudis  postulo 
praeterquam  htiius 
diei  memoriam  sempi- 
ternam.  In  animis  ego  vestris  omnes  triumphos  meos,  om- 
nia ornamenta  honoris,  monumenta  gloriae,  laudis  Insignia 
condi  et  conlocari  volo.  Nihil  me  mutum  potest  delectare, 
400  nihil  tacitum,  nihil  denique  eius  modi  quod  etiam  minus 
dlgni  adsequi  possint.     Memoria  vestra,  Quirites,  nostrae 


A  Roman  in  the  Toga,  sacrificing 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   TERTIA  55 

res  alentur,  sermonibus  crescent,  litterarum  monumentis 
inveterascent  et  corroborabuntur ;  eandemque  diem  intel- 
lego,  quam  spero  aeternam  fore,  propagatam  esse  et  ad 
salutem  urbis  et  ad  memoriam  consulatus  mei,  unoque405 
tempore  in  hac  re  publica  duos  cives  exstitisse,  quorum 
alter  fines  vestri  imperi  non  terrae  sed  caeli  regionibus  ter- 
minaret,  alter  eiusdem  imperi  domicilium  sedesque  servaret. 

Cicero's  safety  depends  upon  his  fellow-citizens.    His  personal  am- 
bition. 

12.   Sed   quoniam   earum   rerum   quas   ego   gessi,   non 
eadem  est  fortuna  atque  condicio  quae  illorum  qui  externa  4io 
bella  gesserunt,  quod  mihi  cum  eis  vivendum  est  quos  vici 
ac  subegi,  illi  hostes  aut  interfectos  aut  oppresses  reli- 
querunt,  vestrum  est,  Quirites,  si  ceteris  facta  sua  recte 
prosunt,  mihi  mea  ne  quando  obsint  providere.     Mentes 
enim  hominum  audacissimorum  sceleratae  ac  nefariae  ne4i5 
vobis  nocere  possent,  ego  providi ;   ne  mihi  noceant  ves- 
trum est  providere.     Quamquam,  Quirites,  mihi  quidem 
ipsi  nihil  ab  istis  iam  noceri  potest.     Magnum  enim  est 
in  bonis  praesidium,  quod  mihi  in  perpetuum  compara- 
tum  est ;    magna  in  re  publica  dignitas,  quae  me  semper  420 
tacita  defendet,  magna  vis  conscientiae,  quam  qui  negle- 
gunt,  cum  me  violare  volent,  se  ipsi  indicabunt. 

Est  enim  in  nobis  is  animus,  Quirites,  ut  non  modo 
nuUius  audaciae  cedamus,  sed  etiam  omnes  improbos  ultro 
semper  lacessamus.  Quodsi  omnis  impetus  domesticorum  425 
hostium,  depulsus  a  vobis,  se  in  me  unum  converterit, 
vobis  erit  videndum,  Quirites,  qua  condicione  posthac  eos 
esse  velitis,  qui  se  pro  salute  vestra  obtulerint  invidiae 
periculisque  omnibus;  mihi  quidem  ipsi  quid  est  quod 
iam  ad  vitae  fructum  possit  adquiri,  cum  praesertim  neque  430 
in  honore  vestro  neque  in  gloria  virtutis  quicquam  videam 
altius  quo  mihi  libeat  ascendere? 


56 


M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 


Illud  perficiam  profecto,  Quirltes,  ut  ea  quae  gessi  in 
consulatti   privatus   tuear   atque   ornem,   ut,   si   qua   est 

435invidia  in  conservanda  re  publica  suscepta,  laedat  invidos, 
mihi  valeat  ad  gloriam.  Denique  ita  me  in  re  publica 
tractabo,  ut  meminerim  semper  quae  gesserim,  curemque 
ut  ea  virtute,  non  casu  gesta  esse  videantur.  Vos,  Quiri- 
tes,  quoniam  iam  est  nox,  venerati  lovem  ilium,  custo- 

440  dem  huius  urbis  ac  vestrum,  in  vestra  tecta  discedite;  et 
ea,  quamquam  iam  est  periculum  depulsum,  tamen  aeque 
ac  priore  nocte  custodiis  vigiliisque  defendite.  Id  ne 
vobis  dititius  faciendum  sit  atque  ut  in  perpetua  pace  esse 
possitis,  providebo. 


A  Roman  Altar 


M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 

ORlTIO  IN  CATILINAM  QUlRTA 
HABITA   IN   SENATU 

The  consul  declares  his  will  to  suffer  for  his  country. 

1.  Video,  patres  conscrlpti,  in  me  omnium  vestrum  ora 
atque  oculos  esse  converses;  video  vos  non  solum  de 
vestro  ac  rei  publicae,  verimi  etiam,  si  id  depulsum  sit, 
de  meo  periculo  esse  sollicitos.  Est  mihi  iucunda  in  malls 
et  grata  in  dolore  vestra  erga  me  voluntas,  sed  earn,  per  5 
deos  immortales,  deponite  atque  obliti  salutis  meae  de 
vobis  ac  de  vestrls  llberis  cogitate.  Mihi  si  haec  condicio 
consulatus  data  est,  ut  omnes  acerbitates,  omnes  dolores 
cruciatusque  perferrem,  feram  non  solum  fortiter,  verum 
etiam  libenter,  dum  modo  meis  laboribus  vobis  populoque  10 
Romano  dignitas  saltisque  pariatur. 

Ego  sum  ille  consul,  patres  conscripti,  cui  non  forum,  in 

quo  omnis  aequitas  continetur,  non  campus  consularibus 

auspiciis     consecratus,     non     ciiria,     summum     auxilium 

omnium  gentium,  non  domus,  commune  perfugium,  non  15 

lectus  ad  quietem  datus,  non  denique  haec  sedes  honoris 

umquam  vacua  mortis  periculo  atque  insidiis  fuit.     Ego 

multa   tacul,   multa  pertuli,  multa   concessi,   multa  meo 

quodam  dolore  in  vestro  timore  sanavi.     Nunc  si  himc 

exitum  consulatus  mei  di  immortales  esse  voluerunt,  ut20 

vos  populumque  Romanum  ex  caede  miserrima,  coniuges 

liberosque    vestros    virginesque    Vestales    ex    acerbissima 

vexatione,    templa    atque    delubra,    banc    pulcherrimam 

57 


OS 

O 

o 
P5 


an 
o 


[58] 


ORATIO  IN   CATILINAM   QUARTA 


59 


patriam  omnium  nostrum  ex  foedissima  flamma,  totam 

Italiam  ex  bello  et  vastitate  eriperem,  quaecumque  mihi  25 

unl   proponetur 

forttina,  subeatur. 

Etenim  si  P.  Len- 

tulus  suum  nomen 

inductus    a    vati- 

bus  fatale  ad  per- 

niciem  rei  publicae 

fore    putavit,    cur 

ego    non    laeter 

meum  consulatum 

ad  salutem  populi 

Roman!  prope  fa- 

talem  exstitisse? 

The  Senate  must  pro- 
vide for  this  crisis, 
which  is  the  grav- 
est of  all. 

2.  Quare,  patres 
conscript!,  consuli- 
te  vob!s,  prospicite 
patriae,  conservate 

VOS,    COniugeS,     li-  a  Vestal  Virgin 

beros  fortunasque 

vestras,  populi  Roman!  nomen  salutemque  defendite ;  mihi  4S 
parcere  ac  de  me  cogitare  desinite.  Nam  pr!mum  debec 
sperare  omnes  deos  qu!  huic  urb!  praesident,  pro  eo  mihi 
ac  mereor  relaturos  esse  gratiam ;  deinde,  s!  quid  obtigerit, 
aequo  animo  paratoque  moriar.  Nam  neque  turpis  mors 
fort!  viro  potest  accidere  neque  immatura  consular!  nee  50 
misera  sapient!.  Nee  tamen  ego  sum  ille  ferreus,  qu! 
fratris  carissim!  atque  amantissim!  praesentis  maerore  non 


60  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

movear,  horumque  omnium  lacrimis  a  quibus  me  circum- 
sessum  videtis.     Neque  meam  mentem  non  domum  saepe 

ssrevocat  exanimata  uxor  et  abiecta  metu  filia  et  parvulus 
fllius,  quem  mihi  videtur  amplecti  res  publica  tamquam 
obsidem  consulattis  mel,  neque  ille  qui  exspectans  huius 
exitum  die!  stat  in  conspectu  meo,  gener.  Moveor  his 
rebus  omnibus,  sed  in  eam  partem,  uti  salvl  sint  voblscum 

eoomnes,  etiamsi  me  vis  aliqua  oppresserit,  potius  quam  et 
illi  et  nos  una  rei  publicae  peste  pereamus. 

Quare,  patres  conscripti,  incumbite  ad  salutem  rei 
publicae,  circumspicite  omnes  procellas  quae  impendent 
nisi  providetis.     Non  Ti.  Gracchus,  quod  iterum  tribunus 

esplebis  fieri  voluit,  non  C.  Gracchus,  quod  agrarios  conci- 
tare  conatus  est,  non  L.  Saturninus,  quod  C.  Memmium 
occidit,  in  discrimen  ahquod  atque  in  vestrae  severitatis 
indicium  adducitur;  tenentur  ei  qui  ad  urbis  incendium, 
ad  vestram  omnium  caedem,  ad  Catilinam  accipiendum 

70  Romae  restiterunt ;  tenentur  litterae,  signa,  manus,  deni- 
que  unius  cuiusque  confessio ;  solUcitantur  Allobroges, 
servitia  excitantur,  Catilina  arcessitur ;  id  est  initum  con- 
sihum,  ut  interfectis  omnibus  nemo  ne  ad  deplorandum 
quidem   populi   Roman!   nomen   atque  ad   lamentandam 

75tanti  imperi  calamitatem  rehnquatur. 

The  prisoners  have  been  condemned,  but  their  punishment  must  be 

decided  before  nightfall. 

3.  Haec  omnia  indices  detulerunt,  rei  confessi  sunt, 
vos  multis  iam  itidiciis  iiidicavistis :  primum  quod  mihi 
gratias  egistis  singularibus  verbis,  et  mea  virtute  atque 
dihgentia  perditorum  hominum  coniurationem  patefactam 
80  esse  decrevistis ;  deinde  quod  P.  Lentulum  se  abdicare 
praettira  coegistis ;  tum  quod  eum  et  ceteros,  de  quibus 
iudicastis,  in  custodiam  dandos  censuistis;  maximeque 
quod  meo  nomine  suppHcationem  decrevistis,  qui  honos 


ORATIO  IN  CATILINAM   QUARTA  61 

togato  habitus  ante  me  est  nemini ;  postremo  hesterno  die 
praemia   legatis   Allobrogum   Titoque   Volturcio   dedistisss 
amplissima.     Quae  sunt  omnia  eius  modi,  ut  ei  qui  in 
custodiam  nominatim  dati  sunt,  sine  ulla  dubitatione  a 
vobis  damnati  esse  videantur. 

Sed  ego  institui  referre  ad  vos,  patres  conscripti,  tam- 
quam  integrum,  et  de  facto   quid   iudicetis  et  de  poena  90 
quid  censeatis.     Ilia  praedicam  quae  sunt  consulis.     Ego 
magnum  in  re  publica  versari  furorem  et  nova  quaedam 
misceri  et  concitari  mala  iam  pridem  videbam;  sed  banc 
tantam,   tam  exitiosam   haberi.  coniurationem   a  civibus 
numquam  putavi.     Nunc  quicquid  est,  quocumque  vestrae  95 
mentes  inclinant  atque  sententiae,  statuendum  vobIs  ante 
noctem  est.     Quantum  facinus  ad  vos  delatum  sit  videtis. 
Huic  SI  paucos  putatis  adfines  esse,  vehementer  erratis. 
Latins  opinione  disseminatum  est  hoc  malum;    manavit 
non  solum  per  Italiam  verum  etiam  transcendit  Alpes,  et  100 
obscure    serpens   multas   iam   provincias    occupavit.     Id 
oppriml  sustentando  aut  prolatando  nullo  pacto  potest; 
quacumque  ratione  placet,  celeriter  vobis  vindicandum  est. 

Silanus  proposes  death  as  a  punishment;  Caesar,  life-imprisonment. 

4.  Video  duas  adhuc  esse  sententias :  unam  D.  Silani, 
qui  censet  eos  qui  haec  delere  conati  sunt,  morte  esse  105 
multandos;  alteram  C.  Caesaris,  qui  mortis  poenam  re- 
movet,  ceterorum  suppliciorum  omnes  acerbitates  am- 
plectitur.  Uterque  et  pro  sua  dignitate  et  pro  rerum 
magnitudine  in  summa  severitate  versatur.  Alter  eos 
qui  nos  omnes  vita  privare  conati  sunt,  qui  delere  im-110 
perium,  qui  populi  Romani  nomen  exstinguere,  punctum 
temporis  frui  vita  et  hoc  communi  spiritu  non  putat 
oportere;  atque  hoc  genus  poenae  saepe  in  improbos 
Gives  in  hac  re  publica  esse  usurpatum  recordatur. 

Alter  intellegit  mortem  ab  dis  immortalibus  non  esse  115 


62  M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 

supplici  causa  constitutam,  sed  aut  necessitatem  naturae 
aut  laborum  ac  miseriarum  quietem  esse.  Itaque  earn 
sapientes  numquam  inviti,  fortes  saepe  etiam  libenter 
oppetiverunt.     Vincula  vero,  et  ea  sempiterna,  certe  ad 

120  singularem  poenam  nefarii  sceleris  inventa  sunt.  Mtini- 
cipiis  dispertirl  iubet.  Habere  videtur  ista  res  inlquita- 
tem,  si  imperare  veils;  difficultatem,  si  rogare.  Decer- 
natur  tamen,  si  placet.  Ego  enim  suscipiam  et,  ut  spero, 
reperiam  qui  id  quod  salutis  omnium  causa  statueritis, 

125  non  putent  esse  suae  dignitatis  recusare.  Adiungit  gra- 
vem  poenam  municipiis,  si  quis  eorum  vincula  ruperit; 
horribiles  custodias  circumdat  et  dignas  scelere  hominum 
perditorum ;  sancit  ne  quis  eorum  poenam  quos  con- 
demnat  aut  per  senatum  aut  per  populum  levare  possit ; 

isoeripit  etiam  spem,  quae  sola  homines  in  miseriis  consolari 
solet.  Bona  praeterea  publicari  iubet.  Vitam  solam  relin- 
quit  nefariis  hominibus,  quam  si  eripuisset,  multos  una 
dolores  animi  atque  corporis  et  omnes  scelerum  poenas 
ademisset.     Itaque  ut   aliqua  in  vita  formido  improbis 

I35esset  posita,  apud  inferos  eius  modi  quaedam  illi  antiqui 
supplicia  impiis  constituta  esse  voluerunt,  quod  videlicet 
intellegebant  his  remotis  non  esse  mortem  ipsam  perti- 
mescendam. 

It  would  be  safer  to  adopt  the  proposal  of  Caesar,  the  popular  leader. 

5.  Nunc,  patres  conscripti,  ego  mea  video  quid  inter- 
140  sit.  Si  eritis  seciiti  sententiam  C.  Caesaris,  quoniam  hanc 
is  in  re  ptiblica  viam  quae  popularis  habetur  secutus  est, 
fortasse  minus  erunt,  hoc  auctore  et  cognitore  huiusce 
sententiae,  mihi  populares  impetus  pertimescendi ;  sin 
illam  alteram,  nescio  an  amplius  mihi  negoti  contrahatur. 
145  Sed  tamen  meorum  periculorum  rationes  titilitas  rei  pub- 
licae  vincat.  Habemus  enim  a  Caesare,  sicut  ipsius  dig- 
nitas  et  maiorum  eius  amplitudo  postulabat,  sententiam 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   QUARTA  63 

tamquam  obsidem  perpetuae  in  rem  ptiblicam  voluntatis. 
Intellectum  est  quid  interesset  inter  levitatem  contiona- 
torum  et  animum  vere  popularem,  saluti  popull  consulen- 150 
tern. 

Video  de  istis  qui  se  populares  haberi  volunt,  abesse 
non  neminem,  ne  de  capite  videlicet  civium  Romanorum 
sententiam  ferat.  Is  et  nudius  tertius  in  custodiam  cives 
Romanos  dedit  et  supplicationem  mihi  decrevit  et  indices  155 
hesterno  die  maximis  praemiis  adfecit.  lam  hoc  nemini 
dubium  est,  qui  reo  custodiam,  quaesltorl  gratulationem, 
indici  praemium  decrerit,  quid  de  tota  re  et  causa  itidi- 
carit.  At  vero  C.  Caesar  intellegit  legem  Semproniam 
esse  de  civibus  Romanis  constittitam ;  qui  autem  rei  pub-  leo 
licae  sit  hostis,  eum  civem  esse  nullo  modo  posse;  deni- 
que  ipsum  latorem  Semproniae  legis  iniussu  popull  poenas 
rei  publicae  dependisse.  Idem  ipsum  Lentulum,  largi- 
torem  et  prodigum,  non  putat,  cum  de  pernicie  populi 
Romani,  exitio  huius  urbis  tam  acerbe,  tam  crudeliter  les 
cogitarit,  etiam  appellari  posse  popularem.  Itaque  homo 
mitissimus  atque  lenissimus  non  dubitat  P.  Lentulum 
aeternis  tenebris  vinculisque  mandare  et  sancit  in  posterum 
ne  quis  huius  supplicid  levando  se  iactare  et  in  pernicie 
popull  Romani  posthac  popularis  esse  possit.  Adiungit  170 
etiam  publicationem  bonorum,  ut  omnes  animi  cruciatus 
et  corporis  etiam  egestas  ac  mendlcitas  consequatur. 

But  no  punishment  can  be  too  severe  for  crimes  so  unnatural. 

6.  Quam  ob  rem,  sive  hoc  statueritis,  dederitis  mihi 
comitem  ad  contionem  populo  carum  atque  iucundum; 
sIve  SllanI  sententiam  sequi  malueritis,  facile  me  atque  175 
vos  a  crudelitatis  vituperatione  populo  Romano  purgabo, 
atque  obtinebo  eam  multo  leniorem  fuisse.  Quamquam, 
patres  conscript!,  quae  potest  esse  in  tanti  sceleris  im- 
manitate  punienda  crtidelitas?    Ego  enim  de  meo  sensu 


64  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

isoiudico.  Nam  ita  mihi  salva  re  publica  vobiscum  perfrui 
liceat,  ut  ego,  quod  in  hae  causa  vehementior  sum,  non 
atrocitate  animi  moveor  (quis  enim  est  me  mitior?)  sed 
singular!  quadam  humanitate  et  misericordia.  Videor 
enim  mihi  videre  hanc  urbem,  lucem  orbis  terrarum  atque 

185  arcem  omnium  gentium,  subito  uno  incendio  concidentem ; 
cerno  animo  sepulta  in  patria  miseros  atque  Insepultos 
acervos  civium ;  versatur  mihi  ante  oculos  aspectus 
Cethegi  et  furor  in  vestra  caede  bacchantis. 

Cum  vero  mihi  proposul  regnantem  Lentulum,   sicut 

190  ipse  se  ex  fatis  sperasse  confessus  est,  purpuratum  esse 
huic  Gabmium,  cum  exercitu  venisse  Catilinam,  tum 
lamentationem  matrum  famihas,  tum  fugam  virginum 
atque  puerorum  ac  vexationem  virginum  VestaHum  per- 
horresco ;   et,  quia  mihi  vehementer  haec  videntur  misera 

195  atque  miseranda,  idcirco  in  eos  qui  ea  perficere  voluerunt 
me  severum  vehementemque  praebeo.  Etenim  quaero  si 
quis  pater  familias,  llberis  suTs  a  servo  interfectls,  uxore 
occlsa,  incensa  domo,  suppHcium  de  servo  non  quam 
acerbissimum  sumpserit,  utrum  is  clemens  ac  misericors 

200  an  inhumanissimus  et  crudeHssimus  esse  videatur.  Mihi 
vero  importunus  ac  ferreus,  qui  non  dolore  et  cruciatti 
nocentis  suum  dolorem  cruciatumque  lenierit.  Sic  nos  in 
his  hominibus,  qui  nos,  qui  coniuges,  qui  llberos  nostros 
trucidare  voluerunt,  qui  singulas  unlus  cuiusque  nostrum 

205domos  et  hoc  universum  rel  publicae  domicilium  delere 
conati  sunt,  qui  id  egerunt,  ut  gentem  Allobrogum  in 
vestlgils  huius  iirbis  atque  in  cinere  deflagrati  imperi 
conlocarent,  si  vehementissimi  fuerimus,  misericordes  habe- 
bimur;    sin  remissiores  esse  voluerimus,   summae  nobis 

210  crudelitatis  in  patriae  civiumque  pernicie  fama  subeunda 
est. 

Nisi  vero  cuipiam  L.  Caesar,  vir  fortissimus  et  amantissi- 
mus  rel  publicae,  crtidelior  nudius  tertius  visus  est,  cum 


■A 


< 

> 

'A 
■A 
H 

o 


H 
'A 


66  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

sororis  suae,   feminae  lectissimae,   virum  praesentem  et 

215  audientem  vita  privandum  esse  dixit,  cum  avum  suum 
iussu  consulis  interfectum  filiumque  eius  impuberem, 
legatum  a  patre  missum,  in  carcere  necatum  esse  dixit. 
Quorum  quod  simile  factum  ?  Quod  initum  delendae  rel 
publicae  consilium  ?     Largltionis  voluntas  tum  in  re  pub- 

220  blica  versata  est  et  partium  quaedam  contentio.  Atque 
illo  tempore  huius  avus  Lentull,  vir  clarissimus,  armatus 
Gracchum  est  persecutus.  Ille  etiam  grave  tum  vulnus 
accepit,  ne  quid  de  summa  re  publica  deminueretur ;  hic 
ad   evertenda   rel  publicae   fundamenta   Gallos  arcessit, 

225servitia  concitat,  Catillnam  vocat,  attribuit  nos  trucldan- 
dos  Cethego  et  ceteros  elves  interficiendos  Gablnio,  urbem 
Inflammandam  Cassio,  totam  Italiam  vastandam  dlripien- 
damque  Catillnae.  VereaminI,  censeo,  ne  in  hoc  scelere 
tam  immani  ac  nefando  nimis  aliquid  severe  statuisse  vid- 

230  eamini ;  multo  magis  est  verendum  ne  remissione  poenae 
crudeles  in  patriam  quam  ne  severitate  animadversionis 
nimis  vehementes  in  acerbissimos  hostes  fuisse  videamur. 

The  unanimity  of  good  citizens  of  all  classes. 

7.  Sed  ea  quae  exaudio,  patres  conscrlpti,  dissimulare 
non  possum.     laciuntur  enim  voces,  quae  perveniunt  ad 

235aures  meas,  eorum  qui  vererl  videntur  ut  habeam  satis 
praesidi  ad  ea  quae  vos  statueritis  hodierno  die  transigenda. 
Omnia  et  provlsa  et  parata  et  constituta  sunt,  patres  con- 
script!, cum  mea  summa  cura  atque  diligentia,  tum  etiam 
multo  maiore  popull  RomanI  ad  summum  imperium  retinen- 

240  dum  et  ad  communes  fortunas  conservandas  voluntate. 
Omnes  adsunt  omnium  ordinum  homines,  omnium  gener- 
um,  omnium  denique  aetatum ;  plenum  est  forum,  plena 
templa  circum  forum,  pleni  omnes  adittis  huius  templl  ac 
loci.     Causa  est  enim  post  urbem  conditam  haec  inventa 

i245  sola  in  qua  omnes  sentlrent  unum  atque  idem,  praeter  eos 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   QUARTA  67 

qui,   cum   sibi   viderent   esse   pereundum,   cum   omnibus 
potius  quam  soli  perire  voluerunt. 

Hosce  ego  homines  excipio  et  secerno  libenter,  neque  in 
improborum  civium,  sed  in  acerbissimorum  hostium 
numero  habendos  puto.  Ceterl  vero,  di  immortales  !  qua  250 
frequentia,  quo  studio,  qua  virtute  ad  communem  salutem 
dignitatemque  consentiunt !  Quid  ego  hic  equites  Ro- 
manes commemorem?  qui  vobis  ita  summam  ordinis 
consillque  concedunt  ut  voblscum  de  amore  rel  publicae 
certent;  quos  ex  multorum  annorum  dissensione  huius255 
ordinis  ad  societatem  concordiamque  revocatos  hodiernus 
dies  voblscum  atque  haec  causa  coniungit.  Quam  si  con- 
iunctionem,  in  consulatu  conflrmatam  meo,  perpetuam  in 
re  ptiblica  tenuerimus,  confirmo  vobIs  nullum  posthac 
malum  civile  ac  domesticum  ad  ullam  rel  publicae  partem  260 
esse  venturum.  Pari  studio  defendendae  rel  publicae  con- 
venisse  video  tribunos  aerarios,  fortissimos  viros;  scribas 
item  universes,  quos  cum  casu  hIc  dies  ad  aerarium  fre- 
quentasset,  video  ab  exspectatione  sortis  ad  salutem  com- 
munem esse  converses.  Omnis  ingenuorum  adest  mul-265 
titudo,  etiam  tenuissimorum,  Quis  est  enim  cui  non  haec 
templa,  aspectus  urbis,  possessio  llbertatis,  lux  denique 
haec  ipsa  et  commune  patriae  solum  cum  sit  carum  tum 
vero  dulce  atque  iucundum  ? 

Even  freedmen  and  slaves  show  their  loyalty  and  good  will. 

8.  Operae  pretium  est,  patres  conscript!,  llbertlnorum  270 
hominum  studia  cognoscere,  qui  sua  virtute  fortunam 
huius  civitatis  consecuti  vere  hanc  suam  esse  patriam 
indicant,  quam  quidam  hIc  nati,  et  summo  nati  loco,  non 
patriam  suam  sed  urbem  hostium  esse  iudicaverunt.  Sed 
quid  ego  hosce  homines  ordinesque  commemoro,  quos  275 
privatae  fortunae,  quos  communis  res  publica,  quos  deni- 
que llbertas,  ea  quae  dulcissima  est,  ad  salutem  patriae 


68  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

defendendam    excitavit?      Servus    est    nemo    qui    modo 
tolerabili    condicione    sit    servitutis,    qui    non    audaciam 

280clvium  perhorrescat,  qui  non  haec  stare  eupiat,  qui  non 
quantum  audet  et  quantum  potest  conferat  ad  communem 
salutem  voluntatis. 

Quare  si  quem  ve strum  forte  commovet  hoc,  quod  audi- 
tum  est,   lenonem   quendam   Lentuli   concursare   circum 

285tabernas,  pretio  sperare  sollicitari  posse  animos  egentium 
atque  imperltorum,  est  id  quidem  coeptum  atque  tempta- 
tum,  sed  null!  sunt  invent!  tam  aut  fortuna  miseri  aut 
voluntate  perditi,  qui  non  ilium  ipsum  sellae  atque  operis 
et  quaestus  cotidianl  locum,  qui  non  cubile  ac  lectulum 

290suum,  qui  denique  non  cursum  hunc  otiosum  vitae  suae 
salvum  esse  velint.  Multo  vero  maxima  pars  eorum  qui 
in  tabernis  sunt,  immo  vero  (id  enim  potius  est  dicendum) 
genus  hoc  universum  amantissimum  est  oti.  Etenim 
omne  instrumentum,  omnis  opera  atque  quaestus  frequen- 

295  tia  civium  sustentatur,  alitur  otio ;  quorum  si  quaestus 
occlusis  tabernis  minul  solet,  quid  tandem  incensis  futu- 
rum  fuit? 

Quae    cum    ita    sint;    patres    conscrlpti,    vobis    populi 
Roman!  praesidia  non  desunt;    vos  ne  populo  Romano 

soodeesse  videamini  providete. 

The  foundation  of  the  government  must  never  hereafter  be  shaken. 

9.  Habetis  consulem  ex  plfirimls  perlculls  et  Insidils 
atque  ex  media  morte  non  ad  vltam  suam,  sed  ad  salutem 
vestram  reservatum.  Omnes  ordines  ad  conservandam 
rem  publicam  mente,  voluntate,  studio,  virtute,  voce 
305  consentiunt.  Obsessa  facibus  et  tells  impiae  conitirationis 
vobIs  supplex  manus  tendit  patria  communis ;  vobIs  se, 
vobis  vitam  omnium  civium,  vobIs  arcem  et  Capitolium, 
vobIs  aras  Penatium,  vobIs  ilium  Ignem  Vestae  sempiter- 
num,  vobIs  omnium  deorum  templa  atque  delubra,  vobis 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   QUARTA 


69 


A  Painting  from  a  Household  Shrine 
(Pompeii) 

mtiros  atque  urbis  tecta  commendat.     Praeterea  de  vestra  31c 
vita,  de  coniugum  vestrarum  atque  llberorum  anima,  de 
fortunis  omnium,  de  sedibus,  de  focls  vestris  hodierno  die 
vobis  iudicandum  est. 

Habetis  ducem  memorem  vestri,  oblltum  sui,  quae  non 
semper   facultas   datur;     habetis   omnes   ordines,    omnessis 
homines,  universum  populum  Romanum,  id  quod  in  civlli 
causa  hodierno  die  primum  videmus,  unum  atque  idem 
sentientem.     Cogitate    quantis   laboribus   fundatum   im- 
perium,  quanta  virtute  stabihtam  llbertatem,  quanta  deo- 
rum  benlgnitate  auctas  exaggeratasque  fortunas,  una  nox320 
paene  delerit.     Id  ne  umquam  posthac  non  modo  confici, 
3ed   ne    cogitari    quidem   possit  a  civibus,   hodierno  die 
providendum   est.     Atque   haec,    non   ut   vos,    qui   mihi 
studio  paene  praecurritis,  excitarem,  loctitus  sum,  sed  ut 
mea  vox,  quae  debet  esse  in  re  pubhca  princeps,  officio  32S 
functa  consular!  videretur. 


70 


M.  TXJLLI  C1CER0NI8 


Whatever  may  befall  the  consul,  he  will  never  repent  of  his  course. 

10.   Nunc,  antequam  ad  sententiam  redeo,  de  me  pauca 
dicam.     Ego,    quanta    manus    est    coniuratorum,    quam 

videtis  esse  permagnam, 
tantam  me  inimicorum 
multitudinem  suscepisse 
video ;  sed  eam  esse  iudico 
turpem  et  mfirmam  et 
abiectam.  QuodsT  ali- 
quando  alicuius  furore  et 
scelere  concitata  manus 
ista  plus  valuerit  quam 
vestra  ac  rel  publicae  dlg- 
nitas,  me  tamen  meorum 
factorum  atque  consilio- 
rum  numquam,  patres 
conscript!,  paenitebit. 
Etenim  mors,  quam  illl 
f  ortasse  minitantur,  omni- 
bus est  parata ;  vitae  tan- 
tam laudem,  quanta  vos 
me  vestris  decretis  hon- 
estastis,  nemo  est  adsecu- 
tus.  Ceteris  enim  bene 
390  gesta,  mihi  unl  conservata  re  publica  gratulationem  decre- 
vistis. 

Sit  Scipio  clarus  ille,  cuius  consilio  atque  virtute  Hanni- 
bal in  Africam  redire  atque  Italia  decedere  coactus  est; 
ornetur  alter  eximia  laude  Africanus,  qui  duas  urbes  huic 
355imperi6  infestissimas,  Carthaginem  Numantiamque,  dele- 
vit;  habeatur  vir  egregius  Paulus  ille,  cuius  currum  rex 
potentissimus  quondam  et  nobilissimus  Perses  honestavit ; 
sit  aeterna  gloria  Marius,  qui  bis  Italiam  obsidione  et 


Scipio  Africanus,  the  Elder 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM  QUARTA  71 

metu  servitutis  libera vit ;  anteponatur  omnibus  Pompeius, 
cuius  res  gestae  atque  virtutes  isdem  quibus  solis  cursusseo 
regionibus  ac  terminls  continentur;  erit  profecto  inter 
horum  laudes  aliquid  loci  nostrae  gloriae,  nisi  forte  maius 
est  patefacere  nobis  provincias  quo  exire  possimus,  quam 
curare  ut  etiam  illl  qui  absunt  habeant  quo  victores  rever- 
tantur.  366 

Quamquam  est  uno  loco  condicio  melior  externae  vic- 
toriae  quam  domesticae,  quod  hostes  alienigenae  aut  op- 
pressl  serviunt  aut  recepti  in  amicitiam  beneficio  se  obli- 
gates pat  ant ;  qui  autem  ex  numero  civium,  dementia 
aliqua  depravati,  hostes  patriae  semel  esse  coeperunt,  eos370 
cum  a  pernicie  rei  ptiblicae  reppuleris,  nee  Vi  coercere  nee 
beneficio  placare  possls.  Quare  mihi  cum  perditis  civibus 
aeternum  bellum  susceptum  esse  video.  Id  ego  vestro 
bonorumque  omnium  auxilio  memoriaque  tantorum  peri- 
culorum,  quae  non  modo  in  hoc  populo  qui  servatus  est,  375 
sed  in  omnium  gentium  sermonibus  ac  mentibus  semper 
haerebit,  a  me  atque  a  mels  facile  propulsarl  posse  confldo. 
Neque  ulla  profecto  tanta  vis  reperietur,  quae  coniunc- 
tionem  vestram  equitumque  Romanorum  et  tantam  con- 
splrationem  bonorum  omnium  confringere  et  labef actare  380 
possit. 

Cicero  asks  for  nothing  but  the  recollection  of  his  consulship,  and 

protection  for  his  son. 

11.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  pro  imperio,  pro  exercitu,  pro 
provincia  quam  neglexl,  pro  triumphs  ceterlsque  laudis 
inslgnibus,  quae  sunt  a  me  propter  urbis  vestraeque  salu- 
tis  custodiam  repudiata,  pro  clientells  hospitilsque  pro- 385 
vincialibus,  quae  tamen  urbanis  opibus  non  minore  labore 
tueor  quam  comparo,  pro  his  igitur  omnibus  rebus,  pro 
mels  in  vos  singularibus  studiis,  proque  hac  quam  per- 
spicitis  ad  conservandam  rem  publicam  dlligentia,  nihil  a 


72  M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 

39ovobls  nisi  huius  temporis  totlusque  mel  consulatus  me- 
moriam  postulo ;  quae  dum  erit  in  vestrls  fixa  mentibus, 
ttitissimo  me  muro  saeptum  esse  arbitrabor.  Quod  si 
meam  spem  vis  improborum  fefellerit  atque  superaverit, 
commendo  vobis  parvum  meum  fllium,  cui  profecto  satis 

395  erit  praesidi  non  solum  ad  salutem  verum  etiam  ad  dig- 
nitatem, si  eius,  qui  haec  omnia  suo  sollus  perlculo  conser- 
varit,  ilium  fllium  esse  memineritis. 

Quapropter  de  summa  salute  vestra  popullque  RomanI, 
de  vestrls  coniugibus  ac  llberls,  de  arls  ac  focis,  de  fanis 

400  atque  templls,  de  totius  urbis  tectis  ac  sedibus,  de  imperio 
ac  libertate,  de  salute  Italiae,  de  tiniversa  re  publica  decer- 
nite  dlligenter,  ut  Instituistis,  ac  fortiter.  Habetis  eum 
consulem  qui  et  parere  vestrls  decretis  non  dubitet  et  ea 
quae  statueritis,  quoad  vivet,  defendere  et  per  se  ipsum 

iOopraestare  possit. 


Marcus  Tullius  Cicero 
(From  the  bust  in  the  Uflazi) 


1741 


M.    TULLI   CICERONIS 

DE   IMPERIO   CN.   POMPEl 

AD    QUIRlTES   ORATiO 

Cicero's  first  address  before  the  popular  assembly. 

1.  Quamquam  mihi  semper  frequens  conspectus  vester 
multo  iucundissimus,  hic  autem  locus  ad  agendum  am- 
plissimus,  ad  dicendum  ornatissimus  est  visus,  Quirltes, 
tamen  hoc  aditu  laudis,  qui  semper  optimo  cuique  maxime 
patuit,  non  mea  me  voluntas  adhuc,  sed  vltae  meaes 
rationes  ab  ineunte  aetate  susceptae  prohibuerunt.  Nam 
cum  antea  per  aetatem  nondum  huius  auctoritatem  loci 
attingere  auderem  statueremque  nihil  hue  nisi  perfectum 
ingenio,  elaboratum  industria  adferrl  oportere,  omne  meum 
fcempus  amicorum  temporibus  transmittendum  putavi.  lo 
Ita  neque  hIc  locus  vacuus  umquam  fuit  ab  eis  qui  vestram 
causam  defenderent,  et  meus  labor  in  privatorum  perlculis 
caste  integreque  versatus  ex  vestro  iudicio  fructum  est 
amplissimum  consecutus.  Nam  cum  propter  dilationem 
comitiorum  ter  praetor  primus  centuriis  cunctis  renuntia- 15 
tus  sum,  facile  intellexl,  Quirltes,  et  quid  de  me  iudicaretis 
et  quid  aliis  praescrlberetis. 

Nunc  cum  et  auctoritatis  in  me  tantum  sit,  quantum 
vos  honoribus  mandandis  esse  voluistis,  et  ad  agendum 
facultatis  tantum,  quantum  homini  vigilant!  ex  forensi  20 
Qsu  prope  cotldiana  dicendi  exercitatio  potuit  adferre, 
certe  et  si  quid  auctoritatis  in  me  est,  apud  eos  utar  qui 
eam  mihi  dederunt,  et  si  quid  in  dicendo  consequi  possum, 

76„ 


76 


M.   TULLl   CICERONIS 


eis  ostendam  potissimum  qui  ei  quoque  reT  frtictum  suo 
25iudicio  tribuendum  esse  duxerunt.     Atque  illud  in  primis 

mihi  laetandum  iure 
esse  video,  quod  in  hac 
msolita  mihi  ex  hoc 
loco  ratione  dicendi 
causa  taHs  oblata  est 
in  qua  oratio  deesse 
nemini  possit.  Dicen- 
dum  est  enim  de  Cn. 
Pompel  singular!  ex- 
imiaque  virtute ;  hiiius 
autem  orationis  diffi- 
cilius  est  exitum  quam 
principium  in  venire. 
Ita  mihi  non  tam  copia 
quam  modus  in  die- 
endo  quaerendus  est. 

The  situation  in  the  East. 
The  main  points  to  be 

considered. 
Cn.  Pompeius 

2.    Atque    ut    inde 

oratio  mea  proficlscatur  unde  haec  omnis  causa  ducitur, 

.  bellum  grave  et  perlculosum  vestris  vectlgalibus  ac  socils 

45  a  duobus   potentissimis   regibus   infertur,    Mithridate   et 

Tigrane,  quorum  alter  relictus,  alter  lacessltus  occasionem 

sibi   ad    occupandam    Asiam    oblatam    esse    arbitratur. 

Equitibus    Romanis,    honestissimis   virls,    adferuntur    ex 

Asia   cotldie   litterae,   quorum   magnae    res    aguntur    in 

50  vestris  "/ectigalibus   exercendis   occupatae ;    qui    ad   me, 

pro  necessitudine  quae  mihi  est  cum  illo  ordine,  causam 

rei    publicae    periculaque    rerum     suarum    detulerunt; 

Bithyniae,  quae  nunc  vestra  provincia  est,  vicos  exustos 


i 


DE   IMPERIO  POMPEI  ORATIO  77 

esse  complures ;  regnum  Ariobarzanis,  quod  flnitimum 
est  vestrls  vectlgalibus,  totum  esse  in  hostium  potestate55 
L.  Lucullum  magnis  rebus  gestis  ab  eo  bello  discedere ; 
huic  qui  successerit  non  satis  esse  paratum  ad  tantum 
bellum  administrandum ;  unum  ab  omnibus  socils  et 
cTvibus  ad  id  bellum  imperatorem  deposci  atque  expeti, 
eundem  hunc  unum  ab  hostibus  metui,  praeterea  neminem.  60 

Causa  quae  sit  videtis;  nunc  quid  agendum  sit  con- 
siderate. Primum  mihi  videtur  de  genere  belli,  deinde  de 
magnitudine,  tum  de  imperatore  deligendo  esse  dicendum. 
Genus  est  enim  belli  eius  modi  quod  maxime  vestros  ani- 
mos  excitare  atque  inflammare  ad  persequendi  studiumes 
debeat ;  in  quo  agitur  popull  Roman!  gloria,  quae  vobis  a 
maioribus  cum  magna  in  omnibus  rebus  tum  summa  in 
re  militari  tradita  est ;  agitur  salus  sociorum  atque  ami- 
corum,  pro  qua  multa  maiores  vestri  magna  et  gravia 
bella  gesserunt ;  aguntur  certissima  populi  Romani  vecti-  70 
galia  et  maxima,  quibus  amissis  et  pacis  ornament  a  et 
subsidia  belli  requiretis ;  aguntur  bona  multorum  civium, 
quibus  est  a  vobis  et  ipsorum  et  rei  publicae  causa  con- 

sulendum. 

The  honor  of  Rome  must  be  maintained. 

3.  Et  quoniam  semper  appetentes  gloriae  praeter  cet-75 
eras  gentes  atque  avidi  laudis  fuistis,  delenda  est  vobis 
ilia  macula  Mithridatico  bello  superiore  concepta,  quae 
penitus  iam  insedit  ac  nimis  inveteravit  in  populi  Romani 
nomine,  quod  is  qui  uno  die,  tota  in  Asia,  tot  in  civitati- 
bus,  uno  nuntio  atque  una  significatione  litterarum  civesso 
Romanes  omnes  necandos  trucidandosque  denotavit,  non 
modo  adhuc  poenam  nullam  suo  dignam  scelere  suscepit, 
sed  ab  illo  tempore   annum  iam  tertium  et  vicesimum 
regnat ;   et  ita  regnat  ut  se  non  Ponti  neque  Cappadociae 
latebris   occultare   velit,    sed   emergere   ex   patrio    regno  85 
atque  in  vestris  vectigalibus,  hoc  est  in  Asiae  luce,  versari. 


78  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 


The  Triumph  of  a  Roman  General  i 
(From  a  Roman  sarcophagus) 

Etenim  adhuc  ita  nostri  cum  illo  rege  contenderunt  im- 
peratores  ut  ab  illo  insignia  victoriae,  non  victoriam  re- 
portarent.     Triumphavit  L.  Sulla,  triumphavit  L.  Murena 

90  de  Mithridate,  duo  fortissimi  viri  et  summi  imperatores, 
sed  ita  triumpharunt  ut  ille  pulsus  superatusque  reg- 
naret.  Verum  tamen  illis  imperatoribus  laus  est  tribu- 
enda  quod  egerunt,  venia  danda  quod  rellquirunt. 
propterea  quod  ab  eo  bello  Sullam  in  Italiam  res  ptiblica, 

95  Murenam  Sulla  revocavit. 

The  strength  of  Mithridates.     The  services  of  Pompey  and  LucuUus. 

4.  Mithridates  autem  omne  reliquum  tempus  non  ad 
oblivionem  veteris  belli,  sed  ad  comparationem  novi  con- 
tulit;  qui  postea,  cum  maximas  aedificasset  ornassetque 
classes  exercitusque  permagnos  quibuscumque  ex  genti- 
100  bus  potuisset  comparasset,  et  se  Bosporanis,  finitimis  suls, 
bellum  inferre  simularet,  usque  in  Hispaniam  legates  ac 
litteras  misit  ad  eos  duces  quibuscum  tum  bellum  gere- 
bamus,  ut,  cum  duobus  in  locis  disiunctissimis  maxime- 
que  diversis  uno  consilio  a  binis  hostium  copiis  bellum 

1  Notice  the  captives  kneeling ;  the  crown  and  the  palm,  both  em- 
blematic of  victory. 


DE   IMPERIO  POMPEI  ORATIO  79 

terra  marlque  gereretur,  vos  ancipiti  contentione  district!  106 
de  imperio  dimicaretis. 

Sed  tamen  alterius  partis  perlculum,  Sertorianae  atque 
Hispaniensis,  quae  multo  plus  firmamentl  ac  roboris  habe- 
bat,  Cn.  Pompel  divlno  consilio  ac  singular!  virtute  depul- 
sum  est ;  in  altera  parte  ita  res  a  L.  Lucullo,  summo  viro,  no 
est  administrata,  ut  initia  ilia  rerum  gestarum  magna 
atque  praeclara  non  fellcitati  eius  sed  virtuti,  haec  autem 
extrema,  quae  nuper  acciderunt,  non  culpae  sed  fortunae 
tribuenda  esse  videantur.  Sed  de  Lucullo  dicam  alio  locO, 
et  ita  d!cam,  Quir!tes,  ut  neque  vera  laus  e!  detracta  ora- 115 
tione  mea  neque  falsa  adf!cta  esse  videatur;  de  vestr! 
imper!  d!gnitate  atque  gloria,  quoniam  is  est  exorsus 
orationis  meae,  videte  quem  vob!s  animum  suscipiendum 
putetis. 

The  allies  of  Rome  are  in  danger;  they  silently  appeal  for  Pompey's 

aid. 

5.    Maiores  nostr!  saepe  mercatoribus  aut  naviculari!s  120 
nostr!s  iniuriosius  tractat!s  bella  gesserunt ;  vos,  tot  mili- 
bus  c!vium  Romanorum  uno  nuntio  atque  uno  tempore 
necat!s,  quo  tandem  animo  esse  debetis?     Legat!  quod 
erant  appellat!  superbius,  Corinthum  patres  vestri,  totius 
Graeciae   lumen,    exstinctum   esse   voluerunt;     vos    eumi25 
regem  inultum  esse  patiemini,   qu!  legatum  popul!  Ro- 
man! consularem  vinculis  ac  verberibus  atque  omn!  sup- 
plicio  excruciatum  necavit?     111!  l!bertatem  imminutam 
c!vium   Romanorum  non  tulerunt;    vos  ereptam  v!tam 
neglegetis?     lus  legationis  verbo  violatum  ill!  persecut!i30 
sunt ;  vos  legatum  omn!  supplicio  interfectum  relinquetis  ? 
Videte  ne,  ut  ill!s  pulcherrimum  fuit  tantam  vobis  imperi 
gloriam  tradere,  s!c  vob!s  turpissimum  sit  id  quod  accepis- 
tis,  tuer!  et  conservare  non  posse. 

Quid  ?     Quod  salus  sociorum  summum  in  per!culum  ac  135 


80  M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 

discrimen  vocatur,  quo  tandem  animo  ferre  debetis? 
Regno  est  expulsus  Ariobarzanes  rex,  socius  popull  Ro- 
mani  atque  amicus;  imminent  duo  reges  toti  Asiae  non 
solum  vobis  inimlcissimi,  sed  etiam  vestris  sociis  atque 

140  amlcis ;  civitates  autem  omnes  cuncta  Asia  atque  Graecia 
vestrum  auxilium  exspectare  propter  pericull  magnitudi- 
nem  coguntur;  imperatorem  a  vobis  certum  deposcere, 
cum  praesertim  vos  alium  miseritis,  neque  audent  neque 
se  id  facere  sine  summo  periculo  posse  arbitrantur.     Vident 

145  et  sentiunt  hoc  idem  quod  vos,  unum  virum  esse  in  quo 
summa  sint  omnia,  et  eum  propter  esse,  quo  etiam  carent 
aegrius;  cuius  adventii  ipso  atque  nomine,  tametsi  ille 
ad  maritimum  bellum  venerit,  tamen  impetus  hostium 
repressos  esse  intellegunt  ac  retardates.     Hi  vos,  quoniam 

I50libere  loqui  non  licet,  tacite  rogant  ut  se  quoque,  sicut 
ceterarum  provinciarum  socios,  dignos  existimetis  quorum 
salutem  tali  viro  commendetis;  atque  hoc  etiam  magis, 
quod  ceteros  in  provinciam  eius  modi  homines  cum  im- 
perio  mittimus,   ut  etiamsi  ab  hoste  defendant,   tamen 

155  ipsorum  adventus  in  urbes  sociorum  non  multum  ab  hos- 
tili  expugnatione  differant.  Hunc  audiebant  antea,  nunc 
praesentem  vident  tanta  temperantia,  tanta  mansue- 
tudine,  tanta  humanitate,  ut  ei  beatissimi  esse  videantur, 
apud  quos  ille  diutissime  commoratur. 

The  revenues  of  the  state  are  imperiled. 

160  6.  Quare  si  propter  socios,  nulla  ipsi  iniuria  lacessiti, 
maiores  nostri  cum  Antiocho,  cum  Philippo,  cum  Aetolis, 
cum  Poenis  bella  gesserunt,  quanto  vos  studio  convenit 
iniiiriis  provocates  sociorum  salutem  una  cum  imperi 
vestri  dignitate  defendere,   praesertim  cum  de  maximis 

165  vestris  vectigalibus  agatur  ?  Nam  ceterarum  provinciarum 
vectigalia,  Quirites,  tanta  sunt  ut  eis  ad  ipsas  provincias 


DE   IMPERIO  POMPEI  ORATIO  81 

tutandas  vix  content!  esse  posslmus ;  Asia  vero  tarn  opima 
est  ac  fertilis,  ut  et  ubertate  agrorum  et  varietate  fruc- 
tuum  et  magnittidine  pastionis  et  multitudine  earum 
rerum  quae  exportentur  facile  omnibus  terrls  antecellat.  no 
Itaque  haec  vobis  provincia,  Quirltes,  si  et  belli  utilitatem 
et  pacis  dignitatem  retinere  vultis,  non  modo  a  calamitate 
sed  etiam  a  metu  calamitatis  est  defendenda.  Nam  in 
ceteris  rebus  cum  venit  calamitas,  tum  detrlmentum  accipi- 
tur ;  at  in  vectigalibus  non  solum  adventus  mall  sed  175 
etiam  metus  ipse  adfert  calamitatem.  Nam  cum  hostium 
copiae  non  longe  absunt,  etiamsl  irruptio  nulla  facta  est, 
tamen  pecuaria  relinquitur,  agri  cultura  deseritur,  merca- 
torum  navigatio  conquiescit.  Ita  neque  ex  portu  ncque 
ex  decumis  neque  ex  scrlptura  vectlgal  conservarl  potest ;  I8O 
quare  saepe  totius  anni  fructus  uno  rumore  pericull  atque 
tino  belli  terrore  amittitur. 

Quo  tandem  animo  esse  existimatis  aut  eos  qui  vecti- 
galia  nobis  pensitant,  aut  eos  qui  exercent  atque  exigunt, 
cum  duo  reges  cum  maximis  copiis  propter  adsint,  cum  185 
una  excursio  equitattis  perbrevi  tempore  totius  anni  vec- 
tlgal auferre  possit,  cum  publican!  familias  maximas  quas 
in  saltibus  habent,  quas  in  agrls,  quas  in  portubus  atque 
custodiis,  magno  periculo  se  habere  arbitrentur?  Puta- 
tisne  vos  illis  rebus  frui  posse,  nisi  eos  qui  vobis  fructuiioo 
sunt  conservaritis  non  solum,  ut  ante  dixi,  calamitate  sed 
etiam  calamitatis  formidine  liberates? 

The  private  for+unes  of  Roman  citizens  are  affected. 

7.   Ac  ne  illud  quidem  vobis  neglegendum  est,   quod 
mihi    ego    extremum    proposueram    cum    essem    de    belli 
genere   dicturus,    quod   ad   multorum   bona   civium   Ro-195 
manorum  pertinet;    quorum  vobis  pro  vestra  sapientia, 
Quirltes,  habenda  est  ratio  diligenter.     Nam  et  publican!, 


82  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

homines  honestissimi  atque  ornatissimi,  suas  rationes  et 
copias  in  illam  provinciam  contulerunt,  quorum  ipsorum 

200  per  se  res  et  fortunae  vobis  ctirae  esse  debent.  Etenim  si 
vectlgalia  nervos  esse  rel  publicae  semper  dtiximus,  eum 
certe  ordinem  qui  exercet  ilia  firmamentum  ceterorum 
ordinum  recte  esse  dicemus. 

Deinde  ex  ceteris  ordinibus  homines  gnavi  atque  in- 

205dustrii  partim  ipsi  in  Asia  negotiantur,  quibus  vos  absen- 
tibus  consulere  debetis,  partim  eorum  in  ea  provincia 
pecunias  magnas  conlocatas  habent.  Est  igitur  humani- 
tatig  vestrae  magnum  numerum  eorum  civium  calamitate 
prohibere,   sapientiae  videre  multorum  civium  calamita- 

210  tem  a  re  publica  seitinctam  esse  non  posse.  Etenim  pri- 
mum  illud  parvi  refert,  nos  publicanls  omissis  vectlgalia 
postea  victoria  recuperare;  neque  enim  Isdem  redimendi 
facultas  erit  propter  calamitatem  neque  alils  voluntas 
propter  timorem. 

215  Deinde,  quod  nos  eadem  Asia  atque  idem  iste  Mithri- 
dates  initio  belli  Asiatic!  docuit,  id  quidem  certe  calami- 
tate docti  memoria  retinere  debemus.  Nam  tum,  cum  in 
Asia  res  magnas  permulti  amiserant,  scimus  Romae  solu- 
tione  impedita  fidem  concidisse.      Non  enim  possunt  una 

220  in  civitate  multi  rem  ac  fortunas  amittere,  ut  non  plures 
secum  in  eandem  trahant  calamitatem.  A  quo  periculo 
prohibete  rem  publicam,  et  mihi  credite,  id  quod  ipsi 
videtis:  haec  fides  atque  haec  ratio  pecuniarum  quae 
Romae,   quae   in   foro   versatur,   implicata   est   cum   illls 

225pecuniis  Asiaticis  et  cohaeret;  ruere  ilia  non  possunt,  ut 
haec  non  eodem  labefacta  motu  concidant.  Quare  videte, 
num  dubitandum  vobis  sit  omni  studio  ad  id  bellum  in- 
cumbered in  quo  gloria  nominis  vestri,  saltis  sociorum, 
vectigalia  maxima,  fortunae  plurimorum  civium  coniunctae 

230  cum  re  publica  defendantur. 


DE   IMPERIO  POMPEI  ORATIO  83 

Lucullus  must  be  praised  for  his  great  achievements. 

8.   Quoniam  de  genere  belli  dixl,  nunc  de  magnittidine 
pauca  dicam.     Potest  enim  hoc  dici,  belli  genus  esse  ita 
necessarium  ut  sit  gerendum,  non  esse  ita  magnum  ut  sit 
pertimescendum.     In    quo    maxime    laborandum    est    ne 
forte  ea  vobis,  quae  dlligentissime  providenda  sunt,  con- 235 
temnenda  esse   videantur.     Atque   ut  omnes  intellegant 
me  L.   Lucullo  tantum  impertire  laudis,   quantum  forti 
viro  et  sapienti  homini  et  magno  imperatorl  debeatur, 
dico   eius   adventu  maximas   Mithridati   copias  omnibus 
rebus   ornatas   atque   instructas   fuisse,   urbemque   Asiae240 
clarissimam  nobisque  amicissimam,  Cyzicenorum,  obsessam   . 
esse   ab   ipso   rege   maxima  multitudine   et   oppugnatam 
vehementissime,   quam   L.   Lucullus  virtute,   assiduitate, 
consilio,  summis  obsidionis  perlculis  liberavit;    ab  eodem 
imperatore   classem  magnam  et  ornatam,   quae  ducibus245 
SertorianTs  ad  Italiam  studio  Inflammata  raperetur,  supe- 
ratam  esse  atque  depressam;    magnas  hostium  praeterea 
copias  multis  proeliis  esse  deletas,  patefactumque  nostrls 
legionibus  esse   Pontum,   qui   antea   populo   Romano  ex 
omni  aditu  clausus  fuisset ;    Sinopen  atque  Amisum,  qui-  250 
bus  in  oppidis  erant  domicilia  regis,  omnibus  rebus  orna- 
tas ac  refertas,   ceterasque  urbes  Ponti  et  Cappadociae 
permultas    uno    aditu    adventuque    esse    captas;     regem 
spoliatum  regno  patrio  atque  avito  ad  alios  se  reges  atque 
ad  alias  gentes  supplicem  contulisse;    atque  haec  omnia  255 
salvis  popull  Roman!  sociis  atque  integrls  vectigalibus  esse 
gesta.     Satis  opinor  haec  esse  laudis,  atque  ita,  Quirites, 
ut  hoc  vos  intellegatis,  a  ntillo  istorum  qui  huic  obtrec- 
tant  legi  atque  causae,  L.  Lucullum  similiter  ex  hoc  loco 
esse  laudatum.  260 


84  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 


The  escape  of  Mithridates,  the  rising  of  many  eastern  nations,  the 
retreat  of  LucuUus,  and  the  defeat  of  part  of  his  army. 

9.  Requiretur  fortasse  nunc  quern  ad  modum,  cum 
haec  ita  sint,  reliquum  possit  magnum  esse  bellum. 
Cognoscite,  Quirites;  non  enim  hoc  sine  causa  quaeri 
videtur.     Primum  ex  suo  regno  sic  Mithridates  profugit 

265  ut  ex  eodem  Ponto  Medea  ilia  quondam  profugisse  dicitur, 
quam  praedicant  in  fuga  fratris  sui  membra  in  els  iocis, 
qua  se  parens  persequeretur,  dissipavisse,  ut  eorum  col- 
lectio  dispersa  maerorque  patrius  celeritatem  persequendJ 
retardaret.     Sic  Mithridates  fuxgiens  maximam  vim  aurl      j 

27oatque  argenti  pulcherrimarumque  rerum  omnium,  quas  et 
a  maioribus  acceperat  et  ipse  bello  superiore  ex  tota  Asia 
direptas  in  suum  regnum  congesserat,  in  Ponto  omnem      j 
rellquit.     Haec  dum  nostri  colligunt  omnia  diligent ius,  rex 
ipse  e  manibus  effugit.     Ita  ilium  in  persequendi  studio 

275maeror,  hos  laetitia  tarda vit. 

Hunc  in  illo  timore  et  fuga  Tigranes,  rex  Armenius, 
excepit  diffidentemque  rebus  suis  confirmavit  et  adflictum      j 
erexit  perditumque  recreavit.     Cuius  in  regnum  postea- 
quam    L.    Lucullus    cum    exercitu    venit,    plures    etiam 

280  gentes  contra  imperatorem  nostrum  concitatae  sunt.     Erat 
enim  metus  iniectus  els  nationibus  quas  numquam  popu- 
lus  Romanus  neque  lacessendas  bello  neque  temptandaL      | 
putavit;    erat  etiam  alia  gravis  atque  vehemens  opiniCi 
quae  animos  gentium  barbararum  pervaserat,  fan!  locu- 

285  pletissimi  et  religiosissimi  diripiendi  causa  in  eas  oras  nos- 
trum esse  exercitum  adductum.  Ita  nationes  multae  atque 
magnae  novo  quodam  terrore  ac  metu  concitabantur. 
Noster  autem  exercitus,  tametsi  urbem  ex  Tigranis  regno 
ceperat  et  proeliis  usus  erat  secundis,  tamen  nimia  longin- 

29oquitate  locorum  ac  desiderio  suorum  commovebatur. 


1/.  SicJiel 


Medea 


[851 


86  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

t 

Hie  iam  plura  non  dicam;  fuit  enim  illud  extremum, 
ut  ex  eis  locis  a  militibus  nostris  reditus  magis  maturus 
quam  processio  longior  quaereretur.  Mithridates  autem 
et  suam  manum  iam   confirmarat,   et  eorum  qui  se  ex 

295ipsius  regno  collegerant  et  magnis  adventlciis  auxilils 
multorum  regum  et  nationum  iuvabatur.  Nam  hoc  fere 
sic  fieri  solere  accepimus,  ut  regum  adflictae  fortunae 
facile  multorum  opes  adliciant  ad  misericordiam,  maxi- 
meque  eorum  qui  aut  reges  sunt  aut  vivunt  in  regno,  ut 

300  eis  nomen  regale  magnum  et  sanctum  esse  videatur. 
Itaque  tantum  victus  efficere  potuit  quantum  incolumis 
numquam  est  ausus  optare.  Nam  cum  se  in  regnum 
suum  recepisset,  non  fuit  eo  contentus  quod  ei  praeter 
spem  acciderat,  ut  illam,  posteaquam  pulsus  erat,  terram 

305umquam  attingeret,  sed  in  exercitum  nostrum  clarum 
atque  victorem  impetum  fecit. 

Sinite  hoc  loco,  Quirites,  sicut  poetae  solent  qui  res 
Romanas  scribunt,  praeterire  me  nostram  calamitatem, 
quae  tanta  fuit  ut  eam  ad  aures  imperatoris  non  ex  proelio 

sionuntius,  sed  ex  sermone  rtimor  adferret.  Hie  in  illo  ipso 
malo  gravissimaque  belli  offensione  L.  Lucullus,  qui 
tamen  aliqua  ex  parte  eis  incommodis  mederi  fortasse 
potuisset,  vestro  iussti  coactus,  quod  imperi  diuturnitati 
modum   statuendum   vetere   exemplo   putavistis,   partem 

3i5militum  qui  iam  stipendiis  confecti  erant  dimisit,  partem 
M'.  Glabrioni  tradidit. 

Multa  praetereo  consulto,  sed  ea  vos  coniectura  per- 
spicite,  quantum  illud  bellum  factum  putetis,  quod 
coniungant  reges  potentissimi,  renovent  agitatae  nationes, 

320  suscipiant  integrae  gentes,  novus  imperator  noster  accipiat 
vetere  exercitu  pulso. 


DE   IMPERIO  POMPEI   ORATIO  87 

In  Pompey  are  the  four  qualifications  of  a  good  general.     First : 

knowledge  of  warfare. 

10.  Satis  mihi  multa  verba  fecisse  videor  quare  esset 
hoc  bellum  genere  ipso  necessarium,  magnitudine  perl- 
culosum;  restat  ut  de  imperatore  ad  id  bellum  deligendo 
ac  tantis  rebus  praeficiendo  dicendum  esse  videatur.  325 
Utinam,  Quirltes,  virorum  fortium  atque  innocentium 
copiam  tantam  haberetis  ut  haec  vobis  deliberatio  difficilis 
esset,  quemnam  potissimum  tantis  rebus  ac  tanto  bello 
praeficiendum  putaretis  !  Nunc  vero  cum  sit  unus  Cn. 
Pompeius  qui  non  modo  eorum  hominum  qui  nunc  sunt  330 
gloriam,  sed  etiam  antlquitatis  memoriam  virtute  superarit, 
quae  res  est  quae  cuiusquam  animum  in  hac  causa  dubium 
facere  possit?  Ego  enim  sic  existimo,  in  summo  impera- 
tore quattuor  has  res  inesse  oportere,  scientiam  rei  mili- 
taris,  virtutem,  auctoritatem,  felicitatem.  335 

Quis  igitur  hoc  homine  scientior  umquam  aut  fuit  aut 
asse  debuit?  qui  e  ludo  atque  pueritiae  discipllnis  bello 
maximo  atque  acerrimis  hostibus  ad  patris  exercitum 
atque  in  militiae  disciplinam  profectus  est;  qui  extrema 
pueritia  miles  in  exercitti  fuit  summi  imperatoris,  ineunte  340 
adulescentia  maximi  ipse  exercitus  imperator ;  qui  saepius 
cum  hoste  confllxit  quam  quisquam  cum  inimico  concer- 
tavit,  plura  bella  gessit  quam  ceteri  legerunt,  plures  pro- 
vincias  confecit  quam  alii  concupiverunt ;  cuius  adules- 
centia ad  scientiam  rei  militaris  non  alienis  praeceptis,  345 
sed  suis  imperils,  non  offensionibus  belli,  sed  victoriis, 
non  stipendiis,  sed  triumphis  est  erudita.  Quod  denique 
genus  esse  belli  potest  in  quo  ilium  non  exercuerit  fortuna 
rei  publicae?  Civile,  Africanum,  Transalpinum,  His- 
paniense  mixtum  ex  civitatibus  atque  ex  bellicosissimis  350 
nationibus,  servile,  navale  bellum,  varia  et  diversa  genera 
et  bellorum  et  hostium  non  solum  gesta  ab  hoc  tino  sed 


88  M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 

etiam  confecta  nullam  rem  esse  declarant  in  usu  positam 
militari,  quae  huius  viri  scientiam  fugere  possit. 

Second  qualification  :  ability.    Pompey's  is  attested  by  many  nations. 

355  11.  lam  vero  virtuti  Cn.  Pompei  quae  potest  oratio 
par  inveniri?  Quid  est  quod  quisquam  aut  illo  dignum 
aut  vobis  novum  aut  cuiquam  inauditum  possit  adferre? 
Neque  enim  illae  sunt  solae  virtutes  imperatoriae  quae 
vulgo  existimantur,  labor  in  negotils,  fortitudo  in  peri- 

360culis,  industria  in  agendo,  celeritas  in  conficiendo,  con- 
silium in  providendo ;  quae  tanta  sunt  in  hoc  uno  quanta 
in  omnibus  reliquls  imperatoribus,  quos  aut  vidimus  aut 
audivimus,  non  fuerunt. 

Testis  est  Italia,  quam  ille  ipse  victor  L.  Sulla  huius 

365virtute  et  subsidio  confessus  est  llberatam.  Testis  est 
Sicilia,  quam  multis  undique  cinctam  periculis  non  terrore 
belli  sed  consili  celeritate  explicavit.  Testis  est  Africa, 
quae  magnis  oppressa  hostium  copiis  eorum  ipsorum 
sanguine  redundavit.     Testis  est  Gallia,  per  quam  legioni- 

370  bus  nostris  iter  in  Hispaniam  Gallorum  intern ecione  pate- 
factum  est.  Testis  est  Hispania,  quae  saepissime  plurimos 
hostes  ab  hoc  superatos  prostratosque  conspexit.  Testis 
est  iterum  et  saepius  Italia,  quae,  cum  servili  bello  taetro 
periculosoque  premeretur,   ab  hoc  auxilium  absente  ex- 

375  petivit ;  quod  bellum  exspectatione  eius  attenuatum  atque 
imminutum  est,  adventu  sublatum  ac  sepultum.  Testes 
nunc  vero  iam  omnes  sunt  orae  atque  omnes  exterae 
gentes  ac  nationes,  denique  maria  omnia  cum  universa, 
tum  in  singulis  oris  omnes  sinus  atque  portus. 

860  Quis  enim  toto  mari  locus  per  hos  annos  aut  tam  firmum 
habuit  praesidium  ut  tutus  esset,  aut  tam  fuit  abditus  ut 
lateret?  Quis  navigavit  qui  non  se  aut  mortis  aut  ser- 
vitutis  periculo  committeret,  cum  aut  hieme  aut  referto 
praedonum  mari  navigaret?    Hoc  tantum  bellum,  tam 


DE   IMPERIO  POMPEI  ORATIO  8S 

turpe,  tam  vetus,  tarn  late  divisum  atque  dlspersuin,  quis  385 
umquam  arbitraretur  aut  ab  omnibus  imperatoribus  tino 
anno  aut  omnibus  annis  ab  uno  imperatore  confici  posse  ? 
Quam  provinciam  tenuistis  a  praedonibus  liberam  per 
hosce  annos?  Quod  vectigal  vobis  ttitum  fuit?  Quem 
socium  def endistis  ?  Cui  praesidio  classibus  vestris  fuistis  ?  390 
Quam  multas  existimatis  Insulas  esse  desertas,  quam 
multas  aut  metu  relictas  aut  a  praedonibus  captas  urbes 
esse  sociorum  ? 

The  long  struggle  with  the  pirates  was  soon  ended  by  Pompey. 

12.    Sed  quid  ego  longinqua  commemoro?     Fuit  hoc 
quondam,   fuit  proprium  popull  Roman!   longe  a  domo  395 
beliare  et  propugnaculls  imperi  sociorum  fortunas,  non 
sua  tecta   defendere.     Sociis   ego   nostrls  mare  per   hos 
annos  clausum  fuisse  dicam,  cum  exercittis  vestri  num- 
quam  a  Brundisio  nisi  hieme  summa  transmiserint  ?     Qui 
ad  vos  ab  exteris  nationibus  venirent,  captos  querar,  cum  400 
legati  popull  RomanI  redempti  sint  ?     Mercatoribus  tutum 
mare  non  fuisse  dicam,  cum  duodecim  secures  in  prae- 
donum  potestatem  pervenerint?     Cnidum  aut  Colopho- 
nem   aut   Samum,   nobilissimas   urbes,   innumerabilesque 
alias  captas  esse  commemorem,  cum  vestros  portiis,  atque  405 
eos  portus  quibus  vitam  ac  spiritum  ducitis,  in  praedonum 
fuisse  potestate  sciatis  ?     An  vero  ignoratis  portum  Caietae 
celeberrimum  ac  plenissimum  navium  inspectante  prae- 
tore  a  praedonibus  esse  direptum ;   ex  Miseno  autem  eius 
ipsius   liberos,    qui    cum   praedonibus    antea   ibi   bellum4ia 
gesserat,   a  praedonibus  esse  sublatos?     Nam  quid  ego 
Ostiense   incommodum    atque   illam   labem   atque    igno- 
miniam   rei   publicae   querar,    cum   prope   inspectantibus 
vobis   classis   ea   cui   consul   populi   Romani   praepositus 
esset,  a  praedonibus  capta  atque  oppressa  est?     Pro  dins 
iromortales !     tantamne    unius    hominis    incredibilis    ac 


[90] 


DE  IMPERIO  POMPEI   ORATIO  91 

dlvlna  virtus  tarn  brevi  tempore  lucem  adferre  rei  ptib- 
licae  potuit,  ut  vos  qui  modo  ante  ostium  Tiberlnum 
classem  hostium  videbatis,  ei  nunc  nullam  intra  Oceani 
ostium  praedonum  navem  esse  audiatis?  420 

Atque  haec  qua  celeritate  gesta  sint  quamquam  videtis, 
tamen  a  me  in  dicendo  praetereunda  non  sunt.  Quis 
enim  umquam  aut  obeundi  negoti  aut  consequendl  quaes- 
tus  studio  tam  brevI  tempore  tot  loca  adire,  tantos  cursus 
conficere  potuit,  quam  celeriter  Cn.  Pompeio  duce  tanti425 
belli  impetus  navigavit?  Qui  nondum  tempestivo  ad 
navigandum  mari  Siciliam  adiit,  Africam  exploravit,  in 
Sardiniam  cum  classe  venit,  atque  haec  tria  frumentaria 
subsidia  rei  publicae  firmissimis  praesidiis  classibusque 
munlvit.  Inde  cum  se  in  Italiam  recepisset,  duabus  His- 430 
paniis  et  Gallia  Transalpina  praesidiis  ac  navibus  confir- 
mata,  missis  item  in  oram  Illyrici  maris  et  in  Achaiam 
onmemque  Graeciam  navibus,  Italiae  duo  maria  maximis 
classibus  firmissimisque  praesidiis  adornavit;  ipse  autem 
ut  Brundisio  profectus  est,  undequinquagesimo  die  totam435 
ad  imperium  populi  Romani  Ciliciam  adiunxit;  omnes 
qui  ubique  praedones  fuerunt,  partim  capti  interfectique 
sunt,  partim  unius  hiiius  se  imperio  ac  potestati  dediderunt. 
idem  Cretensibus,  cum  ad  eum  usque  in  Pamphyliam 
legatos  deprecatoresque  misissent,  spem  deditionis  non  440 
ademit  obsidesque  imperavit.  Ita  tantum  bellum,  tam 
diiiturnum,  tam  longe  lateque  dispersum,  quo  bello  omnes 
gentes  ac  nationes  premebantur,  Cn.  Pompeius  extrema 
hieme  apparavit,  ineunte  vere  suscepit,  media  aestate 
confecit.  445 

Pompey's  moral  qualities.     His  scrupulous  honesty. 

13.  Est  haec  divina  atque  incredibilis  virtus  impera- 
toris.  Quid  ?  Ceterae  quas  paulo  ante  commemorare 
coeperam,  quantae  atque  quam  multae  sunt  ?     Non  enim 


92  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

bellandl  virtus  solum  in  summo  ac  perfects  imperatore 

450  quaerenda  est,  sed  multae  sunt  artes  eximiae  huius  ad- 
ministrae  comitesque  virtutis.  Ac  primum  quanta  inno- 
centia  debent  esse  imperatores,  quanta  deinde  in  omnibus 
rebus  temperantia,  quanta  fide,  quanta  facilitate,  quanto 
ingenio,  quanta  humanitate  !     Quae  breviter  qualia  sint 

455  in  Cn.  Pompeio  consideremus.  Summa  enim  omnia  sunt, 
Quirites,  sed  ea  magis  ex  aliorum  contentione  quam  ipsa 
per  sese  cognosci  atque  intellegl  possunt. 

Quern    enim   imperatorem   possum  us    tillo    in   numero 
putare  cuius  in  exercitu  centuriattis  veneant  atque  venie- 

460rint?  Quid  hunc  hominem  magnum  aut  amplum  de  re 
publica  cogitare,  qui  pecuniam  ex  aerario  depromptam 
ad  bellum  administrandum  aut  propter  cupiditatem  pro- 
vinciae  magistratibus  diviserit  aut  propter  avaritiam 
Romae  in  quaestti  reliquerit  ?     Vestra  admurmuratio  facit, 

465  Quirites,  ut  agnoscere  videamini  qui  haec  fecerint ;  ego 
autem  nomino  neminem ;  quare  irasci  mihi  nemo  poterit, 
nisi  qui  ante  de  se  voluerit  confiteri.  Itaque  propter  banc 
avaritiam  imperatorum  quantas  calamitates,  quocumque 
ventum  sit,  nostri  exercitus  ferant,  quis  ignorat  ?     Itinera 

470  quae  per  hosce  annos  in  Italia  per  agros  atque  oppida 
civium  Romanorum  nostri  imperatores  fecerint,  recorda- 
mini;  tum  facilius  statuetis  quid  apud  exteras  nationes 
fieri  existimetis.  Utrum  plures  arbitramini  per  hosce 
annos  militum  vestrorum  armis  hostium  urbes  an  hiber- 

475  ms  sociorum  civitates  esse  deletas?  Neque  enim  potest 
exercitum  is  continere  imperator  qui  se  ipse  non  continet, 
neque  severus  esse  in  iudicando  qui  alios  in  se  severos 
esse  iudices  non  vult. 

Hie  miramur  hunc  hominem  tantum  excellere  ceteris, 

480  cuius  legiones  sic  in  Asiam  pervenerint  ut  non  modo 
manus  tanti  exercitus  sed  ne  vestigium  quidem  cuiquam 
pacato   nocuisse   dicatur?     lam   vero   quem   ad  modum 


DE   IMPERIO  POMPEI  ORATIO  93 

milites  hibernent,  cotldie  sermones  ac  litterae  perferuntur  ; 
non  modo  ut  sumptum  facial  in  mllitem  nemini  vis  adfer- 
tur,  sed  ne  cupienti  quidem  cuiquam  permittitur.     Hiemis  485 
enim,  non  avaritiae  perfugium  maiores  nostrl  in  sociorum 
atque  amicorum  tectls  esse  voluerunt. 

His  self-control,  good  faith,  and  kindness, 

14.  Age  vero,  ceteris  in  rebus  qua  sit  temperantia, 
considerate.  Unde  illam  tantam  celeritatem  et  tarn  in- 
credibilem  cursum  inventum  putatis?  Non  enim  ilium  490 
eximia  vis  remigum  aut  ars  inaudlta  quaedam  gubernandl 
aut  venti  aliqul  novl  tam  celeriter  in  ultimas  terras  per- 
tulerunt,  sed  eae  res  quae  ceteros  remorari  solent  non 
retardarunt ;  non  avaritia  ab  instituto  cursu  ad  praedam 
aliquam  devocavit,  non  libido  ad  voluptatem,  non  amoeni-  495 
tas  ad  delectationem,  non  nobilitas  urbis  ad  cognitionem, 
non  denique  labor  ipse  ad  quietem;  postremo  signa  et 
tabulas  ceteraque  ornamenta  Graecorum  oppidorum,  quae 
ceterl  tollenda  esse  arbitrantur,  ea  sibi  ille  ne  visenda 
quidem  existimavit.  ooo 

Itaque  omnes  nunc  in  els  locis  Cn.  Pompeium  sicut 
aliquem  non  ex  hac  urbe  missum,  sed  de  caelo  delapsum 
intuentur.  Nunc  denique  incipiunt  credere  fuisse  homines 
Romanes  hac  quondam  continentia,  quod  iam  nationibus 
exterls  incredibile  ac  falso  memoriae  proditum  videbatur.  505 
Nunc  imperl  vestrl  splendor  illls  gentibus  lucem  adferre 
coepit.  Nunc  intellegunt  non  sine  causa  maiores  suos 
tum,  cum  ea  temperantia  magistratus  habebamus,  servire 
populo  Romano  quam  imperare  alils  maluisse.  Iam  vero 
ita  faciles  adittis  ad  eum  privatorum,  ita  llberae  queri-sio 
moniae  de  aliorum  iniurils  esse  dicuntur,  ut  is,  qui  dlg- 
nitate  principibus  excellit,  facilitate  infimis  par  esse 
videatur. 

Iam  quantum  consilio,  quantum  dicendl  gravitate  et 


94  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

6i5copia  valeat,  in  quo  ipso  inest  quaedam  dignitas  impera- 
toria,  vos,  Quirites,  hoc  ipso  ex  loco  saepe  cognovistis. 
Fidem  vero  eius  quantam  inter  socios  existimarl  putatis, 
quam  hostes  omnes  omnium  generum  sanctissimam  iudi- 
carint?     Humanitate  iam  tanta  est  ut  difficile  dictu  sit 

520  utrum  hostes  magis  virtutem  eius  pugnantes  tim_uerint  an 
mansuetudinem  victi  dilexerint.  Et  quisquam  dubitabit 
quin  huic  hoc  tantum  bellum  transmittendum  sit,  qui  ad 
omnia  nostrae  memoriae  bella  conficienda  dlvino  quodam 
consilio  natus  esse  videatur? 

Third  qualification  of  a  general :  personal  influence. 

625      15.    Et   quoniam   auctoritas   quoque  in  bellls  adminis- 

trandis    multum    atque    in  imperio  militari  valet,   certe 

,   nemini  dubium  est  quIn  ea  re  idem  ille  imperator  plurimum 

possit.      Vehementer   autem    pertinere  ad  bella  adminis- 

tranda  quid   hostes,  quid  socii  de  imperatoribus  nostris 

530  existiment,  quis  ignorat,  cum  sciamus  homines  in  tantis 
rebus  ut  aut  contemnant  aut  metuant  aut  oderint  aut 
ament  opinione  non  minus  et  fama  quam  aliqua  ratione 
certa  commoveri?  Quod  igitur  nomen  umquam  in  orbe 
terrarum  clarius  fuit?     Cuius  res  gestae  pares?     De  quo 

635homine  vos,  id  quod  maxime  facit  auctoritatem,  tanta  et 
tam  praeclara  iudicia  fecistis?  An  vero  tillam  usquam 
esse  Oram  tam  desertam  putatis  quo  non  illius  diel  fama 
pervaserit,  cum  universus  populus  Romanus,  referto  foro 
completisque  omnibus  templis,  ex  quibus  hic  locus  con- 

540spici  potest,  unum  sibi  ad  commune  omnium  gentium 
bellum  Cn.  Pompeium  imperatorem  depoposcit? 

Itaque,  ut  plura  non  dicam  neque  aliorum  exemplis 
conflrmem  quantum  auctoritas  valeat  in  bello,  ab  eodem 
Cn.  Pompeio  omnium  rerum  egregiarum  exempla  suman- 

645  tur ;  qui  quo  die  a  vobis  maritime  bello  praepositus  est 
imperator,  tanta  repente  vilitas  annonae  ex  summa  inopia 


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M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 


et  caritate  rei  frumentariae  consecuta  est  tinlus  hominis 
spe  ac  nomine,  quantam  vix  ex  summa  tibertate  agrorum 
diuturna  pax  efficere  potuisset. 
550  lam  accepta  in  Ponto  calamitate  ex  eo  proelio  de  quo 
vos  paulo  ante  invltus  admonul,  cum  socii  pertimuissent, 
hostium  opes  animique  crevissent,  satis  firmum  praesidium 
provincia  non  haberet,  amisissetis  Asiam,  Quirites,  nisi  ad 
ipsum  discrlmen  eius  temporis  divlnitus  Cn.  Pompeium 

ad  eas  regiones  f  ortfma 
populi  Roman!  attulis- 
set.  Huius  adventus 
et  Mithridatem  insol- 
ita  mflammatum  vic- 
toria continuit  et 
Tigranem  magnis 
copiis  minitantem 
Asiae  retardavit.  Et 
quisquam  dubitabit 
quid  virtute  perfec- 
turus  sit,  qui  tantum 
auctoritate  perfecerit, 
aut  quam  facile  im- 
perio  atque  exercitu 
socios  et  vectigalia 
conservaturus  sit,  qui 
ipso  nomine  ac  rumore 
def  enderit  ? 

Fourth  qualification  of  a 
general :  good  fortune. 

16.  Age  vero  ilia  res 

quantam    declarat 

eiusdem  hominis  apud 

FoRTUNA  hostes  populi  Roman! 


DE   IMPERIO   POMPEI   ORATIO 


97 


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^^^^^|^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^H|9^^^'  ^^^^^^V  ^v^^^^^K^^^^^^^^I 

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auctoritatem,  quod 
ex  locis  tarn  longin- 
quis  tamque  dlversis 
tarn  brevi  tempore 
omnes  huic  se  uni 
dediderunt !  Quod 
Cretensiura  legati, 
cum  in  eorum  Insula 
noster  imperator  ex- 
ercitusque  esset,  ad 
Cn.  Pompeium  in 
ultimas  prope  terras 
venerunt,  eique  se 
omnes  Cretensium 
civitates  dedere  velle 
dixerunt  !  Quid  ? 
Idem  iste  Mithridates 
nonne  ad  eundem  Cn. 
Pompeium  legatum 
usque  in  Hispaniam 
misit  ?  Eum  quern 
Pompeius  legatum 
semper  iudicavit,  ei 
quibus  erat  molestum 
ad  eum  potissimum 
esse  missum,  specula- 

torem  quam  legatum  iudicari  maluerunt.      Potestis  igitur 
iam  constituere,  Quirltes,  banc  auctoritatem,  multls  postea  605 
rebus  gestis  magnisque  vestrls  iudicils  amplificatam,  quan- 
tum apud  illos  reges,  quantum  apud  exteras  nationes  vali- 
turam  esse  existimetis. 

Reliquum  est  ut  de  felicitate,  quam  praestare  de  se 
ipso  nemo  potest,  meminisse  et  commemorare  de  alteroeio 
possumus,  sicut  aequum  est  homines  de  potestate  deorum, 


M.  Claudius  Marcellus 


98  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

timide  et  pauca  dicamus.  Ego  enim  sic  existimo,  Maximo, 
Marcello,  ScipionI,  Mario,  et  ceteris  magnis  imperatoribus 
non  solum  propter  virtutem  sed  etiam  propter  fortunam 

6i5saepius  imperia  mandata  atque  exercitus  esse  commissos. 
Fuit  enim  profecto  quibusdam  summis  virls  quaedam  ad 
amplitudinem  et  ad  gloriam  et  ad  res  magnas  bene  geren- 
das  divinitus  aditincta  fortuna.  De  huius  autem  hominis 
felicitate,    de   quo   nunc   agimus,    hac   utar  moderatione 

62odIcendl,  non  ut  in  illlus  pot  estate  fortunam  positam  esse 
dicam,  sed  ut  praeterita  meminisse,  reliqua  sperare  videa- 
mur,  ne  aut  invlsa  dis  immortalibus  oratio  nostra  aut 
ingrata  esse  videatur. 

Itaque  non  sum  praedicaturus  quantas  ille  res  domi 

625mllitiae,  terra  marique  quantaque  felicitate  gesserit,  ut 
eius  semper  voluntatibus  non  modo  elves  adsenserint,  socii 
obtemperarint,  hostes  oboedierint,  sed  etiam  venti  tem- 
pestatesque  obsecundarint.  Hoc  brevissime  dIcam,  ne- 
minem  umquam  tam  impudentem  fuisse,  qui  ab  dIs  im- 

630  mortalibus  tot  et  tantas  res  tacitus  auderet  optare,  quot 
et  quantas  dl  immortales  ad  Cn.  Pompeium  detulerunt. 
Quod  ut  illl  proprium  ac  perpetuum  sit,  Quirltes,  cum 
communis  salutis  atque  imperl  tum  ipslus  hominis  causa, 
sicuti  facitis,  velle  et  optare  debetis. 

635  Quare  cum  et  bellum  sit  ita  necessarium  ut  neglegi 
non  possit,  ita  magnum  ut  accuratissime  sit  adminis- 
trandum,  et  cum  el  imperatorem  praeficere  possltis,  in 
quo  sit  eximia  belli  scientia,  singularis  virtus,  clarissima 
auctoritas,  egregia  fortuna,  dubitatis,  Quirltes,  quin  hoc 

eiotantum  boni,  quod  vobis  ab  dis  immortalibus  oblatum  et 
datum  est,  in  rem  publicam  conservandam  atque  amplifi- 
candam  conferatis  ? 


DE   IMPERIO  POMPEI  ORATIO 


99 


Pompey's  advantage  of  being  near  the  enemy.     The  objections  of 

Catulus  and  Hortensius. 

17.   Quodsi  Romae  Cn.   Pompeius  privatus  esset  hoc 
tempore,  tamen  ad  tantum  bellum  is  erat  deligendus  atque 
mittendus ;   nunc  cum  ad  ceteras  summas  utilitates  haec  645 
quoque  opportunitas  adiungatur,  ut  in  els  ipsis  locis  adsit, 
ut  habeat  exercitum,  ut 
ab  eis  qui  habent  accipere 
statim    possit,   quid   ex- 
spectamus  ?   Aut  cur  non 
ducibus  dis  immortalibus 
eidem,  cui  cetera  summa 
cum  salute  rei   publicae 
commissa  sunt,  hoc  quo- 
que bellum  regium  com- 
mittamus  ? 

At  enim  vir  clarissimus, 
amantissimus  rei  publi- 
cae, vestris  beneficils  am- 
plissimis  adfectus,  Q. 
Catulus,  itemque  summis 
ornamentis  honoris,  for- 
tunae,  virtutis,  ingeni 
praeditus,  Q.  Hortensius, 
ab  hac  ratione  dissenti- 

unt.  Quorum  ego  auctoritatem  apud  vos  multis  locis 
plurimum  valuisse  et  valere  oportere  confiteor ;  sed  in  hac 
causa,  tametsi  cognoscetis  auctoritates  contrarias  virorum 
fortissimorum  et  clarissimorum,  tamen  omissis  auctoritati- 
bus  ipsa  re  ac  ratione  exqulrere  possumus  veritatem,  atque  670 
hoc  facilius,  quod  ea  omnia  quae  a  me  adhuc  dicta  sunt, 
Jdem  isti  vera  esse  concedunt,  et  necessarium  bellum  esse 
et  magnum  et  in  uno  Cn.  Pompeio  summa  esse  omnia. 


QUINTUS  HORTENSroS 


100  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

Quid  igitur  ait  Hortensius?     Si  uni  omnia  tribuenda 

6T5sint,  dignissimum  esse  Pompeium,  sed  ad  tinum  tamen 
omnia  deferri  non  oportere.  Obsolevit  iam  ista  oratio, 
re  multo  magis  quam  verbis  refutata.  Nam  tu  idem, 
Q.  Hortensi,  multa  pro  tua  summa  copia  ac  singulari 
facultate  dicendi  et  in  senatti  contra  virum  fortem,  A. 

68oGabinium,  graviter  ornateque  dixisti,  cum  is  de  uno  im- 
peratore  contra  praedones  constituendo  legem  promul- 
gasset,  et  ex  hoc  ipso  loco  permulta  item  contra  earn 
legem  verba  fecisti.  Quid?  Tum,  per  deos  immortales, 
si  plus  apud  populum  Romanum  auctoritas  tua  quam 

685  ipsius  populi  Romani  salQs  et  vera  causa  valuisset,  hodie 
banc  gloriam  atque  hoc  orbis  terrae  imperium  teneremus? 
An  tibi  tum  imperium  hoc  esse  videbatur,  cum  populi 
Romani  legati,  quaestores  praetoresque  capiebantur,  cum 
ex  omnibus  provinciis  commeatu  et  private  et  publico 

690  prohibebamur,  cum  ita  clausa  nobis  erant  maria  omnia 
ut  neque  privatam  rem  transmarinam  neque  piiblicam  iam 
obire  possemus  ? 

•The  law  of  Gabinius  restored  Roman  naval  supremacy. 

18.  Quae  civitas  antea  umquam  fuit,  —  non  dico 
Atheniensium,    quae   satis   late   quondam   mare   tenuisse 

e95dicitur;  non  Carthaginiensium,  qui  permultum  classe  ac 
maritimis  rebus  valuerunt;  non  Rhodiorum,  quorum 
usque  ad  nostram  memoriam  disciplina  navalis  et  gloria 
remansit,  —  quae  civitas,  inquam,  antea  tam  tenuis,  quae 
tarn  parva  insula  fuit  quae  non  portus  suos  et  agros  et 

Tooahquam  partem  regionis  atque  orae  maritimae  per  se  ipsa 
defenderet?  At  hercule  aliquot  annos  continues  ante 
legem  Gabiniam  ille  populus  Romanus,  cuius  usque  ad 
nostram  memoriam  nomen  invictum  in  navalibus  pugnis 
permanserit,  magna  ac  multo  maxima  parte  non  m.odo 

705  utilitatis,  sed  dignitatis  atque  imperi  caruit.     Nos  quorum 


DE   IMPERIO  POMPEI  ORATIO  101 

maiores  Antiochum  regem  classe  Persemque  superarunt 
omnibusque  navalibus  pugnis  Carthaginienses,  homines  in 
maritimis  rebus  exercitatissimos  paratissimosque,  vice- 
runt,  el  nuUo  in  loco  iam  praedonibus  pares  esse  potera- 

710  mus ;  nos  qui  antea  non  modo  Italiam  tutam  habcbamus, 
sed  omnes  socios  in  ultimls  oris  auctoritate  nostri  imperi 
salvos  praestare  poteramus,  turn,  cum  insula  Delos,  tam 
procul  a  nobis  in  Aegaeo  mari  posita,  quo  omnes  undique 
cum  mercibus  atque  oneribus  commeabant,  referta  divitils, 

7i5parva,   sine  muro,   nihil   timebat,   idem  non  modo   pro- 
vinciis  atque  oris  Italiae  maritimis  ac  portubus  nostris, 
sed  etiam  Appia  iam  Via  carebamus;    et  eis  temporibus    • 
non  pudebat  magistratus  populi  Romani  in  hunc  ipsum 
locum  escendere,  cum  eum  nobis  maiores  nostri  exuviis 

720  nauticis  et  classium  spoliis  ornatum  reliquissent ! 

The  question  of  appointing  Gabinius  as  Pompey's  lieutenant. 

19.  Bono  te  animo  tum,  Q.  Hortensi,  populus  Romanus 
et  ceteros  qui  erant  in  eadem  sententia  dicere  existimavit 
ea  quae  sentiebatis;  sed  tamen  in  salute  communi  idem 
populus   Romanus    dolori   suo   maluit   quam   auctoritati 

725vestrae  obtemperare.  Itaque  una  lex,  unus  vir,  unus 
annus  non  modo  nos  ilia  miseria  ac  turpitudine  liberavit, 
sed  etiam  effecit  ut  aliquando  vere  videremur  omnibus 
gentibus  ac  nationibus  terra  marique  imperare. 

Quo   mihi    etiam   indignius   videtur   obtrectatum   esse 

73oadhuc  —  Gabinio  dicam  anne  Pompeio  an  utrique,  id 
quod  est  verius  ?  —  ne  legaretur  A,  Gabinius  Cn.  Pom- 
peio expetenti  ac  postulanti.  Utrum  ille,  qui  postulat  ad 
tantum  bellum  legatum  quem  velit,  idoneus  non  est  qui 
impetret,  cum  ceteri  ad  expilandos  socios  diripiendasque 

735  provincias  quos  voluerunt  legates  eduxerint;  an  ipse, 
cuius  lege  saltis  ac  dignitas  populo  Romano  atque  omnibus 
gentibus  constituta  est,  expers  esse  debet  gloriae  eius  im- 


5 

SI 


[102] 


DE   IMPERIO  POMPEI  ORATIO  103 

peratoris  atque  eius  exercitus  qui  consilio  ipsius  ac  peri- 
culo  est  constitutus? 

An  C.  Falcidius,  Q.  Metellus,  Q.  Caelius  Latlniensis,  740 
Gn.   Lentulus,   quos  omnes  honoris   causa  nomino,   cum 
tribuni  plebl  fuissent,  anno  proximo  legatl  esse  potuerunt  ; 
in  uno  Gablnio  sunt  tam  dlligentes,  qui  in  hoc  bello  quod 
lege  Gablnia  geritur,  in  hoc  imperatore  atque  exercitu, 
quem  per  vos  ipse  constituit,  etiam  praecipuo  iure  esse  745 
deberet?     De   quo   legando   consules   spero   ad   senatum 
relattiros.     Qui  si  dubitabunt  aut  gravabuntur,  ego  me 
profiteor  relaturum ;  neque  me  impediet  cuiusquam  iniml- 
cum  edictum  quo  minus  vobis  fretus  vestrum  ius  bene- 
fieiumque  defendam,  neque  praeter  intercessionem  quic-750 
quam  audiam,  de  qua,  ut  arbitror,  isti  ipsi  qui  minantur 
fetiam    atque    etiam    quid    liceat    considerabunt.     Mea 
quidem  sententia,  Quirltes,  unus  A.  Gabinius  belli  maritimi 
rerumque  gestarum  Cn.  Pompeio  socius  ascrlbitur,  prop- 
terea  quod   alter  uni  illud  bellum  suscipiendum  vestrls755 
^uffragiis  detulit,  alter  delatum  susceptumque  confecit. 

A  reply  to  the  objections  of  Catulus. 

20.  Reliquum  est  ut  de  Q.  Catuli  auctoritate  et  sen- 
tentia dicendum  esse  videatur.  Qui  cum  ex  vobis  quaere- 
ret,  si  in  uno  Cn.  Pompeio  omnia  poneretis,  si  quid  eo 
factum  esset,  in  quo  spem  essetis  habittiri,  cepit  magnum  760 
suae  virtutis  fructum  ac  dignitatis,  cum  omnes  una  prope 
voce  in  eo  ipso  vos  spem  habituros  esse  dixistis.  Etenim 
talis  est  vir,  ut  niilla  res  tanta  sit  ac  tam  difficilis,  quam 
ille  non  et  consilio  regere  et  integritate  tueri  et  virtute 
eonficere  possit.  Sed  in  hoc  ipso  ab  eo  vehementissime  76« 
dissentio,  quod,  quo  minus  certa  est  hominum  ac  minus 
diuturna  vita,  hoc  magis  res  publica,  dum  per  deos  im- 
mortales  licet,  frui  debet  summi  viri  vita  atque  virtute. 

At  enim  ne  quid  novi  fiat  contra  exempla  atque  instituta 


104  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

770  maiorum.  Non  dicam  hoc  loco  maiores  nostros  semper  in 
pace  consuetudinl,  in  bello  utilitati  paruisse,  semper  ad 
novos  casus  temporum  novorum  consiliorum  rationes 
accommodasse ;  non  dicam  duo  bella  maxima,  Punicum 
atque    Hispaniense,    ab    uno    imperatore    esse    confecta, 

775duasque  urbes  potentissimas,  quae  huic  imperio  maxime 
minitabantur,  Karthaginem  atque  Numantiam,  ab  eodem 
Sclpione  esse  deletas ;  non  commemorabo  nuper  ita  vobis 
patribusque  vestris  esse  visum,  ut  in  uno  C.  Mario  spes 
imperl  poneretur,  ut  Idem  cum  lugurtha,  idem  cum  Cim- 

78obris,  idem  cum  Teutonis  bellum  administraret.  In  ipso 
Cn.  Pompeio  in  quo  novi  constitui  nihil  vult  Q.  Catulus, 
quam  multa  sint  nova  summa  Q.  Catuli  voluntate  con- 
stituta  recordamini. 

New  precedents  already  established  in  the  career  of  Pompey. 

21.   Quid  tam  novum  quam  adulescentulum  privatum 

785  exercitum  difficili  rei  publicae  tempore  conficere  ?  Con- 
fecit.  Huic  praeesse  ?  Praefuit.  Rem  optime  ductu  suo 
gerere  ?  Gessit.  Quid  tam  praeter  consuetudinem  quam 
homini  peradulescenti,  cuius  aetas  a  senatorio  gradu  longe 
abesset,  imperium  atque  exercitum  dari,  Siciliam  permitti, 

790  atque  Africam  bellumque  in  ea  provincia  administrandum  ? 
Fuit  in  his  provinciis  singulari  innocentia,  gra^dtate,  vir- 
tute ;  bellum  in  Africa  maximum  confecit,  victorem  exer- 
citum deportavit. 

Quid  vero   tam   inauditum   quam   equitem   Romanum 

795  triumphare  ?  At  eam  quoque  rem  populus  Romanus  non 
modo  vidit,  sed  omnium  etiam  studio  visendam  et  concele- 
brandam  putavit.  Quid  tam  inusitatum  quam  ut,  cum 
duo  consules  clarissimi  fortissimique  essent,  eques  Ro- 
manus  ad  bellum  maximum  formidolosissimumque  pro 

80oconsule  mitteretur?  Missus  est.  Quo  quidem  tempore, 
cum  esset  non  nemo  in  senatii  qui  diceret  non  oportere 


DE   IMPERIO  POMPEI   ORATIO  105 

mitti  hominem  privatum  pro  consule,  L.  Philippus  dixisse 
dicitur  non  se  ilium  sua  sententia  pro  consule  sed  pro 
consulibus  mittere.     Tanta  in  eo  rel  publicae  bene  geren- 
dae  spes  constituebatur  ut  duorum  consulum  munus  unius  80S 
adulescentis  virtuti  committeretur. 

Quid  tam  singulare  quam  ut  ex  senatus  consults  legibus 
solutus  consul  ante  fieret  quam  ullum  alium  magistratum 
per  leges  capere  licuisset  ?  Quid  tam  incredibile  quam  ut 
iterum  eques  Romanus  ex  senatus  consulto  triumpharet  ?  8io 
Quae  in  omnibus  hominibus  nova  post  hominum  memoriam 
constituta  sunt,  ea  tam  multa  non  sunt  quam  haec  quae 
in  hoc  uno  homine  videmus.  Atque  haec  tot  exempla, 
tanta  ac  tam  nova,  profecta  sunt  in  eundem  hominem  a 
Q.  Catuli  atque  a  ceterorum  eiusdem  dignitatis  amplissi-8i5 
morum  hominum  auctoritate. 

Hortensius  and  Catulus  should  therefore  withdraw  their  objectiona. 
Pompey  especially  fitted  for  the  war  in  Asia. 

22.    Quare  videant  ne  sit  periniquum  et  non  ferendum, 
illorum  auctoritatem  de  Cn.   Pompei  dignitate  a  vobis 
comprobatam   semper  esse,   vestrum   ab   illis   de   eodem 
homine  iudicium  popullque  Romani  auctoritatem  impro-820 
barl,  praesertim  cum  iam  suo  iure  populus  Romanus  in 
hoc   homine   suam   auctoritatem   vel    contra   omnes   qui 
dissentiunt  possit  defendere,  propterea  quod  Isdem  istis 
reclamantibus  vos  unum  ilium  ex  omnibus  delegistis  quem 
bello  praedonum  praeponeretis.     Hoc  si  vos  temere  fecis-826 
tis  et  rei  publicae  parum  consuluistis,   recte  isti  studia 
vestra  suls  consilils  regere  conantur.     Sin  autem  vos  plus 
tum  in  re  publica  vidistis,  vos  els  repugnantibus  per  vos- 
met  ipsos  dignitatem  huic  imperio,  salutem  orbl  terrarum 
attulistis,  aliquando  istI  principes  et  sibi  et  ceteris  popullsao 
Romani  universi  auctoritati  parendum  esse  fateantur. 

Atque  in  hoc  bello  Asiatico  et  regio  non  solum  mllitaris 


106  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

ilia  virtus,  quae  est  in  Cn.  Pompeio  singularis,  sed  aliae 
quoque  virtutes  animi    magnae    et    multae    requiruntur. 

835  Difficile  est  in  Asia,  Cilicia,  Syria,  regnlsque  interiorum 
nationum  ita  versari  nostrum  imperatorem  ut  nihil  aliud 
nisi  de  hoste  ac  de  laude  cogitet.  Deinde,  etiamsi  qui 
sunt  pudore  ac  temperantia  moderatiores,  tamen  eos  esse 
tales  propter  multitudinem   cupidorum  hominum  nemo 

840  arbitratur.  Difficile  est  dictu,  Quirites,  quanto  in  odio 
simus  apud  exteras  nationes  propter  eorum  quos  ad  eas 
per  hos  annos  cum  imperio  misimus,  libidines  et  iniurias. 
Quod  enim  fanum  putatis  in  illis  terris  nostris  magistra- 
tibus  religiosum,  quam  civitatem  sanctam,  quam  domum 

845  satis  clausam  ac  munltam  fuisse?  Urbes  iam  locupletes 
et  copiosae  requiruntur,  quibus  causa  belli  propter  dlrip- 
iendl  cupiditatem  mferatur. 

Libenter  haec  coram  cum  Q.  Catulo  et  Q.   Hortensio, 
summis  et  clarissimls  viris,  disputarem ;    noverunt  enim 

85osociorum  vulnera,  vident  eorum  calamitates,  querimonias 
audiunt.  Pro  sociis  vos  contra  hostes  exercitum  mittere 
putatis,  an  bostium  simulatione  contra  socios  atque 
amicos?  Quae  civitas  est  in  Asia  quae  non  modo  im- 
peratoris  aut  legati,  sed  unlus  tribuni  militum  animos  ac 

855splritus  capere  possit? 

The  bill  is  supported  by  many  eminent  men. 

23.  Quare,  etiamsi  quem  habetis  qui  conlatis  signls 
exercitus  regios  superare  posse  videatur,  tamen  nisi  erit 
idem  qui  se  a  pecunils  sociorum,  qui  ab  eorum  coniugibus 
ac  llberis,  qui  ab  ornamentis  fanorum  atque  oppidorum,  qui 
860  ab  auro  gazaque  regia  manus,  oculos,  animum  cohibere 
possit,  non  erit  idoneus  qui  ad  bellum  Asiaticum  regium- 
que  mittatur.  Ecquam  putatis  civitatem  pacatam  fuisse 
quae  locuples  sit,  ecquam  esse  locupletem  quae  istis  pacata 
esse  videatur?     Ora  maritima,  Quirites,  Cn.  Pompeium 


DE   IMPERIO  POMPEI   ORATIO  107 

non  solum  propter  rel  militaris  gloriam,  sed  etiam  propter  865 
animi    continentiam    requisivit.     Videbat    enim    impera- 
tores  locupletari  quotannis  pecunia  publica  praeter  paucos, 
neque  eos  quicquam  aliud  adsequi  classium  nomine,  nisi 
ut  detrimentis  accipiendls  maiore  adfici  turpitudine  vide- 
remur.     Nunc  qua  cupiditate  homines  in  provincias  et  870 
quibus  iacturis,  quibus  condicionibus  proficlscantur,  igno- 
rant videlicet  isti  qui  ad  tinum  deferenda  omnia  esse  non 
arbitrantur.     Quasi   vero   Cn.   Pompeium  non   cum  suls 
virtutibus,  tum  etiam  alienis  vitiis  magnum  esse  videa- 
mus.     Quare  nollte  dubitare  quin  huic  uni  credatis  omnia,  875 
qui  inter  tot  annos  unus  inventus  sit  quem  socii  in  urbes 
suas  cum  exercitu  venisse  gaudeant. 

Quodsl  auctoritatibus  banc  causam,  Quirites,  confir- 
mandam  putatis,  est  vobis  auctor  vir  bellorum  omnium 
maximarumque  rerum  peritissimus,  P.  Servllius,  cuius  880 
tantae  res  gestae  terra  marlque  exstiterunt  ut,  cmn  de 
bello  deliberetis,  auctor  vobis  gravior  esse  nemo  debeat; 
est  C.  Curio,  summis  vestris  beneficiis  maximisque  rebus 
gestis,  summo  ingenio  et  prudentia  praeditus;  est  Cn. 
Lentulus,  in  quo  omnes  pro  amplissimis  vestris  honoribus  885 
summum  consilium,  summam  gravitatem  esse  cognovistis ; 
est  C.  Cassius,  integritate,  virtute,  constantia  singularl. 
Quare  videte  horum  auctoritatibus,  illorum  oration!  qui 
dissentiunt  responderene  posse  videamur. 

Cicero  encourages  Manilius  and  pledges  his  support. 

24.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  C.  Manlll,  primum  istam  tuamsoo 
et  legem  et  volimtatem  et  sententiam  laudo  vehemen- 
tissimeque  comprobo ;  deinde  te  hortor  ut  auctore  populo 
Romano  maneas  in  sententia  neve  cuiusquam  vim  aut 
minas  pertimescas.  Primum  in  te  satis  esse  animi  per- 
se verantiaeque  arbitror ;  deinde,  cum  tantam  multitudinem  896 
cum  tanto  studio  adesse  videamus,  quantam  iterum  nunc 


108  M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 

in  eodem  homine  praeficiendo  videmus,  quid  est  quod  aut 
de  re  aut  de  perficiendi  facultate  dubitemus? 

Ego  autem  quicquid  est  in  me  studi,  consili,  laboris, 

90oingenI,  quicquid  hoc  beneficio  popull  Roman!  atque  hac 
potestate  praetoria,  quicquid  auctoritate,  fide,  constantia 
possum,  id  omne  ad  banc  rem  conficiendam  tibi  et  populo 
Romano  polliceor  ac  defero ;  testorque  omnes  deos,  et 
eos   maxime    qui   huic    loco    temploque   praesident,    qui 

905  omnium  .mentes  eorum  qui  ad  rem  publicam  adeunt 
maxime  perspiciunt,  me  hoc  neque  rogatu  facere  ctiius- 
quam,  neque  quo  Cn.  Pompel  gratiam  mihi  per  hanc  causam 
conciharl  putem,  neque  quo  mihi  ex  cuiusquam  ampH- 
tudine  aut  praesidia  perlculls  aut  adiumenta  honoribus 

9ioquaeram;  propterea  quod  perlcula  facile,  ut  hominem 
praestare  oportet,  innocentia  tecti  repellemus,  honorem 
autem  neque  ab  uno  neque  ex  hoc  loco,  sed  eadem  ilia 
nostra  laboriosissima  ratione  vltae,  si  vestra  voluntas  feret, 
consequemur. 

915  Quam  ob  rem  quicquid  in  hac  causa  mihi  susceptum  est, 
Quirites,  id  ego  omne  me  rel  publicae  causa  suscepisse 
conflrmo ;  tantumque  abest  ut  aliquam  mihi  bonam 
gratiam  quaesisse  videar,  ut  multas  me  etiam  simultates 
partim  obscuras,  partim  apertas  intellegam  mihi  non  neces- 

920sarias,  vobis  non  inutiles  suscepisse.  Sed  ego  me  hoc 
honore  praeditum,  tantis  vestrls  beneficiis  adfectum 
statu!,  Quirites,  vestram  voluntatem  et  re!  publicae  digni- 
tatem et  salutem  provinciarum  atque  sociorum  mels  omni- 
bus commodls  et  rationibus  praeferre  oportere. 


Marcus  Tullius  Cicero 

(From  the  bust  in  the  Capitoline  Aluaeum) 


1109) 


M.    TULLI   CICERONIS 
PRO   A.   LICINIO   ARCHIA  POETA 


ORATIO   AD   lUDICES. 


Cicero's  own  indebtedness  to  Archias. 

1.  Si  quid  est  in  me  ingeni,  iudices,  quod  sentio  quam 
sit  exiguum,  aut  si  qua  exercitatio  dicendi,  in  qua  me 
non  infitior  mediocriter  esse  versatum,  aut  si  huiusce  rei 
ratio  aliqua  ab  optimarum  artium  studils  ac  discipllna 

5  prof ecta,  a  qua  ego  nullum  confiteor  aetatis  meae  tempus 
abhorruisse,  earum  rerum  omnium  vel  in  primis  hic  A. 
Licinius  fructum  a  me  repetere  prope  suo  iure  debet. 
Nam  quoad  longissime  potest  mens  mea  respicere  spatium 
praeteriti  temporis  et  pueritiae  memoriam  recordari  ulti- 

10  mam,  inde  usque  repetens  hunc  video  mihi  principem  et 

110 


PRO  ARCHIA   ORATIO  111 

ad  suscipiendam  et  ad  ingrediendam  rationem  horum 
studiorum  exstitisse.  Quodsl  haec  vox  huius  hortatu 
praeceptlsque  conformata  nonnullis  aliquando  saluti  fuit, 
a  quo  id  accepimus  quo  ceteris  opitularl  et  alios  servare 
possemus,  huic  profecto  ipsi,  quantum  est  situm  in  nobis,  15 
et  opem  et  salutem  ferre  debemus. 

Ac  ne  quis  a  nobis  hoc  ita  dici  forte  miretur,  quod  alia 
quaedam  in  hoc  facultas  sit  ingeni  neque  haec  dicendi 
ratio  aut  discipllna,  ne  nos  quidem  huic  uni  studio  penitus 
umquam  dediti  fuimus.  Etenim  omnes  artes  quae  ad  20 
humanitatem  pertinent  habent  quoddam  commune  vincu- 
lum et  quasi  cognatione  quadam  inter  se  continentur. 


Cicero  begs  indulgence  for  his  unusual  plea. 

2.    Sed   ne   cui   vestrum   mTrum   esse   videatur   me   in 
quaestione  legitima  et  in  iudicio  publico,  cum  res  agatur 
apud  praetorem  populi   Romani,   lectissimum  virum,   et25 
apud  severissimos  indices,  tanto  conventu  hominum  ac 
frequentia,  hoc  uti  genere  dicendi,  quod  non  modo  a  con- 
suetudine   iudiciorum,    verum    etiam   a    forensi   sermone 
abhorreat,  quaeso  a  vobis  ut  in  hac  causa  mihi  detis  hanc 
veniam,  accommodatam  huic  reo,  vobis,  quem  ad  modum  30 
spero,   non   molestam,   ut   me   pro   summo   poeta   atque 
eruditissimo   homine   dicentem,    hoc    concursu   hominum 
litteratissimorum,   hac    vestra    humanitate,    hoc    denique 
praetore  exercente  iiidicium,  patiamini  de  studiis  humani- 
tatis  ac  litterarum  paulo  loqui  liberius,  et  in  eius  modi  35 
persona,  quae  propter  otium  ac  studium  minime  in  iudiciis 
periculisque  tractata   est,  uti  prope  novo  quodam  et  in 
usitato  genere  dicendi.    Quod  si  mihi  a  vobis  tribui  conce- 
dique  sentiam,  perficiam  profecto  ut  hunc  A.  Licinium  non 
modo  non  segregandum,  cum  sit  civis,  a  numero  civium,  40 
verum  etiam  si  non  esset,  putetis  asciscendum  fuisse. 


112 


M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 


Archias  in  his  youth  won  fame  in  the  East.    Coming  to  Italy,  he  was 

welcomed  by  men  of  high  rank. 

42  3.  Nam  ut  primum  ex  pueris  excessit  Archias,  atque 
ab  eis  artibus  quibus  aetas  puerilis  ad  humanitatem  in- 
fSrmari  solet  se  ad  scribendi  studium  contulit,  primum 

Antiochiae  (nam  ibi 
natus  est  loco  no- 
bili),  celebri  quon- 
dam urbe  et  copiosa 
atque  erudltissimis 
hominibus  liberalis- 
simisque  studiis 
adfluenti,  celeriter 
antecellere  omni- 
bus ingenl  gloria 
coepit.  Post  in 
ceteris  Asiae  parti- 
bus  cunctaque 
Graecia  sic  eius 
adventus  celebra- 
bantur  ut  famam 
ingeni  exspectatio 
hominis,  exspecta- 
tionem  ipsius 
adventus  admira- 
tioque  superaret. 
Erat  Italia  tum 
plena  Graecarum 
artium  ac  discipli- 
narum,  studiaque 
Antioch  Personified  haec    et     in     Latio 

vehementius     tum 
72colebantur  quam  nunc  Isdem  in  oppidis,  et  hie  Romae 


PRO  ARCHIA  ORATIO  113 

propter  tranquillitatem  re!  publicae  non    neglegebantur. 
Itaque  hunc  et  Tarentini  et  Locrenses  et  Reginl  et  Neapoli- 
tan! civitate   cefcerlsque  praemils  donarunt,  et  omnes  qui  75 
aliquid  de  ingeniis  poterant  iudicare  cognitione  atque  hos- 
pitio  dignum  existimarunt. 

Hac  tanta  celebritate  famae  cum  esset  iam  absentibus 
notus,  Romam  venit  Mario  consule  et  Catulo.  Nactus 
est  primum  consules  eos  quorum  alter  res  ad  scrlbendumSO 
maximas,  alter  cum  res  gestas  tum  etiam  studium  atque 
aures  adhibere  posset.  Statim  LucullI,  cum  praetextatus 
etiam  tum  Archias  esset,  eum  domum  suam  receperunt. 
Et  erat  hoc  non  solum  ingeni  ac  litterarum,  verum  etiam 
naturae  atque  virtutis,  ut  domus  quae  htiius  adulescentiae  85 
prima  favit,  eadem  esset  familiarissima  senectuti.  Erat 
temporibus  illis  iucundus  Q.  Metello  illi  Numidico  et  eius 
Pio  filio,  audiebatur  a  M.  Aemilio,  vivebat  cum  Q.  Catulo 
et  patre  et  filio,  a  L.  Crasso  colebatur ;  Lucullos  vero  et 
Drusum  et  Octavios  et  Catonem  et  totam  Hortensiorum  90 
domum  devinctam  consuetudine  cum  teneret,  adficiebatur 
summo  honore,  quod  eum  non  solum  colebant  qui  aliquid 
percipere  atque  audire  studebant,  verum  etiam  si  qui  forte 
simulabant. 

Archias  has  fulfilled  the  conditions  of  Roman  citizenship 

4.  Interim  satis  longo  intervallo,  cum  esset  cum  M.  95 
Lucullo  in  Siciliam  profectus  et  cum  ex  ea  provincia  cum 
eodem  Lucullo  decederet,  venit  Heracllam.  Quae  cum 
esset  civitas  aequissimo  iure  ac  foedere,  ascribi  se  in  eam 
civitatem  voluit,  idque,  cum  ipse  per  se  dignus  putaretur, 
tum  auctoritate  et  gratia  Luculli  ab  Heracliensibus  im-  loo 
petravit.     Data  est  civitas  Silvan!  lege  et  Carbonis :    Si 

QUI  FOEDERATIS  CIVITATIBUS  ASCRIPTI   FUISSENT ;     SI    TUM, 
CUM  LEX  FEREBATUR,  IN  ItALIA   DOMICILIUM   HABUISSENT  ,* 

ET  SI  sexaginta  diebus  apud  praetorem  essent  pro- 


114  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

105FESSI.  Cum  hic  domicilium  Romae  multos  iam  annos 
haberet,  professus  est  apud  praetorem  Q.  Metellum, 
familiarissimum  suum. 

Si  nihil  aliud  nisi  de  civitate  ac  lege  dicimus,  nihil  dico 
amplius;    causa  dicta  est.     Quid  enim  horum  infirmari, 

iioGratti,  potest?  Heracliaene  esse  eum  ascrlptum  nega- 
bis  ?  Adest  vir  summa  auctoritate  et  religione  et  fide,  M. 
Lticullus,  qui  se  non  opinari  sed  scire,  non  audivisse  sed 
vidisse,  non  interfuisse  sed  egisse  dicit.  Adsunt  Hera- 
clienses  legati,  nobilissimi  homines;    huius  iudicT  causa 

115  cum  mandatis  et  cum  publico  testimonio  venerunt,  qui 
hunc  ascriptum  Heracliensem  dicunt.  Hic  tu  tabulas 
desideras  Heracliensium  publicas,  quas  Italico  bello  in- 
censo  tabulario  interisse  scimus  omnes.  Est  ridiculum  ad 
ea  quae  habemus  nihil  dicere,  quaerere  quae  habere  non 

I2opossumus;  et  de  hominum  memoria  tacere,  litterarum 
memoriam  flagitare ;  et,  cum  habeas  amplissimi  viri 
religionem,  integerrimi  milnicipi  ius  iurandum  fidemque, 
ea  quae  depravari  nullo  modo  possunt  repudiare,  tabulas, 
quas  idem  dicis  solere  corrumpi,   desiderare.     An  domi- 

I25cilium  Romae  non  habuit  is  qui  tot  annis  ante  civitiitem 
datam  sedem  omnium  rerum  ac  fortunarum  suarum  Romae 
conlocavit  ?  An  non  est  professus  ?  Immo  vero  eis  tabu- 
lis  professus  quae  solae  ex  ilia  professione  collegioque 
praetorum  obtinent  publicarum  tabularum  auctoritatem. 

The  records  involved  are  trustworthy. 

130  5.  Nam  cum  Appi  tabulae  neglegentius  adservatae 
dicerentur,  Gabini,  quamdiu  incolumis  fuit,  levitas,  post 
damnationem  calamitas  omnem  tabularum  fidem  resig- 
nasset,  Metellus,  homo  sanctissimus  modestissimusque 
omnium,  tanta  diligentia  fuit  ut  ad  L.  Lentulum  prae- 

i35torem  et  ad  itidices  venerit  et  unius  nominis  litura  se 


PRO  ARCHIA  ORATIO  115 

commotum   esse   dlxerit.     His   igitur   in   tabulis   nullam 
lituram  in  nomine  A.  Licinl  videtis. 

Quae  cum  ita  sint,  quid  est  quod  de  eius  civitate  dubi- 
tetis,  praesertim  cum  aliis  quoque  in  civitatibus  fuerit 
ascrlptus  ?  Etenim  cum  mediocribus  multls  et  aut  nulla  140 
aut  humili  aliqua  arte  praeditis  gratuito  civitatem  in 
Graecia  homines  impertiebant,  Re^nos  credo  aut  Lo- 
crenses  aut  Neapolitanos  aut  Tarentlnos,  quod  scaenicis 
artificibus  largirl  solebant,  id  huic  summa  ingeni  praedito 
gloria  noluisse !  Quid  ?  Cum  ceterl  non  modo  post  I4d 
civitatem  datam,  sed  etiam  post  legem  Papiam  aliquo 
modo  in  eorum  municipiorum  tabulas  inrepserunt ;  hie  qui 
ne  utitur  quidem  illis  in  quibus  est  scrlptus,  quod  semper 
se  Heracllensem  esse  voluit,  reicietur  ? 

Census  nostros  requiris.     Scilicet ;    est  enim  obscurum  150 
proximis  censoribus  hunc  cum  clarissimo  imperatore  L. 
Lticullo  apud  exercitum  fuisse;    superioribus,  cum  eodem 
quaestore  fuisse  in  Asia ;    primTs,  lulio  et  Crasso,  nullam 
populi  partem  esse  censam.     Sed,  quoniam  census  non  ius 
civitatis  confirmat  ac  tantum  modo  indicat  eum  qui  sit  155 
census  ita  se  iam  tum  gessisse  pro  cive,  eis  temporibus, 
quem  tti  criminaris  ne  ipslus    quidem  iudicio  in  civium 
Romanorum  iure  esse  versatum,   et  testamentum  saepe 
fecit  nostris  legibus  et  adiit  hereditates  civium  Romano- 
rum  et  in  beneficils  ad  aerarium  delatus  est  a  L.  Lucullo  160 
pro   consule.     Quaere  argumenta,   si  quae  potes ;    num- 
quam  enim  hic  neque  suo  neque  amicorum  iudicio  re- 
vincetur. 

The  study  of  literature  relaxes  as  well  as  cultivates.     It  preserves 

the  examples  of  the  past. 

6.    Quaeres  a  nobis,  Gratti,  cur  tanto  opere  hoc  homine 
delectemur.     Quia  suppeditat  nobis  ubi  et  animus  ex  hoc  i65 
forensi  strepitti  reficiatur  et  aures  convicio  defessae  con- 


116  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

quiescant.  An  tu  existimas  aut  suppetere  nobis  pos&c 
quod  cotidie  dicamus  in  tanta  varietate  rerum,  nisi  animos 
nostros  doctrina  excolamus,  aut  ferre  animos  tantam  posse 

170  contentionem,  nisi  eos  doctrina  eadem  relaxemus?  Ego 
vero  fateor  me  his  studiis  esse  deditum.  Ceteros  pudeat, 
si  qui  ita  se  litteris  abdiderunt  ut  nihil  possint  ex  eis  neque 
ad  communem  adferre  fructum  neque  in  aspectum  lucem- 
que  proferre;    me  autem  quid  pudeat,  qui  tot  annos  ita 

175  vivo,  indices,  ut  a  nullius  umquam  me  tempore  aut  com- 
modo  aut  otium  meum  abstraxerit  aut  voluptas  avocarit 
aut  denique  somnus  retardarit  ? 

Quare  quis  tandem  me  reprehendat,  aut  quis  mihi  iure 
suscenseat,    si   quantum    ceteris   ad   suas   res   obeundas, 

180  quantum  ad  festos  dies  ludorum  celebrandos,  quantum  ad 
alias  voluptates  et  ad  ipsam  requiem  animi  et  corporis 
conceditur  temporum,  quantum  alii  tribuunt  tempestivis 
conviviis,  quantum  denique  alveolo,  quantum  pilae,  tan- 
tum  mihi  egomet  ad  haec  studia  recolenda  sumpsero? 

i85Atque  hoc  eo  mihi  concedendum  est  magis,  quod  ex  his 
studiis  haec  quoque  crescit  oratio  et  facultas,  quae,  quan- 
tacumque  in  me  est,  numquam  amicorum  periculis  defuit. 
Quae  si  cui  levior  videtur,  ilia  quidem  certe,  quae  summa 
sunt,  ex  quo  fonte  hauriam  sentio.     Nam  nisi  multorum 

190  praeceptis  multisque  litteris  mihi  ab  adulescentia  suasis- 
sem  nihil  esse  in  vita  magno  opere  expetendum  nisi  laudem 
atque  honestatem,  in  ea  autem  persequenda  omnes  cru- 
ciatus  corporis,  omnia  pericula  mortis  atque  exsili  parvi 
esse  ducenda,  numquam  me  pro  salute  vestra  in  tot  ac 

I95tantas  dimicationes  atque  in  hos  profligatorum  hominum 
cotidianos  impetus  obiecissem.  Sed  pleni  omnes  sun* 
libri,  plenae  sapientium  voces,  plena  exemplorum  vetustas ; 
quae  iacerent  in  tenebris  omnia  nisi  litterarum  lumen 
accederet.     Quam  multas  nobis  imagines,  non  solum  ad 

200  intuendum,   verum  etiam   ad  imitandum,   fortissimorum 


PRO  ARCHIA   ORATIO  117 

virorum  expressas  scriptores  et  Graeci  et  Latlnl  rellquerunt ! 
Quas  ego  mihi  semper  in  administranda  re  publica  pro- 
ponens  animum  et  mentem  meam  ipsa  cogitatione  homi- 
num  excellentium  conformabam. 

Nature  and  culture  unite  to  produce  the  greatest  men. 

7.    Quaeret    quispiam :     '  Quid  ?     Illi    ipsi    summi    viri  205 
quorum   ^drtutes   litteris   proditae   sunt,   istane   doctrina 
quam  tu  effers  laudibus  erudltl  fuerunt?'     Difficile  est 
hoc  de  omnibus  confirmare,  sed  tamen  est  certum  quid 
respondeam.     Ego   multos   homines   excellent!   animo   ac 
virtu te  fuisse  sine  doctrina  et  naturae  ipsius  habitu  prope  210 
divTno  per  se  ipsos  et  moderates  et  graves  exstitisse  fateor ; 
etiam  illud  adiungo,  saepius  ad  laudem  atque  virtutem 
naturam  sine  doctrina  quam  sine  natura  valuisse  doctrlnam. 
Atque  Idem  ego  hoc  contendo,  cum  ad  naturam  eximiam 
et    inlustrem    accesserit    ratio    quaedam    conformatioque  215 
doctrlnae,  tum  illud  nescio  quid  praeclarum  ac  singulare 
solere  exsistere.     Ex  hoc  esse  hunc  numero,  quem  patres 
nostrl  viderunt,  divlnum  hominem  Africanum ;   ex  hoc  C. 
Laelium,    L.    Furium,    moderatissimos    homines    et    con- 
tinentissimos ;   ex  hoc  fortissimimi  virum  et  illls  tempori-220 
bus  doctissimum,  M.  Catonem  ilium  senem ;   qui  profecto 
SI  nihil   ad  percipiendam   colendamque  virtutem  litteris 
adiuvarentur,  numquam  se  ad  earum  studium  contulissent. 
Quodsl  non  hic  tantus  fructus  ostenderetur,  et  si  ex  his 
studils  delectatio  sola  peteretur,  tamen,  ut  opinor,  hanc225 
animl  remissionem  humanissimam  ac  llberalissimam  iudi- 
caretis.     Nam  ceterae  neque  temporum  sunt  neque  aeta- 
tum  omnium  neque  locorum ;  at  haec  studia  adulescentiam 
alunt,  senectutem  oblectant,  secundas  res  ornant,  adversis 
perfugium  ac  solacium  praebent,  delectant  domi,  non  im-230 
pediunt  forls,  pernoctant  noblscum,  peregrinantur,  rtisti- 
cantur. 


118 


M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 


All  true  artists  deserve  our  admiration. 

sacred. 


Poets  have  been  called 


8.    Quodsi  ipsi  haec  neque  attingere  neque  sensu  nostro 

gustare  possemus,  tamen  ea  mirarl  deberemus  etiam  cum 

235  in  alils  videremus.     Quis  nostrum  tam  animo  agresti  ac 


A  Comic  Poet  with  Muse  and  Actors'  Masks 


duro  fuit  ut  Rosci  morte  nuper  non  commoveretur  ?  Qui 
cum  esset  senex  mortuus,  tamen  propter  excellentem 
artem  ac  venustatem  videbatur  omnino  mori  non  debuisse. 
Ergo  ille  corporis  motu  tantum  amorem  sibi  conciliarat  a 
240 nobis  omnibus;  nos  animorum  incredibiles  motiis  celeri- 
tatemque  ingeniorum  neglegemus?  Quotiens  ego  hunc 
Archiam  vidi,  indices  (utar  enim  vestra  benlgnitate, 
quoniam  me  in  hoc  novo  genere  dlcendi  tam  dlligenter 
attenditis),  quotiens  ego  hunc  vidl,  cum  htteram  scrlpsisset 


PRO  ARCHIA  ORATIO 


119 


Enxius 
(From  the  bust  on  the  Scipio  Tomb) 

nullam,   magnum  numerum  optimorum  versuiim   de  eis244 
ipsis  rebus  quae  tum  agerentur  dicere  ex  tempore;    quo- 
tiens  revocatum  eandem  rem  dicere  commutatis  verbis 
atque  sententiis  !     Quae  vero  accurate  cogitateque  scrip- 
sisset,  ea  sic  vidi  probarl  ut  ad  veterum  scrlptorum  laudem 


120 


M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 


Orpheus,!  Eubydice,  and  Hermes 


SCO   pervenlret.      Hunc  ego  non  dlligam,  non    admirer,  non 

omni  ratione  defendendum  putem  ? 

Atque  SIC  a  summis  hominibus  eruditissimisque  accepi- 

mus,  ceterarum  rerum  studia  ex  doctrina  et  praeceptis  et 

arte  constare ;  poetam  natura  ipsa  valere  et  mentis  viribus 
355   excitari  et  quasi  divino  quodam  spiritu  inflari.     Quare  suo 

lure  noster  ille  Ennius  'sanctos'   appellat  poetas,  quod 

^  ^ee  note  on  lines  260-262.  p.  121. 


PRO  ARCHIA  ORATIO  121 

quasi  deorum  aliquo  dono  atque  munere  commendati 
nobis  esse  videantur.  Sit  igitur,  iudices,  sanctum  apud 
vos,  liumanissimos  homines,  hoc  poetae  nomen,  quod 
nulla  umquam  barbaria  violavit.  Saxa  et  solitndines  voci  29C 
respondent,  bestiae  saepe  immanes  cantu  flectuntur  atque 
consistunt ;  nos  instituti  rebus  optimis  non  poetarum  voce 
moveamur?  Homerum  Colophonil  civem  esse  dicunt 
suum,  Chii  suum  vindicant,  Salaminii  repetunt,  Smyrnaei 
vero  suum  esse  confirmant  itaque  etiam  delubrum  eius  in  265 
oppido  dedicaverunt ;  permulti  alii  praeterea  ptignant 
inter  se  atque  contendunt. 

Archias  should  be  honored  for  celebrating  the  glories  of  the  Roman 

people. 

9.    Ergo    illi   alienum,    quia   poeta   fuit,    post   mortem 
etiam  expetunt ;    nos  hunc  vivum,   qui  et  voluntate  et 
legibus  noster  est,  repudiabimus,  praesertim   cum  omne270 
olim  studium  atque  omne  ingenium  contulerit  Archias  ad 
populi  Roman!  gloriam  laudemque  celebrandam?     Nam 
et  Cimbricas  res  adulescens  attigit  et  ipsi  ill!  C.  Mario, 
qui  durior  ad  haec  studia  videbatur,  iucundus  fuit.     Neque 
enim  quisquam  est  tam  aversus  a  Musis  qui  non  mandarl  276 
versibus    aeternum    suorum    laborum    facile   praeconium 
patiatur.     Themistoclem  ilium,  summum  Athenis  virum, 
dixisse  aiunt,  cum  ex  eo  quaereretur  quod  acroama  aut 
cuius  vocem  libentissime  audlret :   '  eius,  a  quo  sua  virtus 
optime  praedicaretur.'     Itaque  ille   Marius  item  eximie280 
L.  Plotium  dilexit,  cuius  ingenio  putabat  ea  quae  gesserat 
posse  celebrari. 

Mithridaticum  vero  bellum,  magnum  atque  difficile  et 
in  multa  varietate  terra  marlque  versatum,  totum  ab  hoc 
expressum  est;   qui  libri  non  modo  L.  Lucullum,  fortissi-286 
mum  et  clarissimum  virum,  verum  etiam  populi  Romani 
nomen  inlustrant.     Populus  enim  Romanus  aperuit  Lu- 


122 


M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 


cullo  imperante  Pontum,  et  regiis  quondam  opibus  et  ipsa 
natura  et    regione   vallatum;    populi   Romaiii  exercitus 

29oeodem  duce  non  maxima  manu  innumerabiles  Arme- 
niorum  oopias  fudit;  populi  Romani  laus  est  urbem 
amicissimam  Cyzicenorum  eiusdem  consilio  ex  omni  impetu 
regio  atque  totlus  belli  ore  ac  faucibus  ereptam  esse  atque 
servatam;   nostra  semper  feretur  et  praedicabitur  L.  Lti- 

295  cullo  dimicante,  cum  interfectis  ducibus  depressa  hostium 
classis  est,  incredibilis  apud  Tenedum  pugna  ilia  navalis; 
nostra  sunt  tropaea,  nostra  monumenta,  nostrl  triumph!. 
Quae  quorum  ingenils  efferuntur,  ab  eis  populi  Romani 
fama   celebratur.     Carus   fuit   Africano   superiorl   noster 

aooEnnius,  itaque  etiam  in  sepulcro  Sclpionum  putatur  is 
esse  constitutus  ex  marmore;  cuius  laudibus  certe  non 
solum  ipse  qui  laudatur,  sed  etiam  populi  Romani  nomen 
ornatur.  In  caelum  huius  proavus  Cato  toUitur ;  magnus 
honos  populi  Romani  rebus  adiungitur.     Omnes  denique 


The  Bust  of  Ennius  on  the  Scipio  Sarcophagus 


PRO  ARCHIA  ORATIO 


123 


illi  Maximi,  Marcelli,  Fulvii  non  sine  communi  omnium  305 
nostrum  laude  decorantur. 

The  great  leaders  of  history  have  longed  to  be  remembered  in  verse. 

10,  Ergo  ilium  qui  haec  fecerat,  Rudlnum  hominem, 
maiores  nostrl  in  civitatem  receperunt ;  nos  hunc  Hera- 
cllensem  multis  civita- 
tibus  expetltum,  in  hac 
autem  legibus  consti- 
tutum  de  nostra  civi- 
tate  eiciemus  ? 

Nam  si  quis  mino- 
rem  gloriae  fructum 
putat  ex  Graecis  ver- 
sibus  percipl  quam  ex 
Latlnls,  vehementer 
errat,  propterea  quod 
Graeca  leguntur  in  om- 
nibus fere  gentibus, 
Latina  suls  finibus  ex- 
iguis  sane  continentur. 
Quare  si  res  eae  quas 
gessimus  orbis  terrae 
regionibus  definiuntur, 
cupere  debemus,  quo 
manuum  nostrarum 
tela   pervenerint, 

eodem  gloriam  famamque  penetrare;  quod  cum  ipsissao 
populls  de  quorum  rebus  scribitur,  haec  ampla  sunt,  tum 
eis  certe,  qui  de  vita  gloriae  causa  dimicant,  hoc  maximum 
et  periculorum  incitamentum  est  et  laborum.  Quam  mul- 
tos  scrlptores  rerum  suarum  magnus  ille  Alexander  secum 
habuisse  dicitur !  Atque  is  tamen,  cum  in  Sigeo  ad  336 
Achillis    tumulum    adstitisset :     'O    fortunate/    inquit, 


Alexander  the  Great 


124  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

'adulescens,  qui  tuae  virtutis  Homerum  praeconem  in- 
veneris ! '  Et  vere.  Nam  nisi  Ilias  ilia  exstitisset,  idem 
tumulus  qui  corpus  eius  contexerat  nomen  etiam  obruisset. 

340 Quid?  Noster  hic  Magnus,  qui  cum  virtute  fortunam 
adaequavit,  nonne  Theophanem  Mytilenaeum,  scrip torem 
rerum  suarum,  in  contione  militum  civitate  donavit;  et 
nostri  illi  fortes  viri,  sed  rustici  ac  milites,  dulcedine  qua- 
dam  gloriae   commoti,   quasi   parti  cipes   eiusdem  laudis, 

345  magno  illud  clamore  approbaverunt  ? 

Itaque,  credo,  si  civis  Romanus  Archias  legibus  non 
esset,  ut  ab  aliquo  imperatore  civitate  donaretur  perficere 
non  potuit.  Sulla  cum  Hispanos  et  Gallos  donaret,  credo, 
hunc  petentem  repudiasset ;  quem  nos  in  contione  vidimus, 

350  cum  el  libellum  mains  poeta  de  populo  subiecisset,  quod 
epigramma  in  eum  fecisset  tantum  modo  alternis  versibus 
longiusculis,  statim  ex  eis  rebus  quas  tum  vendebat  iubere 
el  praemium  tribul,  sed  ea  condicione,  ne  quid  postea 
scriberet.     Qui   sedulitatem   mall   poetae   duxerit   aliquo 

355tamen  praemio  dignam,  huius  ingenium  et  virtutem  in 
scribendo  et  copiam  non  expetisset?  Quid?  A  Q. 
Metello  Pio,  familiarissimo  suo,  qui  civitate  multos  dona- 
vit, neque  per  se  neque  per  Lucullos  impetravisset  ?  Qui 
praesertim  usque  eo  de  suis  rebus  scribi  cuperet  ut  etiam 

deoCordubae  natis  poetis,  pingue  quiddam  sonantibus  atque 
peregrlnum,  tamen  aures  suas  dederet. 

The  desire  for  praise  and  fame  is  common  to  all. 

11.  Neque  enim  est  hoc  dissimulandum,  quod  obscurarl 
non  potest,  sed  prae  nobis  ferendum :  trahimur  omnes 
studio  laudis,  et  optimus  quisque  maxime  gloria  ducitur. 
865lpsi  illl  philosophi,  etiam  in  eis  libellls  quos  de  contem- 
nenda  gloria  scribimt,  nomen  suum  Inscribunt ;  in  eo  ipso, 
in  quo  praedicationem  nobilitatemque  despiciunt,  prae- 
dicarl   de   se   ac   nominarl    volunt.       Decimus    quidem 


PRO  ARCHIA   ORATIO 


125 


Brutus,  summus  vir  et  imperator,  Acci,  amicissiml  sul, 
carminibus  templorum  ac  monumentorum  aditus  exor-370 
navit  suorum.  lam  vero  ille 
qui  cum  Aetolis  Emiio  comite 
bellavit,  Fulvius,  non  dubi- 
tavit  Martis  manubias  Musis 
consecrare.  Quare  in  qua  urbe 
imperatores  prope  armati 
poetarum  nomen  et  Musarum 
delubra  coluerunt,  in  ea  non 
debent  togati  indices  a  Musa- 
rum honore  et  a  poetarum 
salute  abhorrere. 

Atque  ut  id  libentius 
f  aciatis,  iam  me  vobis,  iudices, 
indicabo  et  de  meo  quodam 
amore  gloriae,  nimis  acri 
fortasse  verum  tamen  ho- 
nesto,  vobis  confitebor.  Nam 
quas  res  nos  in  consulatu 
nostro  voblscum  simul  pro 
salute  huius  urbis  atque  im- 
peri  et  pro  \^ta  civium  pro- 
que  universa  re  publica  gessimus,  attigit  hic  versibus 
atque  incohavit.  Quibus  audltls,  quod  mihi  magna  res  et 
iucunda  visa  est,  hunc  ad  perficiendum  adhortatus  sum. 
Nullam  enim  virtus  aliam  mercedem  laborum  pericul 5-395 
rumque  desiderat  praeter  banc  laudis  et  gloriae ;  qua 
quidem  detracts,  iudices,  quid  est  quod  in  hoc  tam  exiguo 
vitae  curricul5  et  tam  brevi  tantis  nos  in  laboribus  exer- 
ceamus?  Certe  si  nihil  animus  praesentlret  in  posterum, 
et  si  quibus  regionibus  vitae  spatium  circumscriptum  est,  400 
eisdem  omnes  cogitationes  terminaret  suas,  nee  tantis  se 
laboribus  frangeret  neque  tot  curis  vigil  iisque  angeretur 


Calliope,  thk  Muse  of  Epic 
Poetry 


126 


M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 


nee  totiens  de  ipsa  vita  dimicaret.     Nune  insidet  quae* 

dam  in  optimo  quoqiie  virtus,  quae  noctes  ac  dies  animum 

405gloriae  stimulis  concitat,  atque  admonet  non  cum  vitae 

tempore  esse  dimitten- 
dam  commemorationem 
nominis  nostri,  sed  cum 
omni  posteritate  adae- 
quandam. 


Literature  a  lasting  monu- 
ment. Archias  must  be  re- 
ceived and  protected  as  a 
citizen. 

12.   An  vero  tarn  par\'i 
animi   videamur   esse 
omnes,  qui  in  re  ptiblica 
atque  in  his  vitae  pericu- 
lls    laboribusque    versa- 
mur,   ut   cum  usque   ad 
extremum    spatium   nul- 
lum   tranquillum    atque 
otiosum    spiritum    duxe- 
rimus,    nobiscum     simul 
moritura  omnia   arbitre- 
mur?      An     statuas     et 
imagines,  non  animorum 
simulacra  sed  corporum, 
studiose     multi      summi 
homines  reliquerunt ;  con- 
siliorum    relinquere    ac     virtutum     nostrarum     effigiem 
nonne  multo  malle  debemus,  summis  ingeniis  expressam 
et  polTtam?     Ego  vero  omnia  quae  gerebam  iam  tum  in 
48ogerendo  spargere  me  ac   disseminare   arbitrabar   in   orbis 


Thalia,  the  Muse  of  Comedy 


PRO   ARCHIA   ORATIO  127 

terrae  memoriam  sempiternam.  Haec  vero  sive  a  meo 
sensti  post  mortem  afutura  est  sIve,  ut  sapient issimi  homi- 
nes putaverimt,  ad  aliquam  animi  mel  partem  pertinebit, 
nunc  quidem  certe  cogitatione  quadam  speque  delector. 

Quare  conservate,  indices,  hominem  pudore  eo,  quern  433 
amicorum  videtis  comprobari  cum  dignitate  tum  etiam 
vetustate ;  ingenio  autem  tanto  quantum  id  convenit 
existimarl,  quod  summorum  hominum  ingenils  expetltum 
esse  videatis;  causa  vero  eius  modi  quae  beneficio  legis, 
auctoritate  municipi,  testimonio  Luculll,  tabulls  Metelll44(> 
comprobetur.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  petimus  a  vobis, 
iudices,  si  qua  non  modo  humana  verum  etiam  divlna  in 
tantis  ingenils  commendatio  debet  esse,  ut  eum  qui  vos, 
qui  vestros  imperatores,  qui  popull  Roman!  res  gestas 
semper  ornavit,  qui  etiam  his  recentibus  nostrls  vestrisque  445 
domesticis  perlculis  aeternum  se  testimonium  laudis 
daturum  esse  profitetur,  estque  ex  eo  numero  qui  semper 
apud  omnes  sancti  sunt  habiti  itaque  diet!,  sic  in  vestram 
accipiatis  fidem,  ut  humanitate  vestra  levatus  potius  quam 
acerbitate  violatus  esse  videatur.  450 

Quae  de  causa  pro  mea  consuetudine  breviter  simplici- 
terque  dixl,  iudices,  ea  confldo  probata  esse  omnibus; 
quae  a  forensi  aliena  iudiciahque  consuetudine  et  de 
hominis  ingenio  et  commfmiter  de  ipso  studio  locutus 
sum,  ea,  indices,  a  vobIs  spero  esse  in  bonam  partem  455 
accepta;   ab  eo  qui  indicium  exercet,  certo  scio. 


C.  Juiiius  Caesar 
(From  a  bust  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples) 


ri28j 


SELECTIONS   FOR   SIGHT   READING 

M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 
PRO   M.    MARCELLO   ORATIO 

Marcus  Claudius  Marcellus  was  a  distinguished  advocate,  consul  in 
51  B.C.,  and  leader  of  the  senatorial  party.  He  was  a  bitter  enemy  of 
Caesar,  even  proposing  the  latter's  recall  from  his  province.  After 
the  battle  of  Pharsalus  (48  B.C.)  and  the  defeat  of  Pompey,  he  retired 
to  the  island  of  Lesbos,  and  engaged  in  the  study  of  philosophy.  He  dis- 
dained to  seek  the  conqueror's  pardon,  though  appealed  to  by  Cicero 
to  do  so.  In  46  B.C.  pardon  was  granted  him  through  the  efforts  of  a 
relative,  Gaius  Marcellus,  whose  entreaty  as  he  threw  himself  at  the  feet 
of  Caesar  was  seconded  by  the  whole  Senate.  When  Caesar  generously 
offered  to  grant  the  request,  and  put  the  question  to  a  formal  vote  of  the 
Senate,  Cicero  in  his  turn  delivered  the  panegyric,  known  as  "  The  Ora- 
tion for  Marcellus."  Marcellus,  however,  did  not  live  to  return  to  Rome, 
for  on  his  way  he  was  assassinated  at  the  harbor  of  Athens  by  one  of  his 
own  party.  The  Athenians  honored  him  with  burial  in  their  own  Acad- 
emy. 

Cicero's  silence  is  broken  by  Caesar's  clemency. 

1.  Diuturni  silenti/  patres  conscript!,  quo  eram  -  his 
temporibus  tisus  non  timore  ^  aliquo,  sed  partim  dolore, 
partim  verecundia,  finem  hodiernus  dies  attulit  idemque 
initium,  quae  vellem  quaeque  sentlrem,  meo  pristino 
more  dicendi.  Tantam  enim  mansuetudinem,  tarn  inusi-5 
tatam  inaudltamque  ciementiam,  tantum  in  summa  po- 
testate  rerum  omnium  modum/  tam  denique  incredibilem 

1.  *  Cicero  had  not  spoken  in  the  Senate  since  52  b.c.  ^  eram  usus, 
we  should  expect  the  pres.  perf .     ^  timore,  etc.,  abl.  of  cause.     *  moderation. 

129 


130  M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 

sapientiam    ac    paene    divinam    tacitus    praeterire   nullo 
modo   possum.     M.   enim   Marcello  ^   vobis,   patres   con- 

10  script!,  reique  publicae  reddito  non  illius  solum,  sed  etiam 
meam  vocem  et  auctoritatem  et  vobIs  et  rei  publicae  con- 
servatam  ac  restitutam  puto. 

Dolebam  enim,  patres  conscripti,  et  vehementer  ange- 
bar  virum  talem,  cum  ^  in  eadem  causa  in  qua  ego  fuisset, 

15  non  in  eadem  esse  forttina ;  nee  mihi  persuadere  poteram, 
nee  fas  esse  ducebam,  versari  me  in  nostro  vetere 
curriculo/  illo  aemulo  ^  atque  imitatore^  studiorum 
ac  laborum  meorum  quasi  quodam  socio  a  me  et 
comite    distracto.     Ergo    et    mihi    meae    pristinae    vitae 

20  consuetudinem,  C.  Caesar,  interclusam  aperuisti,  et  his  ^^ 
omnibus  ad  bene  de  omni  re  ptiblica  sperandum  quasi 
signum  ^^  aliquod  sustulisti.  Intellectum  est  enim  mihi 
quidem  in^^  multis  et  maxime  in  me  ipso,  sed  paulo  ante 
omnibus,^^   cum   M.   Marcellum   senatui    reique  publicae 

25  concessisti  commemoratis  praesertim  offensionibus,  te 
auctoritatem  huius  ordinis  dignitatemque  rei  publicae  tuls 
vel  doloribus  vel  suspicionibus  anteferre. 

Ille  ^^  quidem  fructum  omnis  ante  actae  ^^  vitae  hodierno 
die  maximum  cepit,  cum  summo  consensu  senatus,^^  tum 

soiudicio  tuo  gravissimo  et  maximo.^^  Ex  quo  prof ec to 
intellegis,  quanta  in  dato  beneficio  sit  laus,  cum  in  accepto 
sit  tanta  gloria.  Est  vero  fortunatus  ille,  cuius  ex  salute 
non  minor  paene  ad  omnes,  quam  ad  ipsum  ventura  sit, 
laetitia  pervenerit ;    quod  quidem  ei  merito  atque  optimo 

35iure  contigit.  Quis  enim  est  illo  aut  nobilitate  aut  pro- 
bitate  ^^  aut  optimarum  artium  studio  aut  innocentia  aut 
uUo  laudis  genere  praestantior  ? 

8  abl.  abs.  w.  reddito.  ^  though.  ''  routine.  »  rival.  '  imitator,  ^o  these 
senators.  "  standard,  a  military  term.  12  {^  the  case  of.  "  contrasted  w. 
mihi.  14  Marcellus.  i^  ante  aetae,  past,  i^  The  Senate  unanimously  re- 
quested the  pardon  of  Marcellus.     "  most  significant.     ^^  honesty. 


PRO  M.  MARCELLO   ORATIO  131 

Caesar's  pardoning  of  Marcellus  excels  even  the  glory  of  his  mili- 
tary achievements. 

2.   Nullius  ^  tantum  fiumen  ^  est  ingeni,  nullius  dicendl 
aut  scribendi  tanta  vis,  tanta  copia,  quae  non  dicam  exor- 
nare,^   sed  enarrare,   C.   Caesar,   res  tuas   gestas    possit.  40 
Tamen  adfirmo,^  et  hoc  pace  ^  dicam  tua,  ntillam  in  his  ^ 
esse  laudem  ampHorem  quam  earn,  quam  hodierno  die  con- 
secutus  es.     Soleo  saepe  ante  oculos  ponere  idque^  Ubenter 
crebris    usurpare  ^    sermonibus,   omnes  ^    nostrorum    im- 
peratorum,  omnes   exterarum   gentium  potentissimorum- 45 
que   populorum,  omnes   clarissimorum  regum  res   gestas 
cum  tuis  ^^  nee   contentionum  magnitudine  nee  numero 
proeHorum   nee   varietate   regionum   nee    celeritate    con- 
ficiendi  nee  dissimiUttidine  bellorum  posse  conferri;    nee 
vero    disiunctissimas    terras    citius    passibus    cuiusquam50 
potuisse  peragrari,^^  quam  tuis  non  dicam  cursibus,  sed 
victoriis  lustratae  ^^  sunt. 

Quae  quidem  ego  nisi  ita  magna  esse  fatear,  ut  ea  vix 
cuiusquam  mens  aut  cogitatio  capere  ^^  possit,  amens  ^^ 
sim;  sed  tamen  sunt  aha  maiora.  Nam  belhcas  laudes55 
Solent  quidam  extenuare  ^^  verbis  easque  detrahere  duci- 
bus,  communicare  ^®  cum  multis,  ne  propriae  sint  impera- 
torum.  Et  certe  in  armis  mihtum  virtus,  locorum  oppor- 
tunitas,  auxiUa  sociorum,  classes,  commeatus  multum 
iuvant;  maximam  vero  partem  quasi  suo  iure  Fortunaeo 
sibi  vindicat  ^^  et,  quicquid  prospere  ^^  gestum  est,  id 
paene  omne  ducit  suum. 

At  vero  huius  gloriae,^^  C.  Caesar,  quam  es  paulo  ante 
adeptus,  socium  habes  neminem ;    totum  hoc,  quantum- 

2.  1  of  no  one.  ^  stream.  ^  extol.  *  assert.  ^  permission.  ^  sc.  rebus 
gestis.  ''the  fact,  stated  in  the  following  clause.  ^  speak  of.  ^  w.  res 
gestas.  1°  sc.  rebus,  modifying  conferri  (be  compared).  ^^  have  been 
traversed.  ^^  visited.  ^^  compass.  ^*  senseless.  ^^  belittle.  i®  share. 
*^  claims.     ^^  successfully,     i^  derived    from    the    pardon    of    Marcellus- 


132  M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 

85  cumque  est,  quod  certe  maximum  est,  totum  est,  inquam, 
tuum.  Nihil  sibi  ex  ista  laude  centurio,  nihil  praefectus 
nihil  cohors,  nihil  turma  ^^  decerpit ;  '^^  quln  etiam  ilia  ips8 
rerum  humanarum  domina,^^  Fortuna,  in  istius  societa- 
tem  gloriae  se  non  offert ;  ^^  tibi  cedit,  tuam  esse  totam  el 

70  propriam  f atetur.  Numquam  enim  temeritas  cum  sapien- 
tia  commiscetur,24  neque  ad  consilium  casus  admittitur. 

Caesar,  the  conqueror  of  nations. 

3.  Domuisti  ^  gentes  immanitate  ^  barbaras,  multi- 
tudine  innumerabiles,  locis  mfinltas,  omni  copiarum  genere 
abundantes ;  ^    sed  tamen  ea  vicistl,  quae  et  naturam  et 

75  condicionem,  ut  vinci  possent,  habebant.  Nulla  est  enim 
tanta  vis,  quae  non  ferro  et  viribus  debilitari  frangique 
possit.  Animum  vincere,  iracundiam  "^  cohibere,  victoriae 
temperare,^  adversarium  ^  nobilitate,  ingenio,  virttite  prae- 
stantem  non  modo  extollere  ^  iacentem,  sed  etiam  ampli- 

soficare  eius  pristinam  dignitatem,  haec  qui  facit,  non  ego 
eum  cum  summis  viris  comparo,  sed  simillimum  deo 
itidico. 

Itaque,  C.  Caesar,  bellicae  tuae  laudes  celebrabuntur 
illae  quidem  non  solum  nostris,  sed  paene  omnium  gen- 

85  tium  litteris  atque  linguis,  nee  ulla  umquam  aetas  de  tuis 
laudibus  conticescet ;  ^  sed  tamen  eius  modi  res  nescio 
quo  modo,  etiam  cum  leguntur,  obstrepi^  clamore  mllitum 
videntur  et  tubarum  sono.^^  At  vero  cum  aliquid  cle- 
menter,   mansuete,^^   itiste,   moderate,   sapienter   factum, 

90  in  12  iracundia  praesertim,  quae  est  inimica  consilio,  et  in 
victoria,  quae  natura  insolens  et  superba  est,  audimus 
aut  legimus,  quo  studio  incendimur  non  modo  in  gestis  ^ 

2°  troop.     21  claims  a  share.     "  mistress.     ^3  thrust.     ^4  united. 

3.  1  subdued.  ^  ferocity.  ^  rich.  *  anger.  ^  be  moderate  (in  the  time 
of) .  *  adversary.  '  raise.  ^  will  be  silent.  ^  be  overwhelmed.  ^°  sound, 
1^  vnth  humanity.     ^  in  a  time  of.     ^^  real. 


PRO  M.  MARCELLO   ORATIO  133 

reb'js,  sed  etiam  in  fictis/^  ut  eos  saepe,  quos  numquam 
vidimus,  diligamus  !  Te  vero,  quern  praesentem  ^^  intue- 
mur,  cuius  mentem  sensusque  et  os  cernimus,  ut,  quicquid95 
belli  ^^  fortuna  reliquum  ^^  rel  publicae  fecerit,  id  esse 
salvum  veils,  quibus  laudibus  efferemus,  quibus  studiis 
prosequemur,  qua  benevolentia  complectemur  !  ^^  Parie- 
tes  medius  fidius,^^  ut  mihi  videtur,  huius  curiae  tibi 
gratias  agere  gestiunt,^^  quod  brevi  tempore  futura  sit  ilia  lOO 
auctoritas  ^^  in  his  maiorum  suorum  et  suis  sedibus. 

Caesar,  the  conqueror  of  himself. 

4.  Equidem  ^  cum  C.^  Marcelll,  viri  optimi  et  com- 
memorabili  ^  pietate  praediti,  lacrimas  modo  vobiscum 
viderem,  omnium  Marcellorum  meum  pectus  ^  memoria 
obfudit,^  quibus  tu  etiam  mortuls  M.  Marcello  conservato  105 
dignitatem  suam  reddidisti  ®  nobilissimamque  familiam 
iam  ad  paucos  redactam  ^  paene  ab  interitu  vindicasti. 
Hunc  tu  igitur  diem  tuis  maximis  et  innumerabilibus 
gratulationibus  itire  antepones.  Haec  enim  res  unlus 
est  propria  C.  Caesaris;  ceterae  duce  te  gestae  magnaeiio 
illae  quidem,  sed  tamen  multo  magnoque  comitatu. 
Huius  autem  rel  tu  idem  ^  es  et  dux  et  comes ;  quae 
quidem  tanta  est,^  ut  tropaeis  et  monumentis  tuis  adla- 
tura  finem  sit  aetas  (nihil  est  enim  opere  et  manti  fac- 
tum, quod  non  aliquando  conficiat  et  consumat  vetustas) ;  115 
at  haec  tua  iustitia  et  lenitas  animi  florescit  cotidie  magis, 
ita  ut,  quantum  tuis  operibus  dititurnitas  detrahet,  tan- 
tum  adferat  laudibus. 

Et  ceteros  quidem  omnes  victores  bellorum  civilium  iam 

"  imaginary.  ^^  present.  1*  w.  fortuna.  ^^  reliquum  fecerit  =  relique- 
rit.  ^^  honor,  ''medius  fidius  (sc.  iuvet),  I  declare.  ^°  are  eager.  ^^  i.e. 
that  influential  man,  Marcellus. 

4  '  for  my  own  part.  ^  brother  or  cousin  of  Marcus.  ^  memorable. 
*  breast,  heart.  ^  filled.  *  have  restored.  ''  reduced.  ^  at  once.  '  tanta 
est  at  (anacoluthon),  is  so  great  that  while  ...  at,  yet. 


134 


M.   TULLI   CICERO  N  IS 


The  Piraeus,  the  Harbor  of  Athens 
(Where  Marcellus  was  assassinated) 

120  ante  aequitate  et  misericordia  viceras ;  hodierno  vero  die 
te  ipsum  vicisti.  Vereor  ut  hoc,  quod  dicam,  perinde^'* 
intellegl  possit  auditum,  atque  ipse  cogitans  sentio :  ipsam 
victoriam  vicisse  videris,  cum  ea,  quae  ilia  erat  adepta, 
victis   remisisti.     Nam   cum   ipsius   victoriae   condicione 

l25omnes  victi  occidissemus,  clementiae  tuae  itidicio  con- 
servati  sumus.  Recte  igitur  tinus  invictus  es,  a  quo  etiam 
ipsius  victoriae  condicio  visque  devicta  est. 

Caesar's  love  of  peace  shown  by  the  pardon  of  Marcellus. 

5.  Atque  hoc  C.  Caesaris  itidicium,  patres  conscript!, 
quam  late  pateat,  attendite.  Omnes  enim,  qui  ad  ilia 
130  arm  a  fat  5  sumus  nescio  quo  rei  public  ae  miser  o  fiinesto- 
que  ^  compulsi,  etsi  aliqua  culpa  tenemur  ^  erroris  humani, 
scelere  certe  liberati  sumus.  Nam,  cum  M.  Marcellum 
deprecantibus  vobis  rei  publicae  conservavit,  me  et  mihi 
et  item  rei  publicae  nullo  deprecante,  reliquos  amplissimos 


10  perinde  atque,  exactly  as. 

5.  *  Jatal.     '  are  guilty  of  some  favli. 


PRO   M.   MARCELLO   ORATIO  135 

viros  et  sibi  ipsos  et  patriae  reddidit,  quorum  et  frequen-i35 
tiam  et  dignitatem  hoc  ipso  in  consessu  ^  videtis.     Non 
ille  hostes  induxit  in  curiam,  sed  iudicavit  a  plerisque  ^ 
ignoratione  potius  et  f  also  atque  inani '"  metu  quam  cupi- 
ditate  aut  crudelitate  bellum  esse  susceptum. 

Quo  quidem  in  bello  semper  de  pace  audiendum  putavi,  140 
semperque  dolui  ^  non  modo  pacem,  sed  etiam  orationem 
civium  pacem  flagitantium  repudiari.  Neque  enim  ego 
ilia  nee  ulla  umquam  secutus  sum  arma  civilia,  semperque 
mea  consilia  pacis  et  togae  socia,''  non  belli  atque  armo- 
rum  fuerunt.  Hominem  ^  sum  secutus  privato  ^  officio,  145 
non  publico ;  tantumque  apud  me  grati  animi  fidelis 
memoria  valuit,  ut  nulla  non  modo  cupiditate,  sed  ne 
spe  quidem  prudens  ^^  et  sciens  tamquam  ad  interitum 
ruerem  ^^  voluntarium. 

Quod  quidem  meum  consilium  minime  obscurum  ^^  fuit.  150 
Nam  et  in  hoc  ordine  integra  re  ^^  multa  de  pace  dixi  et 
in  ipso  bello  eadem  etiam  cum  capitis  mel  perlculo  sensi. 
Ex  quo  nemo  iam  erit  tam  iniustus  existimator  ^"^  rerum, 
qui  dubitet,  quae  Caesaris  de  bello  voluntas  fuerit,  cum 
pacis  auctores  conservandos  statim  censuerit,  ceteris  ^^  155 
fuerit  iratior.  Atque  id  minus  mirum  fortasse  tum,  cum 
esset  incertus  exitus  et  anceps  fortuna  belli;  qui  vero 
victor  pacis  auctores  diligit,  is  profecto  declarat  se  maluisse 
non  dimicare  quam  vincere. 

Let  Caesar  continue  to  exhibit  his  generosity. 

6.   Atque  huius   quidem  rei   M.  Marcello  sum  testis,  led 
Nostri  enim  sensus  ut  in  pace  semper,  sic  tum  etiam  in 
bello   congruebant.^     Quotiens   ego  eum  et  quanto   cum 

3  assembly.  *  most  of  them.  ^  groundless.  «  grieved.  ^  on  the  side  of, 
allied  to.  ^  i.e.  Pompey.  ^  from  personal  devotion,  i"  with  eyes  open. 
"  rushed  on.  12  concealed.  ^^  integra  re :  i.e.  before  the  war.  "  critic, 
iudge.     "  dat.,  at  the  rest. 

6.  *  agreed. 


136  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

dolore  vidi   cum  msolentiam  ^  certorum  hominum,   turn 
etiam  ipsius  victoriae  ferocitatem  extimescentem  !  ^     Quo 

165gratior  tua  llberalitas,  C.  Caesar,  nobis,  qui  ilia  vidimus^ 
debet  esse.  Non  enim  iam  causae  sunt  inter  se,  sed  vic- 
toriae comparandae.  Vidimus  tuam  victoriam  proelio- 
rum  exitu  terminatam,  gladium  vagina  vacuum  ^  in  urbe 
non  vidimus.     Quos  amisimus  cives,  eos  Martis  ^  vis  per- 

iTOCulit,  non  ira*^  victoriae,  ut  dubitare  debeat  nemo,  quln 
multos,  SI  fieri  posset,  C.  Caesar  ab  inferis  excitaret, 
quoniam  ex  eadem  acie  conservat,  quos  potest.  Alterius 
vero  partis  nihil  amplius  dicam  quam,  id  quod  omnes 
verebamur,  nimis  iracundam  '^  futuram  fuisse  victoriam. 

17o  Quidam  enim  non  modo  armatis,  sed  interdum  etiam 
otiosis  minabantur;  nee  quid  quisque  sensisset,  sed  ubi 
fuisset,  cogitandum  esse  dicebant ;  ut  mihi  quidem  videan- 
tur  di  immortales,  etiamsi  poenas  a  populo  Romano  ob 
aliquod  delictum  ^  expetlverunt,  qui  ^  civile  bellum  tantum 

180  et  tarn  luctuosum  ^^  excitaverunt,  vel  placati  iam  vel 
satiati  ^^  aliquando  omnem  spem  salutis  ad  clementiam 
victoris  et  sapientiam  contulisse. 

Quare  gaude  tuo  isto  tam  excellent!  bono,^^  et  fruere 
cum  fortuna  et  gloria  tum  etiam  natura  et  moribus  tuis, 

185  ex  quo  quidem  maximus  est  fructus  iucunditasque  ^^ 
sapienti.  Cetera  cum  tua  recordabere,  etsi  persaepe 
virtuti,  tamen  plerumque  ^^  f ellcitati  tuae  gratulabere ;  de 
nobis,  quos  in  re  publica  tecum  simul  esse  voluisti,  quo- 
tiens  cogitabis,  totiens  de  maximis  tuis  beneficiis,  totiens 

190  de  incredibill  llberalitate,  totiens  de  singular!  sapientia 
tua  cogitabis ;  quae  non  modo  summa  bona,  sed  nimi- 
rum  ^^  audebo  vel  sola  dicere.  Tantus  est  enim  splendor 
in  laude  vera,  tanta  in  magnitudine  animi  et  consili  dig- 

'  presumption.  ^  dreading.  ^  vagina  vacuum:  unsheathed.  *  of  Mars. 
^  wrath  (after) .  ''angry,  ^offense.  ^  when  they.  ^^  sorrowful.  ^^  satisfied. 
w  disposition.     "  pleasure.     ^*  generally.     ^^  certainly. 


PRO  M.   MARCELLO   ORATIO  137 

nitas,  ut  haec  a  Virtute  donata,  cetera  a  Forttina  com- 
modata  ^^  esse  videantur.  Noli  igitur  in  conservandis  195 
bonis  virls  defatigarl/^  non  cupiditate  praesertim  aliqua 
aut  pravitate  ^^  lapsis/^  sed  opinione  offici  stulta  fortasse, 
certe  non  improba,  et  specie  quadam  rei  ptiblicae.  Non 
enim  tua  ulla  culpa  est,  si  te  aliqui  timuerunt ;  contraque 
summa  laus,  quod  minime  timendum  fuisse  senserunt.       200 

The  safety  of  Caesar  is  the  safety  of  all. 

7.  Nunc  venio  ad  gravissimam  querellam  ^  et  atrocis- 
simam  suspicionem  tuam,  quae  non  tibi  ipsi  magis  quam 
cum  2  omnibus  civibus,  tum  ^  maxime  nobis,  qui  a  te 
conservati  sumus,  providenda  est;  quam  etsi  spero  fal- 
sam  esse,  tamen  numquam  extenuabo>  Tua  enim  cautio  '"  205 
nostra  cautio  est,  ut,  si  in  alterutro  ^  peccandum  ^  sit, 
malim  videri  nimis  timidus  quam  parum  prudens.  Sed 
quisnam  est  iste  tam  demens  ?  De  ^  tuisne  ?  —  tametsi  qui 
magis  sunt  tui,  quam  quibus  tii  salutem  insperantibus 
reddidisti  ?  —  an  ex  hoc  numero,  qui  una  tecum  f uerunt  ?  210 
Non  est  credibilis  tantus  in  ullo  furor,  ut,  quo  duce  omnia 
summa  sit  adeptus,  huius  vitam  non  anteponat  suae. 
An,  si  nihil  tui  ^  cogitant  sceleris,  cavendum  est,  ne  quid 
inimici?  Qui?  Omnes  enim,  qui  fuerunt,  aut  sua  per- 
tinacia  ^^  vitam  amiserunt  aut  tua  misericordia  retinue-  215 
runt,  ut  aut  nulli  supersint  de  inimicis  aut,  qui  fuerunt, 
sint  amicissimi. 

Sed  tamen  cum  in  animis  hominum  tantae  latebrae  sint 
et  tanti  recessus,^^  augeamus  sane  suspicionem  tuam; 
simul  enim  augebimus  diligentiam.     Nam  quis  est  omnium  220 

^*  lent.     1^  become  weary.     ^^  from  depravity.     ^^  when  they  have  erred. 

7.  1  complaint.  2  omit  in  translating.  ^  5^^,  4  niake  light  of.  ^  caution 
for  you.  ^  in  one  way  or  the  other.  ''  err.  ^  some  one  of.  '  your  friends. 
1°  obstinacy,  shown  by  their  continuing  opposition  after  the  battle  of 
Pharsalus.     ^^  dark  corners. 


138  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

tam  ignarus  ^^  rerum,  tam  rudis  ^^  in  re  publica,  tarn  nihil 
umquam  nee  de  sua  nee  de  communi  salute  cogitans,  qui 
non  intellegat  tua  salute  contineri  suam  et  ex  unlus  tua 
vita  pendere  omnium  ?     Equidem  ^^  de  te  dies  noctesque, 

225  ut  debeo,  cogitans  casus  dumtaxat  ^^  humanos  et  incer- 
tos  eventus  valettidinis  ^^  et  naturae  communis  fragilita- 
tem  extimesco  ^^  doleoque,  cum  res  publica  immortalis 
esse  debeat,  eam  in  unius  mortalis  anima  consistere.  Si 
vero   ad   humanos   casus   incertosque   motus   valetudinis 

230sceleris  etiam  accedit  insidiarumque  consensio/^  quem 
deum,  SI  cupiat,  posse  opitulari  rei  ptiblicae  credamus? 

Caesar  is  not  to  consider  his  life's  work  ended. 

8.  Omnia  sunt  excitanda  ^  tibi,  C.  Caesar,  unl,  quae 
iacere  sentis  belli  ipsius  impetu,  quod  necesse  fuit,  perculsa 
atque  prostrata;    constituenda  indicia,   revocanda  fides, 

235  comprimendae  libidines,  propaganda  suboles ;  ^  omnia, 
quae  dilapsa  iam  diffluxerunt,^  severis  legibus  vincienda  ^ 
sunt.  Non  fuit  rectisandum  ^  in  tanto  civili  bello,  tanto 
animorum  ardore  et  armorum,  quin  quassata  ^  res  publica, 
quicumque  belli  eventus  f  uisset,  multa  perderet  et  ornamenta 

240  dignitatis  et  praesidia  stabilitatis  suae,  multaque  uterque 
dux  faceret  armatus,  quae  idem  togatus  fieri  prohibuisset. 
Quae  quidem  tibi  nunc  omnia  belli  vulnera  sananda  sunt, 
quibus  praeter  te  mederi  nema  potest. 

Itaque  illam  tuam  praeclarissimam  et  sapientissimam 

245  vocem  ^  in  Vitus  audivi :  '  Satis  diu  vel  naturae  vixi  vel 
gloriae.'  Satis,  si  ita  vis,  fortasse  naturae,  addo  etiam,  si 
placet,  gloriae ;  at,  quod  maximum  est,  patriae  certe 
parum.     Quare    omitte    istam,    quaeso,   doctorum  homi- 

^2  ignorant.  "  inexperienced.  ^*  for  my  part.  ^^  merely.  ^^  health. 
1^  am.  made  afraid.     ^^  conspiracy. 

8.  ^  All  our  institutions  must  be  restored.  ^  the  population  m,ust  be 
increased.  ^  have  become  lax  or  disordered.  *  must  be  strengthened. 
'non  .  .  .  recusandum  :   could  not  be  avoided.     *  violently  shaken.     '  saying. 


PRO   M.   MARCELLO   ORATIO  139 

num  ^  in  contemnenda  morte  prudentiam  ^ ;  noli  nostro 
perlculo  esse  sapiens.  Saepe  enim  venit  ad  aures  meas  te  250 
idem  istud  nimis  crebro  ^'^  dicere,  tibi  satis  te  vixisse. 
Credo ;  sed  turn  id  audlrem,  si  tibi  soli  viveres  aut  si  tibi 
etiam  soli  natus  esses.  Omnium  salutem  civium  cunc- 
tamque  rem  piiblicam  res  tuae  gestae  complexae  sunt ; 
tantum  abes  a  perfectione  maximorum  operum,  ut  fun-25r 
damenta  nondum,  quae  cogitas,  ieceris.^^  Hic  ^^  tti 
niodum  ^^  vitae  tuae  non  saliite  rei  publicae,  sed  aequitate  ^'^ 
animi  definies  ?  Quid,  si  istud  ^^  ne  gloriae  tuae  quidem 
satis  est  ?  Cuius  te  esse  avidissimum,  quamvis  ^^  sis 
sapiens,  non  negabis.  260 

'Parumne  igitur,'  inquies,  'magna  ^^  relinquemus  ? ' 
Immo  vero  aliis  quamvis  multis  satis,  tibi  unl  parum. 
Quicquid  est  enim,  quamvis  amplum  sit,  id  est  parum  tum, 
cum  est  aliquid  amplius.  Quodsi  rerum  tuarum  immor- 
talium,  C.  Caesar,  hic  exitus  futdrus  fuit,  ut  devictis  ^^265 
adversariis  rem  publicam  in  eo  statii  relinqueres,  in  quo 
nunc  est,  vide,  quaeso,  ne  tua  divina  virtus  admirationis 
plus  sit  habitura  quam  gloriae,  siquidem  gloria  ^^  est 
inlustris  ac  pervagata  ^^  magnorum  vel  in  ^i  suos  cives  vel 
in  patriam  vel  in  omne  genus  hominum  fama  meritorum.      270 

Let  Caesar  win  undying  fame  by  reestablishing  the  State. 

9.  Haec  igitur  tibi  reliqua  pars  est,  hic  restat  actus,^ 
in  hoc  elaborandum  est,  ut  rem  publicam  constituas, 
eaque  -  tu  in  primis  summa  tranquillitate  et  otio  perfruare ; 
tum  te,  si  voles,  cum  et  patriae,  quod  debes,  solveris  et 

^  i.e.  the  philosophers.  ^  wisdom.  ^°  frequently.  "  laid.  12  under  these 
circumstances.  ^^  duration.  '*  aequitate  animi :  resignation  (willingness 
to  die).  ^^  that  sentiment  "  satis  diu,"  etc.  ^^  although,  however,  i"  pa- 
rum magna:  achievements  too  small.  ^^  de  +  vinco.  i*  Order:  gloria  est 
fama  magnorum  meritorum.     ^o  widespread.     21  toward. 

9.   1  act;    Caesar  has  a  part  to  play.     ^  sc.  re  publica. 


140  M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 

375  naturam  ipsam  expleveris  ^  satietate  vivendi,  satis  diu 
vixisse  dicito.^  Quid  enim  est  omnlno  ^  hoc  ipsum  "diu," 
in  quo  est  aliquid  extremum?  Quod  cum  venit,  omnis 
voluptas  praeterita  pro  nihilo  est,  quia  postea  nulla  est 
futura.     Quamquam    iste    tuus    animus    numquam    his 

280  angustiis,  quas  nattira  nobis  ad  vivendum  dedit,  contentus 
fuit;  semper  immortalitatis  amore  flagravit.  Nee  vero 
haec  tua  vita  ducenda  ^  est,  quae  corpore  et  spiritu  con- 
tinetur ;  ilia,  inquam,  ilia  vita  est  tua,  quae  vigebit  ^  me- 
moria  saeculorum  omnium,  quam  posteritas  alet,  quam 

285  ipsa  aeternitas  semper  tuebitur.  Huic  tu  mservias,^  huic 
te  ostentes  oportet ;  quae  quidem,  quae  miretur,  iam  pri- 
dem  multa  habet ;  nunc  etiam,  quae  laudet,  exspectat. 

Obstupescent  ^  posterl  certe  imperia,  provincias,  Rhenum, 
Oceanum,     Nilum,     pugnas     innumerabiles,     incredibiles 

290  victorias,  monumenta,  munera,^^  triumphos  audientes  et 
legentes  tuos.  Sed  nisi  haec  urbs  stabilita  tuis  consiliis 
et  institutis  erit,  vagabitur "  modo  tuum  nomen  longe 
atque  late ;  sedem  stabilem  et  domicilium  certum  non 
habebit.     Erit  inter  eos  etiam,  qui  nascentur,  sicut  inter 

295  nos  fuit,  magna  dissensio,  cum  alii  laudibus  ad  caelum  res 
tuas  gestas  efferent,  alii  fortasse  aliquid  requirent,  idque 
vel  maximum,  nisi  belli  civllis  incendium  salute  patriae 
restlnxeris,  ut  illud  ^^  fati  fuisse  videatur,  hoc  ^^  consili. 
Servi  ^^  igitur  eis  etiam  itidicibus,  qui  multis  post  saeculis 

800  de  te  iudicabunt,  et  quidem  haud  scio  an  incorruptius  ^^ 
quam  nos ;  nam  et  sine  amore  et  sine  cupiditate  et  rursus 
sine  odio  et  sine  invidia  itidicabant.  Id  ^^  autem  etiamsi 
tum  ad  te,  ut  quidam  putant,  non  pertinebit,  nunc  certe 

'expleveris  .  .  .  vivendi:  shall  have  satisfied  with  a  full  life,  ''imper- 
ative. *  quid  .  .  .  omnino:  for  what  is  the  meaning,  anyway,  of,  etc. 
•  to  be  considered.  "^  will  flourish.  *  be  subservient.  ^  will  stand  amazed. 
*•  games,  the  public  shows  given  when  he  was  a  magistrate.  "  will  be 
talked  about.  ^^  i.e.  bellum  civile.  ^^  i.e.  salus.  '^  imperative,  give  heed 
to.     ^^  m,ore  honestly,     i*  i.e.  the  judgment  of  posterity. 


PRO  M.  MARCELLO  ORATIO  141 

pertinet  esse  te  talem,  ut  tuas  laudes  obsctiratura  nulla 
umquam  sit  obllvio.  90i 

The  war  being  ended,  all  will  unite  to  protect  the  conqueror. 

10.  Diversae  voluntates  civium  fuerunt  distractaeque 
sententiae.  Non  enim  consiliis  solum  et  studiis,  sed  armis 
etiam  et  castris  dissidebamus ;  ^  erat  enim  obscuritas  quae- 
dam,  erat  certamen  inter  clarissimos  duces ;  multi  dubita- 
bant,  quid  optimum  esset,  multl,  quid  sibi  expediret,^  3io 
multi,  quid  deceret,^  nonnulli  etiam,  quid  liceret.  Per- 
functa  '^  res  publica  est  hoc  misero  fatallque  bello ;  vicit  is, 
qui  non  fortuna  Inflammaret  odium  suum,  sed  bonitate 
leniret,  nee  qui  omnes,  quibus  iratus  esset,  eosdem  exsilio  aut 
morte  dignos  iudicaret.  Arma  ab  aliis  ^  posit  a,  ab  aliis  ®  3i5 
erepta  sunt.  Ingratus  est  iniustusque  civis,  qui  armorum 
perlculo  liberatus  animum  tamen  retinet  armatum,  ut 
etiam  ille  melior  sit  qui  in  acie  cecidit,^  qui  in  causa 
animam  profudit.  Quae  enim  pertinacia  ^  quibusdam, 
eadem  aliis  constantia  viderl  potest.  320 

Sed  iam  omnis  fracta  dissensio  est  armIs,  exstincta 
aequitate  victoris ;  restat,  ut  omnes  unum  velint,  qui  modo 
habent  aliquid  non  solum  sapientiae,  sed  etiam  sanitatis.^ 
Nisi  te,  C.  Caesar,  salvo  et  in  ista  sententia,  qua  cum 
antea,  tum  hodie  vel  maxime  iisus  es,  manente,  salvl  esse  325 
non  possumus.  Quare  onmes  te,  qui  haec  salva  esse  volu- 
mus,  et  hortamur  et  obsecramus,^"  ut  vltae  tuae  et  salHtl 
consulas ;  omnesque  tibi  ^^  (ut  pro  aliis  etiam  loquar,  quod 
de  me  ipse  sentio),  quoniam  subesse  ^^  aliquid  putas,  quod 
cavendum  sit,^^  non  modo  excubias  ^^  et  custodies,  sed  330 
etiam  laterum  nostrorum  oppositus  et  corporum  pollicemur. 

10.  1  were  at  variance.  ^  was  expedient.  ^  was  becoming.  *  has  fin- 
ished.  ^hy  some.  'from,  others,  ''fell,  ^obstinacy.  ^  good  sense.  ^^  en- 
treat. "  w.  pollicemur.  ^^  (^  ^g)  concealed.  "  must  be  avoided.  "  jm^o- 
teetion. 


142  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

Caesar's  crowning  kindness. 

11.  Sed  ut,  unde  est  orsa/  in  eodem  terminetur  oratio, 
maximas  tibi  omnes  gratias  agimus,  C.  Caesar,  maiores 
etiam  habemus.     Nam   omnes  idem    sentiunt,   quod    ex 

335  omnium  precibus  et  lacrimis  sentire  potuistL  Sed  quia 
non  est  omnibus  stantibus  ^  necesse  dicere,  a  me  certe 
dici  volunt,  cui  necesse  est  quodam  modo ;  et,  quod  fieri 
decet,^  M.  Marcello  a  te  huic  ordini  populoque  Romano  et 
rei  publicae  reddito,  fieri  id  intellego.     Nam  laetarl  omnes 

340  non  de  unius  solum,  sed  de  communi  salute  sentio.  Quod 
autem  summae  benevolentiae  est,^  quae  mea  erga  ilium 
omnibus  semper  nota  fuit,  ut  vix  C.  Marcello,  optimo  et 
amantissimo  fratri,  praeter  eum  quidem  cederem  nemini, 
cum  id  sollicitudine,^  cura,  labore  tamdiu  praestiterim, 

345  quamditi  est  de  illius  salute  dubitatum,  certe  hoc  tempore 
magnis  curls,  molestiis,^  doloribus  liberatus  praestare 
debeo.  Itaque,  C.  Caesar,  sic  tibi  gratias  ago  ut,  omnibus 
me  rebus  ^  a  te  non  conservato  solum  sed  etiam  ornato, 
tamen  ad  tua  in  me  unum  innumerabilia  merita,^  quod 

!i50  fieri  iam  posse  non  arbitrabar,  maximus  ^  hoc  tuo  facto 
cumulus  accesserit. 

11.  1  began.  ^  stantibus  dicere  :  to  stand  and  speak.  Cicero  was  a  per- 
sonal friend  of  Marcellus.  ^  quod  decet :  which  is  proper,  w.  antecedent  id, 
explained  by  laetari  omnes.  *  quod.  .  .  .  est :  as  J  or  that  which  is  the  duty 
of  the  deepest  affection.  ^  anxiety.  ^  distress.  ''  abl.  of  specification. 
^benefits.     ^  maximus  cumulus  :  crowning  favor. 


A    (jlKL,    WITH    TaBELLAK   AXD    STILUS 
(From  a  Herculanean  wall  painting) 

M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 
EPISTULAE   SELECTAE^ 

1.    To  Pompey  in  Asia.^ 

M.  Tidlius  M.  F.^  Cicero  S.  D.  Cn.  Pompeio  Cn.  F.  Magno 

Imperdtorl. 

S.  T.  E.  Q.  V.  B.  E.^  Ex  litterls  tuis,  quas  publice^ 
misisti,  cepi  una  cum  omnibus  incredibilem  voluptatem ; 

1.  1  See  Introduction,  11.  2  Written  at  Rome,  62  B.C.,  after  Pompey's 
dispatches  to  the  Romans  announcing  his  victory  over  Mithridates. 
•  M.  F.  =  Marci  filius.  S.  D.  =  salutem  dicit  (greets,  sends  greeting). 
Cn.  F.  =  Gnaei  filio.  *  The  initials  stand  for  si  tu  exercitusque  valetis, 
bene  est.     '  officially. 

143 


144  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

tantam  enim  spem  oti^  ostendisti,  quantam  ego  semper 
omnibus  te  uno  fretus  pollicebar.     Sed  hoc  scito,  tuos 

5  veteres  hostes,  novos  amicos  vehementer  litteris  perculsos 
atque  ex  magna  spe  deturbatos  ^  iacere. 

Ad  me  autem  litteras  quas  mlsistl,  quamquam  exiguam 
significationem  tuae  erga  me  voluntatis  habebant,  tamen 
mihi  scito  iucundas  fuisse ;    nulla  enim  re  tam  laetarl 

10  soleo  quam  meorum  officiorum  ^  conscientia,  quibus  si 
quando  non  mutue  respondetur,^  apud  me  ^^  plus  ^^  offici 
residere  facillime  patior.  Illud  non  dubito,  quin,  si  te 
mea  summa  erga  te  studia  ^^  parum  mihi  aditinxerint,  res 
publica  nos  inter  nos  conciliatura  coniuncturaque  sit. 

15  Ac,  ne  ignores,  quid  ego  in  tuis  litteris  desiderarim,^^ 
scribam  aperte,  sicut  et  mea  natura  et  nostra  amicitia 
postulat.  Res  ^^  eas  gessi,  quarum  aliquam  in  tuis  litteris 
et  nostrae  necessitiidinis  et  rei  publicae  causa  gratula- 
tionem  exspectavi;  quam  ego  abs  te  praetermissam  esse 

20arbitror,  quod  vererere,  ne  cuius  animum  offenderes. 
Sed  scito  ea,  quae  nos  pro  salute  patriae  gessimus,  orbis 
terrae  iudicio  ac  testimonio  comprobari;  quae,  cum 
veneris,  tanto  consilio  tantaque  animi  magnitudine  a  me 
gesta  esse  cognosces,  ut  tibi,  multo  maiori  quam  Africa- 

'j5nus  fuit,  me,  non  multo  minorem  quam  Laelium,^^  facile 
et  in  re  publica  et  in  amicitia  aditinctum  esse  patiare. 

(Ad  Fam.  V.  7.) 

^  of  peace,  ''disappointed,  ^services.  ®  non  .  .  .  respondetur;  no  re- 
turn is  made.  ^°  apud  me  :  in  my  favor.  ^^  the  balance.  "  zeal.  ^^  missed. 
"  I.e.  the  suppression  of  Catiline's  conspiracy,  to  which  he  expected 
Pompey  to  refer.     "  Africanus  and  Laelius  were  ideal  friends. 


EPISTULAE   SELECTAE 


145 


The  Harbor  at  Baiae 

2.    To  Atticus,  in  Rome. 

Cicero  Attico  Sal} 

Epistulam  cum  a  te  avide  exspectarem  ad  vesperum,  ut 
soleo,  ecce  tibi  ^  nuntius  pueros  ^  venisse  Roma  !  Voco  ; 
quaero,  ecquid  litterarum.  Negant.  ''Quid  ais?"  in- 
quam,  '^  nihilne  a  Pomponio?  "  PerterritI  voce  et  vultti 
confessi  sunt  se  accepisse,  sed  excidisse  in  via.  Quids 
quaeris  ?  Permoleste  tuli ;  nulla  enim  abs  te  per  hos 
dies  epistula  inanis  ^  aliqua  re  titili  et  suavi  venerat. 
Nunc,  sT  quid  in  ea  epistula,  quam  ante  diem  xvi  Kal. 
Maias  dedisti,^  fuit  historia  dlgnum,^  scribe  quam  pri- 


2.   1  salutem  dicit.     Cicero  was  writing  in  his  villa  near  Antium,  Apr. 
69  B.C.,  to  his  intimate  friend,  T.  Pomponius  Atticus.     *  look  you  (115,  b). 

•  =  servos  ;    indir.   disc.   w.   vb.   implied  in  nuntius.      ■*  without.      ^  sent. 

•  historia  dignum  :  of  importance. 


146  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

10  mum,  ne  ignoremus  ;  sin  nihil  praeter  iocationem/  redde  * 
id  ipsum. 

Et  scito  Ctirionem  adulescentem  venisse  ad  me  salu- 
tatum.  Valde  eius  sermo  de  Public  cum  tuis  litteris 
congruebat^ ;  ipse  vero  mirandum  in  modum  '^reges^^  odisse 

15  superbos."    Peraeque  ^^  narrabat  incensam  esse  iuventutem 

neque  f erre  haec  posse.     Bene  habemus  ^^  nos,  si  in  his  spes 

est ;  opinor,  aliud  ^^  agamus.    Ego  me  do  historiae.    Quam- 

quam  licet  me  Saufeium  ^^  putes  esse,  nihil  me  est  ,inertius. 

Sed  cognosce  itinera  nostra,  ut  statuas  ubi  nos  visurus 

20  SIS.  In  Formianum  ^^  volumus  venire  Parilibus  ^^ ;  inde, 
quoniam  putas  praetermittendum  nobis  esse  hoc  tempore 
Cratera  ^^  ilium  delicatum,^^  Kal.  Mails  de  Formiano 
proficlscemur,  ut  AntI  ^^  simus  a.  d.  v  Nonas  Maias. 
LudI  enim  AntI   futurl  sunt  a  iiii  ad   pr.  Nonas  Maias. 

25  Eos  Tullia  spectare  vult.  Inde  cogito  ^^  in  Tusculanum,^^ 
deinde  Arplnum,^^  Romam  ad  Kal.  lunias.  Te  aut  in 
Formiano  aut  AntI  aut  in  Tusculano  cura  ut  videamus. 
Epistulam  superiorem  restitue  nobis  et  adpinge  ^^  aliquid 
novi. 

(Ad  Att.  II.  8.) 

3.    To  Atticus,  in  Epirus.^ 

Cicero  Attico  Sal. 

Numquam  ante  arbitror  te  epistulam  meam  legisse,  nisi 
mea  manu  scrlptam.     Ex   eo   colligere  ^  poteris,   quanta 

''joking.  ^  repeat.  ^  agreed.  ^°  obj.  of  odisse,  referring  to  the  Trium- 
virate. "  to  the  same  degree.  ^^  bene  habemus  :  are  well  off.  ^^  let  us  do 
something  else,  giving  up  politics.  "  because,  like  Saufeius,  he  wrote 
much.  15  ffig  villa  at  Formiae.  ^^  on  the  feast  of  Pales  (Apr.  21).  *'  ace, 
Crater,  a  bay  near  Baiae.  ^^  charming,  i'  at  Antium.  ^o  gc.  ire.  ^^  to  the 
Tusculan  villa.     ^  to  Arpinum,.     ^3  d^d^ 

3.  1  The  first  paragraph  of  a  letter  written  at  Rome,  Aug.,  59  b.c, 
«  infer. 


EPISTULAE    SELECTAE 


147 


Arpinum 


occupatione  ^  distinear.^     Nam,  cum  vacul  temporis  nihil 

haberem  et  cum  recreandae  voculae  ^  causa  necesse  esset  5 

mihi  ambulare,  haec  dictavi  ambulans. 

(Ad  Att.  II.  23.) 


4.    To   Quintus  Cicero,  at  Ephesus.^ 

Praeterea  Aesopi  ^  tragoedi,  nostri  familiaris,  Licinius 
servus,  tibi  notus,  aufugit.  Is  Athenis  apud  Patronem  ^ 
Epicureum  pro  libero  fuit.  Inde  in  Asiam  venit.  Postea 
Plato  quidam  Sardianus,''  Epicureus,  qui  Athenis  solet 
esse  multum  ^  et  qui  turn  Athenis  f uerat,  cum  Licinius  eo  5 

^  business.     *  am  engaged.     ^  my  weak  voice. 

4.  1  A  paragraph  about  a  runaway  slave,  from  a  letter  by  Cicero  at 
Rome,  Nov.,  59  b.c,  to  his  brother,  then  governor  of  the  province  of  Asia. 
»  of  Aesopus,  a  Roman  tragedian.  ^  Patron,  the  Epicurean.  *  of  Sardis, 
•  m,uch  (of  the  time) . 


148 


M.    TULLI   CICERONIS 


A  Grain-mill  at  Pompeii 

(Notice  the  baking'  oven  at  the  left) 


venisset,  cum  eum  fugitlvum  esse  postea  ex  Aesopi  litteris 

cognosset,     hominem     comprehendit     et     in     custodiam 

Ephesi  tradidit,  sed  ^  in  publicam  ^  an  in  plstrinum  ^  non 

satis  ex  litteris  eius   intellegere   potuimus.     Tu,    quoquo 

lomodo  est,  quoniam  Ephesi  est,  hominem  investiges  vehm 

summaque  diHgentia  vel  tecum  deducas.     Noli  spectare 

quanti  homo  est ;   parvi  enim  preti  est,  qui  iam  nihil!  est ; 

sed  tanto  dolore  Aesopus  est  adfectus  propter  servl  scelus  et 

audaciam  ut  nihil  gratius  facere  possis,  quam  si  ilium  per  te 

15  recuperarit.^ 

(Ad  Q.  Frat.  I.  2.) 


^  but   (whether) .      '  sc.   custodiam. 
by  slaves.    ^  recover. 


8  a  grain-mill,   sometimes  worked 


EPISTULAE   SELECTAE 


149 


A  Group  of  Roman  Women 

(From  a  Herculanean  wall  painting) 

5.    To  his  Wife  and  Family,  in  Rome.^ 

Tullius  S.  D.  Terentiae  et  Tulliolae  et  Ciceroni  Suls. 
Noli    putare    me    ad    quemquam    longiores    epistulas 
scribere,  nisi  si  quis  ad  me  plura  scrlpsit,  cui  puto  rescribi 

5.  1  Written  at  Thessalonica,  Oct.,  58  b.c,  during  Cicero's  exile. 


150  M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 

oportere  ;  nee  enim  habeo,  quod  scrlbam,  nee  hoc  tempore 
quidquam   difficilius   facio.     Ad   te   vero   et   ad   nostram 

5  Tulliolam  ^  non  queo  ^  sine  plurimis  laerimis  seribere  ; 
vos  enim  video  esse  miserrimas,  quas  ego  beatissimas 
semper  esse  volui  idque  praestare  ^  debui  et,  nisi  tam  timidi 
fuissemus,  praestitissem. 

Pisonem^  nostrum  merito  eius  amo  plurimum;  eum,  ut 

10  potui,  per  litteras  eohortatus  sum  gratiasque  egi,  ut  debui. 
In  no  VIS  tribunis  pl.*^  intellego  spem  te  habere  ;  id  erit  fir- 
mum,^  si  Pompel  voluntas  erit,  sed  Crassum  tamen  metuo. 
A  te  quidem  omnia  fieri  fortissime  et  amantissime  video, 
nee  miror,  sed  maereo  casum  eiusmodi,  ut  tantis  tuis  miseriis 

15  meae  miseriae  subleventur.^  Nam  ad  me  P.  Valerius,  homo 
officiosus,^  scripsit,  id  quod  ego  maximo  cum  fletti  legi, 
quemadmodum  a  ^°  Vestae  ad  tabulam  ^^  Valeriam  ducta 
esses.  Hem, ^2  mea  lux,  mcum  deslderium/^  unde  omnes 
opem  petere  solebant !   te  nunc,  mea  Terentia,  sic  vexarl, 

20  sic  iacere  in  laerimis  et  sordibus/"^  idque  fieri  mea  culpa, 
qui  ceteros  servavl,  ut  nos  perlremus  ! 

Quod  de  domo  scribis,  hoe  est  de  area,^^  ego  vero  tum 
denique  mihi  videbor  restitutus,  si  ilia  nobis  erit  restituta. 
Verum  haee  non  sunt  in  nostra  manu  ;  illud  doleo,  quae 

25  impensa  ^®  faeienda  est,  in  eius  partem  ^^  te  miseram  et 
despoliatam  venire.  Quod  si  eonficitur  negotium,^^  omnia 
consequemur ;  sin  eadem  nos  forttina  premet,  etiamne 
reliquias  ^^  tuas  misera  proicies  ?  Obsecro  te,  mea  vita, 
quod  ad  sumptum  attinet,^^  sine  ^^  alios,  qui  possunt,  si 

3omodo  volunt,  sustinere,  et  valetudinem  istam  infirmam,  si 

2  little  TulHa.  '  /  am  able.  *  to  have  secured.  ^  Tullia's  husband 
*  for  plebis.  "^  a  safe  thing  {to  depend  on) .  ^  are  relieved .  ^obliging  ^°  sc. 
templo.  "  the  office  of  Valerius,  probably  a  bank.  ^^  alas.  ^^  love.  ^*mourn- 
ing.  1^  de  area  :  about  its  site,  Cicero's  house  had  been  destroyed  when 
he  was  banished,  i®  quae  impensa  :  the  expense  which,  "in  eius  partem 
venire  :  share.  '*  i.  e.,  his  recall  from  banishment.  ^'  what  you  have  left. 
*•  quod  .  .  .  attinet "  as  to  the  expense  (of  my  support) .     *'  imperative. 


A    KOMAN    WoMAiN     OA^  Kii  it.  j.>i  »ji 


[1511 


152  M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 

me  amas,  noli  vexare.  Nam  mihi  ante  oculos  dies 
noctesque  versaris ;  omnes  labores  te  excipere  video ; 
timeo,  ut  sustineas.  Sed  video  in  te  esse  omnia  22  ^  quare, 
ut  id,  quod  speras  et  quod  agis,  consequamur,  servi  vale- 

35  tudini. 

Ego,  ad  quos  scrlbam,  nescio,  nisi  ad  eos,  qui  ad  me 
scribunt,  aut  ad  eos,  de  quibus  ad  me  vos  aliquid  scribitis. 
Longius,  quoniam  ita  vobis  placet,  non  discedam ;  sed 
velim   quam   saepissime   litteras    mittatis,    praesertim   si 

40  quid  est  firmius,  quod  speremus.  Valete,  mea  deslderia, 
valete. 

(Ad  Fam.  XIV.  2.) 

6.    To  Caesar,  in  Gaul  ^ 

Cicero  Caesari  Imp}  S.  D. 

Vide  quam  mihi  persuaserim  te  me  esse  alterum  ^  non 
modo  in  eis  rebus,  quae  ad  me  ipsum,  sed  etiam  in  eis,  quae 
ad  meos  pertinent.  C.  Trebatium  cogitaram,  quocumque 
exirem,   mecum   ducere,   ut   eum   meis   omnibus   studiis, 

sbeneficiis  quam  ornatissimum  domum  reducerem.  Sed 
postea  quam  et  Pompei  commoratio  diuturnior  erat,  quam 
putaram,  et  mea  quaedam  tibi  non  ignota  dubitatio 
aut  impedire  profectionem  meam  videbatur  aut  certe 
tardare,    vide    quid    mihi    sumpserim.     Coepi    velle    ea 

10  Trebatium  exspectare  a  te,  quae  sperasset  a  me,  neque 
mehercule  minus  ei  prolixe ''  de  tua  voluntate  promisi, 
quam  eram  solitus  de  mea  poUicerl.  Casus  ^  vero  miri- 
ficus  ^  quidam  intervenit  quasi  vel  testis  opinionis  meae  vel 
sponsor  ^  humanitatis  tuae.     Nam  cum  de  hoc  ipso  Tre- 

22  all  (our  hopes) . 

6.  ^  Part  of  a  letter  from  Rome,  Apr.,  54  b.c,  recommending  Tre- 
batius,  a  famous  jurist,  to  Caesar.  ^  imperatori.  '  te  .  .  .  alterum: 
that  you  are  my  second  self.  *  freely.  '  coincidence.  *  extraordinary.  *  o 
pledge- 


EPISTULAE   SELECTAE  153 

bafcio  cum  Balbo  nostro  loquerer  accuratius  *  domi  meae,  15 
litterae  mihi  dantur  a  te,  quibus  in  extremis  scrlptum  erat  • 
''  Mescinium  Rufum,  quern  mihi  commendas,  ve'  regem 
Galliae  faciam,  vel  hunc  Leptae  delega,*^  si  vis.     Tu  ad  me 
alium  mitte,  quem  ornem."     Sustulimus  ^^  mantis  et  ego  et 
Balbus ;   tanta  fuit  opportunitas,  ut  illud  nescio  quid  non  20 
fortultum/i  sed  dlvlnum  videretur.     Mitto  igitur  ad  te 
Trebatium  atque  ita  mitto,   ut  initio  mea  sponte,   post 
autem    invitatu    tuo    mittendum    duxerim.^^     Hunc,    mi 
Caesar,   sic  velim  omni  tua  comitate  ^^   complectare,   ut 
omnia,  quae  per  me  possis  adduci  ut  in  meos  conferre  veils,  25 
in  unum  hunc  conferas. 

(Ad  Fam.  VII.  5.) 

7.    To  Trebatius  Testa,  in  Gaul.^ 

Cicero  Trehdtid. 

Ego  te  commendare  non  desisto ;  sed,  quid  proficiam, 
ex  te  scire  cupio.  Spem  maximam  habeo  in  Balbo,  ad 
quem  de  te  dlligentissime  et  saepissime  scribo.  Illud 
soleo  mirari,  non  me  totiens  accipere  tuas  litteras,  quotiens 
a  Quinto  mihi  fratre  adferuntur.  5 

In  Britannia  nihil  esse  audio  neque  auri  neque  argenti. 
Id  si  ita  est,  essedum  ^  aliquod  capias,  suadeo,  et  ad  nos 
quam  primum  recurras.  Sin  autem  sine  Britannia  tamen 
adsequi,  quod  volumus,  possumus,  perfice,  ut  sis  in  famil- 
iaribus  Caesaris.  Multum  te  in  eo  frater  adiuvabit  meus,  10 
multum  Balbus,  sed,  mihi  crede,  tuus  pudor  et  labor  pluri- 
mum.     Imperatorem    liberalissimum,     aetatem  ^    oppor- 

8  with  unusual  earnestness.  ®  intrust.  ^^  lifted  in  surprise.  ^^  accidental. 
12  believed.     ^^  kindness. 

7.  1  From  Rome,  May,  54  b.c.  Trebatius  was  with  Caesar,  to  gain 
military  experience.     *  a  war-chariot,  neut.     ^  Balbus  was  thirty-five. 


154  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

ttinissimam,  commendationem  certe  singularem  habes,  ut 
tibi  unum  timendum  sit,  ne  ipse  tibi  defuisse  videare. 

(Ad  Fam.  VII.  7.) 

8.    To  Tiro,    at  Patrae.^ 

Tullius  et  Cicero  S.  D.  Tironl  Suo. 

Septimum   iam   diem   Corcyrae   tenebamur ;     Quintus 

autem   pater   et   filius  ^   Buthrotl.^      Solliciti   eramus   de 

tua  valetudine  mlrum  in  modum,  nee  mirabamur  nihil  a 

te  litterarum ;    eis  enim  ventis  istim  ^  navigatur,  qui  si 

eessent,    nos    Corcyrae    non    sederemus.     Cura    igitur    te 

et  confirma  et,  cum  commode  et  per  valetudinem  et  per 

anni  tempus  navigare  poteris,  ad  nos    amantissimos    tui 

venl.     Nemo  nos  amat,  qui  te  non  dlligat ;  carus  omnibus 

exspectatusque   venies.     Cura   ut   valeas.     Etiam   atque 

10  etiam,  Tiro  noster,  vale. 

(Ad  Fam.  XVI.  7.) 

9.   To  L.  Papirius  Paetus.^ 

Cicero  Paeto. 

Heri  2  venl  in  Cumanum,^  eras  ad  te  fortasse.  Sed 
cum  certum  sciam,  faciam  te  paulo  ante  certiorem.  EtsI  * 
M.  Caeparius,  cum  mihi  in  silva  Gallinaria  ^  obviam  ve- 
nisset  ^  quaeslssemque,  quid  ageres,  dixit  te  in  lecto  esse, 
5  quod  ex  pedibus  laborares.  Tull  scilicet  moleste,  ut 
debul,  sed  tamen  constitui  ad  te  venire,  ut  et  viderem  te  et 
viserem  et  cenarem  etiam ;    non  enim  arbitror  coquum  ' 

8.  1  From  Cicero  and  his  son  Tullius  to  Tiro,  his  secretary ;  written  at 
Corcyra,  Nov.  17,  50  B.C.  2  The  younger  Quintus,  son  of  Cicero's 
brother.     ^  ^i  Buthrotum.     ^  thence,  from  Patrae. 

9.  1  Written  at  Cumae,  Nov.  19,  46  B.C.  Paetus  was  a  friend  living 
near  Naples.  2  yesterday.  ^  rny  Cumaean  estate.  *  and  I  shall  come 
although,  ^a  wood  in  Campania,  near  Cumae.  *  obviam  venisset:  had 
met.    ^  the  cook. 


EPISTULAE   SELECTAE  155 

etiam  te  arthrlticum  ^  habere.     Expecta  igitur  hospitem 
cum  mininie  edacem,^  turn  inimlcum  cenis  sumptuosis. 

(Ad  Fam.  IX.  23.) 

10.   To  C.  Cassius  Longinus,  in  Syria.^ 

Cicero  Cassio  Sal. 

Vellem  Idibus  Martils  me  ad  cenam  invltasses ;  re- 
liquiarum  -  nihil  fuisset.  Nunc  me  rehquiae  vestrae  exer- 
cent,  et  quidem  praeter  ceteros  me.  Quamquam  egregios 
consules  habemus,  sed  turpissimos  consulares ;  senatum 
fortem,  sed  mfimo  ^  quemque  honore  fortissimum.  Populo  5 
vero  nihil  fortius,  nihil  melius,  Italiaque  universa ;  nihil 
autem  foedius  Philippo  et  Pisone  legatls,  nihil  flagitio- 
sius  ;  qui  cum  essent  missi,  ut  Antonio  ex  senatus  sententia  ^ 
certas  res  nuntiarent,  cum  ille  earum  rerum  nulll  paruisset, 
ultro  ^  ab  illo  ad  nos  intolerabilia  postulata  rettulerunt.  lO 
Itaque  ad  nos  concurritur/  factique  iam  in  re  salutarl^ 
populares  sumus. 

Sed  til  quid  ageres,^  quid  acturus,  ubi  denique  esses, 
nesciebam.  Fama  nuntiabat  te  esse  in  Syria  ;  auctor  erat 
nemo.  De  Bruto,  quo  ^  propius  est,  eo  firmiora  videntur  15 
esse  quae  nuntiantur.  Dolabella  ^"  valde  vituperabatur  ^^ 
ab  hominibus  non  insulsis,^^  quod  tibi  tam  cito  succederet, 
cum  tu  vixdum  xxx.  dies  in  Syria  fuisses ;     itaque    con- 

«  attacked  with  gout.  '  greedy.  In  joking  with  Paetus,  Cicero  always 
pretended  to  be  a  great  eater. 

10.  1  Written  at  Rome,  Feb.  2,  43  b.c.  Cassius,  the  leading  conspira- 
tor against  Caesar,  was  governor  of  Syria,  44-42  B.C.  ^fragments,  leav- 
ings, i.e.,  Anthony  would  also  have  been  killed.  The  cena  was  the  assas- 
sination of  Caesar,  which  Cicero  applauded.  ^  infimo  .  .  .  honore :  the 
lowest  in  rank.  *  in  accordance  with  the  vote.  ^  on  his  part.  ^  i.e.,  my 
house  is  thronged.  ''  in  re  salutari :  though  supporting  a  sound  constitu- 
tional measure.  *  trans,  the  impf.,  ageres,  esses  .  .  .  erat  by  the  pres. 
(180).  ^  as.  1"  Dolabella,  who  was  to  succeed  Cassius,  scarcely  allowed 
him  the  legal  month's  grace  to  leave  the  province.  ^^  was  criticised,  i*  non 
insulsis :  of  wit. 


156  M.  TULLI  CICERONIS 

stabat  eum  recipi  in  Syriam  non  oportere.  Summa  laus  et 
2otua  et  Bruti  est,  quod  exercitum  praeter  spem  exlstima- 
mini  comparasse.  Scriberem  plura,  si  rem  causamque 
nossem ;  nunc  quae  scribo,  scrlbo  ex  opinione  hominum 
atque  fama.     Tuas  litteras  avide  exspecto.     Vale. 

(Ad  Fam.  XII.  4.) 


Tombs  on  the  Appian  Way 


M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 
CATO   MAIOR  DE  SENECTUTE  LIBER 


AD   T.   POMPONIUM  ATTICUM 

Cicero's  essay  "  De  Senectute  "  is  a  treatise  in  praise  of  old  age,  so 
charmingly  written  that  Montaigne  said  of  it,  that  "  it  made  one  long 
to  grow  old."  It  is  cast  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue,  in  which  Marcus  Cato 
the  Elder,  in  his  eighty-fourth  year,  converses  with  two  young  companions, 
Scipio  Africanus  and  Gaius  Laelius.  Cicero  says,  "  I  introduced  Cato, 
the  old  man,  speaking,  because  no  personage  seemed  better  fitted  to  talk 
concerning  old  age,  than  he  who  had  been  an  old  man  a  very  long  time,  and 
in  old  age  itself  had  flourished  beyond  others." 


Old  age  not  burdensome  to  Cato. 

2.  Sclpid.  Saepe  numero  ^  admirari  soleo  cum  hoc  C. 
Laelio  cum  ceterarum  rerima  tuam  excellentem,  M. 
Cato,  perfectamque  sapientiam,  tum  vel  maxime»  quod 

2.  » very  often. 
157 


158  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

numquam  tibi  senectutem  gravem  ^  esse  senserim,  quae 
splerisque  senibus  sic  odiosa  est,  ut  onus  se  Aetna  gravius 
dlcant  sustinere. 

Cato.  Rem  haud  sane  difficilem,  Scipio  et  Laeli, 
admirarl  videmini.  Quibus  enim  nihil  est  in  ipsis  opis  ad 
bene  beateque  vivendum,  els  omnis  aetas  gravis  est ;   qui 

10  autem  omnia  bona  a  se  ipsi  petunt,  eis  nihil  malum  potest 
videri,  quod  naturae  necessitas  adferat.  Quo  in  genere  est 
in  primis  senectus ;  quam  ut  adiplscantur  omnes  optant, 
eandem  accusant  adept! ;  tanta  est  stultitiae  ^  mconstantia  * 
atque   perversitas.      Obrepere  ^    aiunt    eam    citius   quam 

15  putassent.  Primum  quis  coegit  eos  falsum  put  are  ?  Qui  ^ 
enim  citius  adulescentiae  senectus  quam  pueritiae  adules- 
centia  obrepit  ?  Deinde  qui  ^  minus  gravis  esset  eis  senec- 
tus, si  octingentesimum  annum  agerent  quam  si  octo- 
gesimum?     Praeterita   enim   aetas   quam  vis   longa,    cum 

2oeffluxisset,^  nulla  consolatione  permulcere  ^  posset  stultam 
senectutem.  Quocirca  si  sapientiam  meam  admirarl  soletis 
(quae  utinam  digna  esset  opinione  vestra  nostroque 
cognomine  !^),  in  hoc  sumus  sapientes,  quod  nattiram 
optimam  ducem  tamquam  deum  sequimur  elque  paremus  ; 

25  a  qua  non  verl  simile  est,  cum  ceterae  partes  aetatis  bene 
discrlptae  ^^  sint,  extremum  actum  tamquam  ab  inert! 
poeta  esse  neglectum.  Sed  tamen  necesse  fuit  esse  aliquid 
extremum,!^  et  tamquam  in  arborum  bads  ^^  terraeque 
fructibus,     maturitate     tempestlva     quasi     vietum  ^^     et 

30  caducum,  ^^  quod  ferendum  est  molliter  ^^  sapient!.  Quid 
est  enim  aliud  Gigantum  ^^  modo  bellare  cum  dis  nisi 
naturae  repugnare  ? 

Laelius.     AtquI,^^   Cato,   gratissimum  nobis,   ut  etiam 

^burdensome.  ^  of  folly.  *  inconsistency.  ^  comes  on.  ^howf  "^  has 
stream-edby.  ^soothe.  ^  my  surnaw,e**  Sapiens.^'  ^°  coTuposed.  actum:  ac^. 
Cf.  Shakespeare's  Seven  Ages  of  Man.  "  end.  '^  ^'^  the  case  of  the  fruits. 
^  a  time  of  bending.    ^*  a  time  of  falling.    ^^  patiently.     ^^  of  giants,     "and  yet 


CATO   MAIOR   DE   SENECTUTE   LIBER         159 

pro    Sclpione    pollicear,    feceris,    si,    quoniam    speramus, 
volumus  quidem  certe  series  fieri,  multo  ante  a  te  didi-35 
cerimus,  quibus  facillime  rationibus  ingravescentem  aeta- 
tem  ferre  posslmus. 

Cato.      Faciam    vero,     Laell,     praesertim    si     utrlque 
vestrum,  ut  dicis,  gratum  futurum  est. 

Laelius.     Volumus  sane,  nisi  molestum  est,  Cato,  tam-40 
quam    longam    aliquam    viam    confeceris,    quam    nobis 
quoque  ingrediendum  sit,  istuc,^^   quo  pervenisti,   videre 
quale  sit. 

He  consents  to  discourse  on  the  enjoyments  of  oli  age. 

3.  Cato.  Faciam,  ut  potero,  Laell.  Saepe  enim  inter- 
ful  querells  ^  aequalium  ^  meorum  (pares  autem  vetere  45 
proverbio  cum  paribus  facillime  congregantur),  quae  C. 
Sallnator,  quae  Sp.  Alblnus,  homines  consulares,  nostrl 
fere  aequales,  deplorare  solebant,  tum  quod  voluptatibus 
carerent,  sine  quibus  vitam  nullam  putarent,  tum  quod 
spernerentur  ^  ab  els,  a  quibus  essent  coli  ^  solitl.  Qui  50 
mihi  non  id  videbantur  accusare,  quod  esset  accusandum. 
Nam  si  id  culpa  senectutis  accideret,  eadem  mihi  tisu 
venlrent  ^  reliqulsque  omnibus  maioribus  natu,  quorum 
ego  multorum  cognovl  senectutem  sine  querela,  qui  se  et 
libldinum  vinculis  laxatos  ^  esse  non  moleste  ferrent,  nee  a  55 
suls  despicerentur.  Sed  omnium  istlus  modi  querelarum 
in  moribus  est  culpa,  non  in  aetate.  ModeratI  ^  enim  et 
nee  difficiles  *  nee  inhumani  senes  tolerabilem  senectutem 
agunt ;  importunitas  ^  autem  et  inhumanitas  omnI  aetati 
molesta  est.  60 

Laelius.     Est,    ut    dicis,    Cato ;     sed    fortasse    dlxerit 

^*  istuc  quo  quale  sit :  what  is  the  character  of  that  stage  at  which. 

3.  1  have  been  conversant  with  the  complaints.  ^  contemporaries.  '  were 
despised.  *  to  be  respected.  ^  usu  venirent:  would  happen.  ^  set  free. 
'  temperate.    *  morose.     •  rudeness. 


160 


M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 


quispiam  tibi  propter  opes  et  copias  et  dignitatem  tuam 
tolerabiliorem  senectutem  viderl,  id  autem  non  posse 
multis  contingere. 
65  Cato.  Est  istud  quidem,  Laell,  aliquid,  sed  nequaquam  ^^ 
in  isto  sunt  omnia.  Ut  Themistocles  fertur  Serlphio  ^^ 
cuidam  in  iurgio  ^^  respondisse,  cum  ille  dixisset  non  eum 

sua,  sed  patriae  glo- 
ria  splendorem^^ 
adsectitum :  "  Nee 
hercule/'  inquit,  ''si 
ego  Seriphius  essem, 
nee  tu  SI  Atheni- 
ensis,  clarus  um- 
quam  fuisses.'' 
Quod  eodem  modo 
de  senectute  dici 
potest.  Nee  enim 
in  summa  inopia 
levis  esse  senectus 
potest,  ne  sapient! 
quidem,  nee  insipi- 
enti  etiam  in  sum- 
ma copia  non  gra- 
vis. Aptissima^^ 
omnino  sunt,  Scipio 
•    Themistocles  et  Laeli,  arma  senec- 

ttitis  artes  exercitationesque  virtutum,  quae  in  omni  aetate 
cultae,  cum  diu  multumque  vixeris,  mirificos  ^^  efferunt 
Qofrtictus,  non  solum  quia  numquam  deserunt  ne  extreme 
quidem  tempore  aetatis  (quamquam  id  quidem  maximum 
est),  verum  etiam  quia  conscientia  bene  actae  vitae  multo- 
rumque  bene  factorum  recordatio  ^^  iucundissima  est. 

1°  by  no  means.     "  a  Seriphian,     12  a  dispute.     ^'  eminence.     "  fittest, 
"  wondrous.     "  recollection. 


■ 

h   ■ 

.^ 

%- 

':-.^>':^''^^^^^^^^mH 

-^~9^^^|^^I^H 

r 

CATO   MAIOR  DE   SENECTUTE   LIBER  161 

The  topics  of  his  theme. 

5.  Etenim,  cum  complector  animo,  quattuor  reperio 
causas,  cur  senectus  misera  videatur:  unam,  quod  avocet95 
a  rebus  gerendls ;  alteram,  quod  corpus  faciat  infirmius ; 
tertiam,  quod  privet  fere  omnibus  voluptatibus ;  quartam, 
quod  baud  procul  absit  a  morte.  Earum,  si  placet,  causa- 
rum  quanta  quamque  sit  iusta  una  quaeque,  videamus. 

Youth  and  age. 

6.  ''A  rebus  gerendis^  senectus  abstrahit."  Quibus?  lOO 
An  eis,  quae  iuventute  geruntur  et  viribus  ?  Nullaene 
igitur  res  sunt  seniles,-  quae  veP  InflrmTs  corporibus  animo 
tamen  administrentur  ?  Nihil  ergo  agebat  Q.  Maximus, 
nihil  L.  Paulus,  pater  tuus,  socer  ^  optimi  viri,  fill  mei  ? 
Ceterl  senes,  Fabricii,  Curil,  Coruncanii,  cum  rem  pu- 105 
blicam  consilio  et  auctoritate  clefendebant,  nihil  agebant  ? 
Ad  Appi  Claudi^  senectutem  accedebat  etiam,  ut  caecus^ 
esset ;  tamen  is,  cum  sententia  senatus  inclinaret  ad 
pacem  cum  Pyrrho  foedusque  faciendum,  non  dubitavit 
dicere  ilia,  quae  versibus  persecutus^  est  Ennius  :  HO 

Quo^vobismentes,rectae  quae  stare  solebant 
Antehac,  dementes  sese  flexere  vial? 
ceteraque  gravissime  ^ ;   notum  ^^  enim  vobis  carmen  est  ; 
et  tamen  ipsius  AppI  exstat  oratio.^^     Atque  haec  ille  egit 
septimo  decimo  anno  post  alterum  consulatum,  cum  inter  iis 
duos  consulatus  anni  decem  interfuissent  censorque  ante 

6.  ^  a.  rehus  get endis,  from  our  activities.  ^  activities  for  old  men.  ^even. 
*  father-in-law.  *  ^ppius  Claudius,  censor  312  B.C.,  consul  307  B.C.  He 
commenced  the  Appian  Way  and  completed  the  Appian  Aqueduct. 
From  him  Roman  jurisprudence,  oratory,  grammar,  and  Latin  prose 
date  their  beginning.  « blind.  ^  expressed.  » quo,  w.  viai  (archaic  gen.  of 
via)  — quern  in  locum :  "  On  what  wild  course  have  wits,  once  true,  but  witless 
now,  misguided  you?"  ^ in  the  most  dignified  style,  i" hence  there  is  no 
reason  for  quoting  further  from  Ennius,  "  the  speech  against  peace  w. 
Pyrrhiis. 


1 162  ^ 


CATO  MAIOR  DE   SENECTUTE   LIBER 


163 


superiorem  consulatum  fuisset  ;  ex  quo  intellegitur  Pyrrhi 
bello  grandem  ^^  sane  fuisse  ;  et  tamen  ^^  sTc  a  patribus 
accepimus. 

Nihil    igitur    adferunt,  ^'*    qui   in    re    gerenda   versarl  120 
senectutem  negant,  similesque  '^  sunt,  ut  si  qui  guberna- 
torem  ^^  in  navigando  nihil  agere  dicant,  cum  alii  malos  ^^ 
scandant/^  alii  per  foros  ^^  cursent,  alii  sentinam  exhauriant, 
ille  autem  clavum  -°  tenens  quietus  sedeat  in  puppi,  non  f a- 
ciat  ea,  quae  iuvenes,  at  vero  multo  maiora  et  meliorai25 
faciat.     Non  viribus  aut  velocitate  aut  celeritate  corporum 
res  magnae  geruntur,  sed 
consilio,    auctoritate,   sen- 
tentia ;  quibus  non  modo 
non   orbari,^^   sed  2-  etiam 
augeri  senectus  solet.    Nisi 
forte  ego  vobis,  qui  et  miles 
et  tribunus  et   legatus   et 
consul    versatus     sum    in 
vario  genere  bellorum,  ces- 
sare^^   nunc   videor,    cum 
bella   non   gero.      At   se- 
natui   quae    sint    gerenda 
praescribo,  et  quo  modo  ;  Karthagini  male  iam  diu  cogi- 
tanti  bellum  multo  ante  ^^  denuntio  ;   de  qua  vereri  non  i48 
desinam,  quam  illam  excisam  -^  esse  cognovero. 


AoTiviTiKS  ON  Shipboard 
(From  a  Pompeian  tomb-relief) 


12  aged,  sc.  eum  as  subj.  of  fuisse.     ^^  {g^^  although  old,  he  exhibited  such 
ability  and  energy.      ^* say  nothing  to   the  point.     ^^  similesque.   .   .   qui: 


16 


pilot.     1'  masts.     ^^  climb.     ^^  gangways. 


^0  rudder. 

24 


and  are  like  those  who. 

2'  to  be  deprived  (of).     22  repeat  quibus,  by  which.     23  to  be  inactive.     '■"  i.e. 
before  it  is  declared  by  the  state.     25  destroyed.    It  was  Cato  who  used  to 
end  all  his  speeches  in  the  Senate  with  censeo  delendam  esse  Karthaginenu 


164 


M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 


The  wisdom  of  old  age. 

10.  Videtisne,  ut  ^  apud  ^  Homerum  saepissime  Nestor 
de  virtutibus  suls  praedicet  ?  Tertiam  iam  enim  aetatem  * 
hominum  videbat,  nee  erat  ei  verendum,  ne  vera  praedi- 
£45  cans  de  se  nimis  videretur  aut  Insolens  aut  loquax.  Ete- 
nim,  ut  ait  Homerus,  ''ex  eius  lingua  melle  ^ dulcior  fluebat 
oratio/'  quam  ad  suavitatem  ^  nullls  egebat  corporis  viribus. 

Et  tamen  dux  ille 
Graeciae  nusquam^ 
optat,  ut  Aiacis  ^ 
similes  habeat  de- 
cern, sed  ut  Nesto- 
ris ;  quod  si  sibi 
accident,  non  dubi- 
tat,  quln  brevi  *  sit 
Troia  perittira. 

The  pleasure  of  agri- 
culture in  old  age. 

17.   Multas    ad 

res  perutiles  Xeno- 

phontis  libri  sunt ; 

quos  legite,  quaeso, 

studiose,  ut  facitis. 

Quam  copiose  ab  eo 

agri  cultura  lauda- 

tur  in  eo  libro,  qui 

est    de    tuenda    re 

166  familiar!,^   qui   Oeconomicus   mscrlbitur !     At  que   ut    in- 

tellegatis  nihil  el  tam  regale  videri  quam  studium  agri 

colendi,    Socrates    in    eo    libro    loquitur    cum    Critobtilo 

10.   1  how.    2  m.    '  generation.    ^  honey.    ^  sweetness.    '  nowhere.    ''  Ajax, 
*  sc.  tempore. 

17.   1  on  the  management  of  one's  property. 


Homer 


CATO  MAIOR  DE   SENECTUTE   LIBER 


165 


Cymm  minorem,  Persarum  regem,  praestantem  ingenio 

atque  imperi  gloria,   cum  Lysander  Lacedaemonius,  virno 

summae   virtutis,  venisset 

ad  eum  Sardis  ^  elque  dona 

a  sociis  attulisset,  et  ceteris 

in    rebus     comem  ^     erga 

Lysandrum    atque   huma- 

num  ^   fuisse    et   ei  quen- 

dam   consaeptum^  agrum 

diligenter   consitum^ 

ostendisse.      Cum    autem 

admiraretur    Lysander    et 

proceritates  ^   arborum   et 

derectos^  in  quincuncem^ 

Srdines    et    humum    sub- 

actam^'^   atque   puram    et 

suavitatem    odorum,     qui 

adflarentur     ex     floribus, 

tum    eum    dixisse    mlrarl 

se  non  modo  dlligentiam, 

sed      etiam      sollertiam  ^^ 

eius,    a     quo     essent    ilia 

dimensa    atque    discrlpta ; 

et      Cyrum     respondisse : 

"Atqui    ego   ista   sum 

omnia  dimensus;    mel 

sunt     ordines,     mea     di- 

scriptio/2     multae     etiam 

istarum   arborum   mea 

manu     sunt     satae."^^ 

Tum     Lysandrum      intu-  Socrates 


5  ace.  to  (Sardis.     ^affable.      *  kind,      ^fenced.      ^planted.      "^  the  size. 
•  arranged.    '  in  fives.    "  cultivated.     "  skill.     "  plan.    "  planted. 


1 166) 


CATO  MAIOR  DE   SENECTUTE   LIBER  167 

entem  purpuram  eius  et  nitorem^'*  corporis  ornatumque  ^^  200 
Persicum  multo  auro  multlsque  gemmis  ^^  dixisse  :  "  Rite  ^^ 
vero  te,  Cyre,  beatum  ferunt,  quoniam  virtuti  tuae  fortuna 
coniuncta  est." 

Spartan  respect  for  old  age. 

18.  Lysandrum  Lacedaemonium,  cuius  modo  feci  men- 
tionem,  dicere  aiunt  solitum  Lacedaemonem  ^  esse  ho-  205 
nestissimum  domicilium  senectutis ;  nusquam  enim  tan- 
turn  2  tribuitur  aetati,  nusquam  est  senectus  honoratior. 
Quin  etiam  memoriae  proditum  est,  cum  Athenis  ludls 
quidam  in  theatrum  grandis  ^  natu  venisset,  magno  con- 
sessu  ^  locum  nusquam  ei  datum  a  suis  civibus  ;  cum  au-  210 
tem  ad  Lacedaemonios  accessisset,  qui,  legatl  cum  essent, 
certo  in  loco  consederant,  consurrexisse  ^  omnes  ill!  dicuntur 

et  senem  sessum  ^  recepisse.  Quibus  cum  a  cuncto  consessti 
plausus  ^  esset  multiplex  datus,  dixisse  ex  eis  quendam 
Athenienses  scire,  quae  recta  essent,  sed  facere  nolle.  215 

The  harvest  time  of  life. 

19.  Horae  quidem  cedunt  et  dies  et  menses  et  anni,  nee 
praeteritum  tempus  umquam  revertitur,  nee,  quid  sequa- 
tur,  sclrl  potest ;  quod  cuique  temporis  ad  vivendum  da- 
tur,  eo  debet  esse  eontentus.  Neque  enim  histrionl,^  ut 
plaeeat,  peragenda  fabula  ^  est,  modo,^  in  quoeumque  220 
fuerit  actu,  probetur,  neque  sapient!  usque  ad  "  Plaudite  "  ^ 
veniendum  est.  Breve  enim  tempus  aetatis  satis  longum 
est  ad  bene  honesteque  vivendum  ;  sin  processerit  lon- 
gius,^  non  magis   dolendum   est,   quam   agricolae   dolent 

^* splendor.      ^^  attire.      ^^ jewels,      "rightly. 

18.  1  Sparta.     2  so    much    respect.      ^  grandis   natu :  elderly.     *  assembly. 
'  to  have  risen  up.     ^  to  a  seat.     ^  plausus  multiplex  :   rounds  of  applause. 

19.  1  actor,  dative.     2  the  play.     '  if  only.     *  "  applaud  "  the  word  with 
which  the  chief  actor  closed  the  play.     *  sc.  aetate. 


l,^^  M.   TULLI  CICERONIS 

225  praeterita  vemT  ^  temporis  suavitate  aestatem  autum- 
numque  venisse.  Ver  enim  tamquam  adulescentiam 
significat  ostenditque  frtictus  futures,  reliqua  autem  tem- 
pera demetendis  ^  fructibus  et  percipiendis  ^  accommo- 
data  sunt.    Fructus  autem  senecttitis  est,  ut  saepe  dixi,  ante 

230  partorum  bonorum  memoria  et  copia. 

The  soul  is  immortal. 

22.  Apud  ^  Xenophontem  autem  moriens  Cyrus  maior 
haec  dicit :  "  Nolite  arbitrari,  o  mihi  carissimi  filil,  me, 
cum  a  vobis  discessero,  nusquam  aut  nullum  fore.  Nee 
enim,  dum  eram  voblscum,  animum  meum  videbatis,  sed 

235  eum  esse  in  hoc  corpore  ex  els  rebus,  quas  gerebam,  in- 
tellegebatis.  Eundem  igitur  esse  creditote,^  etiamsi  nul- 
lum videbitis.  Nee  vero  clarorum  virorum  post  mortem 
honores  permanerent,  si  nihil  eorum  ipsorum  animi  effi- 
cerent,    quo    diutius    memoriam    sul    teneremus.     Mihi 

240quidem  numquam  persuader!  potuit  animos,  dum  in  cor- 
poribus  essent  mortalibus,  vivere,  cum  excessissent  ex  eis, 
emori ;  nee  vero  tum  animum  esse  insipientem,^  cum  ex 
msipientl  corpore  evasisset ;  sed  cum  omni  admixtione  "* 
corporis  liberatus  purus  et  integer  esse  coepisset,  tum  esse 

245  sapientem.  Atque  etiam  cum  hominis  natura  morte 
dissolvitur,  ceterarum  rerum  perspicuum  ^  est  quo  quaeque 
discedat ;  abeunt  enim  illuc  ^  omnia,  unde  orta  sunt;  ani- 
mus autem  solus,  nee  cum  adest  nee  cum  discedit,  ap- 
paret.     lam  vero  videtis  nihil  esse  morti  tam  simile  quam 

260somnum.  Atqui  dormientium  animi  maxime  declarant 
divTnitatem  suam ;  multa  enim,  cum  remiss! '  et  llberi 
sunt,  futura  prospiciunt.  Ex  quo  intellegitur,  quales 
futuri  sint,  cum  se  plane  ^  corporis  vinculls  relaxaverint. 

•  of  spring.     '  reaping.     *  gathering. 

22.   1  in.      '  you  must  believe.       '  without  consciousness.       *  connection 
(with).    '  dear;  rerum  limits  quaeque.    *  to  the  place.    ^  released.    *  entirely. 


CATO  MAIOR  DE   SENECTUTE   LIBER         169 

Quare,  sT  haec  ita  sunt,   sTc  me   colitote,"  ^   inquit,    "  ut 
deum ;    sin  una  est  interiturus  animus  cum  corpore,  vos  255 
tamen  deos  verentes,  qui  banc  omnem  pulchritudinem  ^^ 
tuentur  et  regunt,   memoriam  nostrl  pie   inviolateque  ^^ 
servabitis." 

■"  lou  must  reverence.    i°  beautiful  (world).    "  affectionately  and  sacredly. 


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C.   SALLUSTI   CRISPI 
BELLUM   CATILINAE 


Sallust  (C.  Sallustius  Crispus,  86-35  b.c.)  was  tribune  of  the  people 
in  52  ;  was  expelled  from  the  Senate  in  50,  being  an  opponent  of  Cicero, 
and  Pompey,  but  restored  later  by  Caesar ;  was  praetor  in  46,  and  gov- 
ernor of  Numidia.  After  Caesar's  assassination  he  wrote  Bellum  Cati- 
linae  and  Bellum  lugurthinum.  In  the  former  he  gives  an  account  of 
the  conspiracy  of  Catiline  and  the  moral  condition  of  the  times.  The 
speeches  of  Caesar  and  Cato  before  the  Senate,  concerning  the  punish- 
ment of  the  conspirators,  are  of  special  interest  (chapters  51,  52). 

The  character  of  Catiline. 

5.  L.  Catilma,  nobil!  genere  natus,  fuit  magna  vi  et 
animi  et  corporis  sed  ingenio  malo  pravoque.^  Huic 
ab  adulescentia  bella  intestina,  caedes,  rapinae,  discordia 
civllis,  grata  fuere  ^ ;  ibique  ^  iuventutem  suam  exercuit. 
5  Corpus  patiens  inediae/  algoris,^  vigiliae,  supra  quam 
cuiquam  credibile  est.  Animus  audax,  subdolus,^  varius, 
cuius  rei  libet  simulator  ac  dissimulator ;  ^  alieni  ^  adpe- 
tens,  sui  profusus,  ardens  in  cupiditatibus  ;  satis  eloquen- 
tiae,    sapientiae    parum.     Vastus  ^    animus  immoderata, 

10  incredibilia,  nimis  alta  semper  cupiebat.  Hunc  post 
dominationem  L.  Sullae  libido  maxima  invaserat  rei 
publicae  capiendae  ;  neque  id  quibus  modis  adsequeretur, 
dum  sibi  regnum  pararet,  quicquam  pens!  ^^  habebat. 
Agitabatur  magis  magisque  in  dies  animus  ferox  inopia  rei 

15  familiaris    et    conscientia    scelerum ;     quae    utraque    eis 

5.  ^depraved.  *  =  '  uerunt.  ^  and  in  these.  *  hunger.  ^  cold.  *  subtle. 
'  pretending  and  dissembling  anything  you  please  (libet).  *  other  men's 
property.     *  insatiable.     ^°  scruple. 

170 


BELLUM   CATILINAE  171 

artibus  auxerat,  quas  supra  memoravi.  Incitabant  prae- 
terea  corrupt!  civitatis  mores,  quos  pessima  ac  diversa  " 
inter  se  mala^  luxuria  atque  avaritia,  vexabant. 

Virtues  of  the  Ancient  Romans. 

Res  ipsa  hortari  videtur,  quoniam  de  moribus  civi- 
tatis tempus  admonuit,  supra  repetere  ac  ^-  paucis  In-  20 
stituta  maiorum  domi  militiaeque;  quo  modo  rem  publicam 
habuerint  quantamque  reliquerint;  ut,  paulatim  immii- 
tata  ex  pulcherrima  atque  optima,  pessima  ac  flagitio- 
sissima  facta  sit,  disserere. 

6.   Urbem     Romam,     sTcutI    ego     accepi,^    condidere  ^25 
atque  habuere  initio   Troianl,   qui  Aenea  duce  profugi  ^ 
sedibus    incertis    vagabantur ;    cumque    eis    Aborigines, 
genus     hominum     agreste,'^     sine  legibus,   sine    imperio, 
llberum  atque  solutum.^     Hi  postquam  in  una  moenia  ^ 
convenere,  dispari  genere,  dissimili  lingua,  alii  alio  more  30 
viventes,  incredibile  memoratu  est  quam  facile  coaluerint.^ 
Sed  postquam  res  eorum,  civibus,  moribus,  agrls  aucta, 
satis  prospera  satisque  pollens  ^  videbatur,  sicuti  ^  pleraque 
mortalium  habentur,  invidia  ex  opulentia  orta  est.     Igitur 
reges  populique  finitimi  bello  temptare  ;  ^^  pauci  ex  amicis  35 
auxilio  esse,^^  nam  ceteri  metu  perculsi  a  periculis  aberant. 
At  Romani  domi   militiaeque   intenti  ^^  festlnare  parare, 
alius    alium    hortari,    hostibus    obviam  ^^   ire,  libertatem, 
patriam,  parentesque    armis    tegere.     Post    ubi    pericula 
virtiite  propulerant,  sociis  atque  amicis  auxilia  portabant,  40 
magisque    dandis    quam    accipiendis    beneficiis    amicitias 
parabant.     Imperium  legitimum,^^  nomen  imperi  regium  ^^ 
habebant.     Delecti,    quibus   corpus   annis   infirmum,   in- 

11  contending.     12  w,  disserere  (1.  24),  to  describe. 

6.  1  understand.  2  =  condiderunt.  ^  as  exiles.  *  savage.  ^  uncon- 
trolled. ^  city,  '^  united,  ^powerful,  'sicuti  .  .  .  habentur:  as  is  gen- 
erally the  case  in  human  affairs.  *°  historical  inf.  "  intenti  festinare : 
vnth  alertness  made  haste.     1*  met.      "  regulated  by  laws.      ^*  monarchy. 


172  C.  SALLUSTI  CRISPI 

genium  sapientia  validum  erat,  rei  publicae  consultabant ; 

45  el  vel  aetate  vel  curae  similitudine  ^^  patres  appellabantur. 
Post  ubi  regium  imperium,  quod  initio  conservandae 
llbertatis  ^^  atque  augendae  rei  publicae  fuerat,  in  super- 
biam  dominationemque  se  convertit,  immutato  more 
annua  imperia  binosque  imperatores  sibi  fecere ;   eo  modo 

50  minime  posse  putabant  per  licentiam  insolescere  ^^  ani- 
mum  humanum. 

7.  Sed  ea  tempestate  ^  coepere  se  quisque  magis  ex- 
tollere  ^  magisque  ingenium  in  promptu  habere.^  Nam 
regibus  boni  ^  quam  mail  ^  suspectiores  sunt,  semperque 

55eis  aliena  virtus  formidolosa  est.  Sed  civitas,  incredi- 
bile  memoratu  est,  adepta  ^  libertate  quantum  brevi  ^ 
creverit ;  tanta  cupido  gloriae  incesserat.  lam  primum 
inventus,  simul  laboris  ac  belli  patiens  ^  erat,  in  castris  per 
usum  militiam  discebat,  magisque  in  decoris  ^  armis  et 

60  militaribus  equis  quam  in  scortis  atque  conviviis  libidinem 
habebant.  Igitur  talibus  viris  non  labor  insolitus,  non 
locus  ulliis  asper  ^°  aut  arduus  "  erat,  non  armatus  hostis 
formidolosus  ;  virtus  omnia  domuerat.  Sed  gloriae  maxi- 
mum certamen  inter  ipsos  erat :  se  quisque  hostem  ferire,^^ 

65murum  ascendere,  conspici  dum  tale  facinus  faceret,  pro- 
perabat.  Eas  divitias,  eam  bonam  famam  magnamque 
nobilitatem  putabant.  Laudis  avidi,  pecuniae  liberales 
erant ;  gloriam  ingentem,  divitias  honestas  ^^  volebant. 
Memorare  possem,  quibus  in  locis  maximas  hostium  copias 

jopopulus  Romanus  parva  manu  fuderit,  quas  urbes  natura 
munitas  ptignando  ceperit,  ni  ^^  ea  res  longius  nos  ab  in- 
cepto  traheret. 

8.  Sed  profecto  fortuna  in  omni  re  dominatur ;   ea  res 

*^  similarity.  ^*  sc.  causa.   "  grow  overbearing. 

7.  ^period.  ^  to  seek  distinction.  ^  in  promptu  habere:  show.  *  the 
meritorious.  ^  the  undeserving,  ^secured.  '  sc.  tempore.  ^  able  to  bear, 
•  fine.     1°  difficult.     "  inaccessible.     "  to  wound.     "  moderate.     "  but  that. 


BELLUM   CATILINAE  173 

cunctas  ex  libidine  magis  quam  ex  vero  celebrat  ^  obscurat- 
que.  Atheniensium  res  gestae,  sicuti  ego  aestimo,  satis  75 
amplae  magnificaeque  fuere,  verum  aliquanto  minores 
tamen  quam  fama  feruntur.  Sed  quia  provenere  ^  ibi 
scrlptorum  magna  ingenia,  per  terrarum  orbem  Athe- 
niensium facta  pro  maximis  celebrantur.  Ita  eorum,  qui 
ea  fecere,  virtus  tanta  habetur,  quantum  ea  verbis  potuere  80 
extoUere  praeclara  ingenia.  At  populo  Romano  num- 
quam  ea  copia  fuit,  quia  prtidentissimus  ^  quisque  maxime 
negotiosus  erat ;  ingenium  nemo  sine  corpore  exercebat ; 
optimus  quisque  facere  quam  dicere,  sua  ab  alils  bene  facta 
laudarl  quam  ipse  aliorum  narrare  malebat.  85 

•  9.  Igitur  domi  mllitiaeque  boni  mores  colebantur ; 
Concordia  maxima,  minima  avaritia  erat ;  ius  bonumque 
apud  eos  non  legibus  magis  quam  natura  valebat.  lurgia,^ 
discordias,  simultates  cum  hostibus  exercebant ;  elves  cum 
civibus  de  virtute  certabant.  In  suppliciis  ^  deorum  90 
magnifici,  domi  parcl,^  in  amicos  fideles  erant.  Duabus 
his  artibus,  audacia  in  bello,  ubi  pax  evenerat,  aequitate, 
seque  remque  publicam  curabant.  Quarum  rerum  ego 
maxima  documenta  haec  habeo,  quod  in  bello  saepius 
vindicatum  '^  est  in  eos,  qui  contra  imperium  in  hostem  95 
pugnaverant,  quique  tardius,  revocati,^  proelio  excesse- 
rant,  quam  ^  qui  signa  relinquere  aut  pulsl  loco  cedere  ausi 
erant ;  in  pace  vero  quod  beneficiis  quam  metti  imperium 
agitabant,^  et  accepta  iniuria  ignoscere  quam  persequi 
malebant.  lOO 

Caesar's  speech  in  the  Senate  Dec.  5,  63  B.C. 

Caesar,  ubi  ad  eum  ventum  est,  rogatus  sententiam  a 
consule  huiusce  modi  verba  locutus  est : 

8.  ^  she  (ea)  makes  famous.      *  flourished.      '  m,08t  talented. 

9.  ^strife.     ^  the  worship,     ^frugal.     *  punishment  was  i/nfiicted.  *  when 
commanded  to  retreat.     •  sc.  in  eos.     ^  managed. 


174  C.  SALLUSTI  CRISPI 

51  (a).  ''  Omnes  homines,  patres  conscript!,  qui  de 
rebus  dubils  consultant,   ab    odio,    amicitia,    ira,    atque 

105  misericordia  vacuos  esse  decet.  Haud  ^  facile  animus 
verum  providet,  ubi  ilia  officiunt,^  neque  quisquam  om- 
nium libidini  simul  et  usui  ^  paruit.  Ubi  intenderis  ^ 
ingenium,  valet :  si  libido  possidet,^  ea  dominatur,  animus 
nihil  valet.     Magna  mihi  copia  est  memorandi,^  patres 

110  conscrlpti,  qui  reges  atque  popull  ira  aut  misericordia 
impulsl  male  consuluerint.  Sed  ea  malo  dicere,  quae 
maiores  nostrl  contra  libidinem  animi  sui  recte  atque 
ordine  ^  fecere,  Bello  Macedonico,  quod  cum  rege  Perse 
gessimus,    Rhodiorum    civitas    magna    atque    magnifica, 

115  quae  populi  Romani  opibus  creverat,  inflda  atque  adversa  ^ 
nobis  fuit.  Sed  postquam  bello  confecto  de  Rhodiis 
consultum  est,  maiores  nostri,  ne  quis  divitiarum  magis 
quam  iniuriae  causa  bellum  inceptum  diceret,  impunTtos 
eos  dimlsere.^     Item  bellls  Punicis  omnibus,   cum  saepe 

120  Carthaginienses  et  in  pace  et  per  indutias  multa  nefaria 
facinora  fecissent,  numquam  ipsi  per  occasionem  ^°  taUa 
fecere  ;  magis  quid  se  dignum  foret,^^  quam  quid  in  illos 
iure  fieri  posset,  quaerebant.  Hoc  item  vobis  providen- 
dum  est,  patres  conscrlpti,  ne  plus  apud  vos  valeat  P. 

l25Lentuli  et  ceterorum  scelus  quam  vestra  dignitas,  neu 
magis  irae  vestrae  quam  famae  consulatis.  Nam  si  digna 
poena  pro  factis  eorum  reperitur,  novum  consilium  ^- 
adprobo  ;  sin  magnitudo  sceleris  omnium  ingenia  ^^  exsu- 
perat,  his  utendum  censeo,  quae  legibus  comparata  sunt. 

130  51  (6).  Plerlque  eorum,  qui  ante  me  sententias  dixerunt, 
composite   atque  magnifice^  casum  rei   publicae   miserati 

51  (a),  ^not.  ^obstruct  the  view,  ^interest.  *  freely  exert.  ^  holds 
possession.  ^  i.e.,  I  could  easily  mention,  ''properly.  ^hostile.  ^  left. 
^^  when  opportunity  offered.  ."  =  esset.  ^^  i.e.,  of  putting  citizens  to 
death  in  violation  of  law.     "  imaginations. 

51  (6).  1  in  studied  and  impressive  language. 


BELLUM   CATILINAE  175 

sunt.  Quae  belli  saevitia  ^  esset,  quae  victis  acciderent, 
enumeravere ;  rapi  virgines  pueros ;  divelli  liberos  a 
parentum  complexu  ;  matres  familiarum  pati  quae  vie- 
toribus  conlibuissent ;  ^  fana  atque  domos  spoliari ;  cae- 135 
dem,  incendia  fieri  ;  postremo  armis,  cadaveribus,^  cruore,^ 
atque  luctu  omnia  compleri.  Sed,  per  deos  immortales, 
quo  ^  ilia  oratio  pertinuit  ?  An  uti  vos  mfestos  coniura- 
tionl  faceret?  Scilicet,  quern  res  tanta  et  tarn  atrox  non 
permovit,  eum  oratio  accendet.^  Non  ita  est,  nequei40 
cuiquam  mortalium  iniuriae  suae  parvae  videntur  ;  multi 
eas  gravius  aequo  ^  habuere.  Sed  alia  aliis  licentia  est, 
patres  conscript!.  Qui  demissi  ^  in  obsctiro  vltam  habent, 
SI  quid  Iracundia  deliquere,^°  pauci  sciunt ;  fama  atque 
fortuna  eorum  pares  sunt;  qui  magno  imperio  praeditlus 
in  excelso  ^^  aetatem  agunt,  eorum  facta  cuncti  mortales 
novere.  Ita  in  maxima  fortuna  minima  licentia  est ; 
neque  studere  ^^  neque  odisse,  sed  minime  Irasci  decet ; 
quae  apud  alios  Iracundia  dicitur,  ea  in  imperio  ^^  superbia 
atque  crudelitas  appellatur.  Equidem  ego  sic  existimo,  iso 
patres  conscrlpti,  omnes  cruciatus  minores  quam  facinora 
illorum  esse.  Sed  plerlque  mortales  postrema  meminere 
et  in  hominibus  impils  sceleris  eorum  obliti  de  poena 
disserunt,^^  si  ea  paulo  saevior  fuit. 

51  (c).  D.  Sllanum,  virum  fortem  atque  strenuum,  certoi55 
scio  quae  dixerit,  studio  ^  rel  publicae  dixisse,  neque  ilium 
in  tanta  re  gratiam  aut  inimlcitias  exercere ;  eos  mores 
eamque  modestiam  ^  virl  cognovl.  Verum  sententia 
eius  mihi  non  crudelis  (quid  enim  in  tales  homines  crudele 
fieri  potest?),  sed  aliena  a  re  publica  nostra  videtur.  160 
Nam  profecto  aut  metus  aut  injuria  ^  te  subegit,  Sllane, 

2  barbarity.  ^  should  please.  *  corpses.  ^  blood.  ^  to  what  end.  ''  will 
inflame.  ^  than  was  right.  '  sunk.  ^°  have  done  wrong.  "  in  an  exalted 
atation.     12  iq  show  favor.     ^^  in  the  powerful.     ^*  talk. 

51(c).  ^  from  zeal  for.     *  moderation.      ^  the  nature  of  the  crime. 


176  C.  SALLUSTI  CRISPI 

consulem  designatum,  genus  poenae  novum  decernere. 
De  timore  supervacaneum  ^  est  disserere,  cum  praesertim 
dlligentia  clarissimi  virl,  consulis,  tanta  praesidia  sint  in 

165armls.  De  poena  possum  equidem  dicere,  id  quod  res 
habet/  in  luctu  atque  miseriis  mortem  aerumnarum  * 
requiem,  non  cruciatum  esse  ;  eam  cuncta  mortalium  mala 
dissolvere ;  ultra  neque  curae  neque  gaudio  locum  esse. 
Sed,  per  deos  immortales,  quam  ob  rem  in  sententiam  non 

170  addidisti,  uti  prius  verberibus  in  eos  animadverteretur  ? 
An  quia  lex  Porcia  ^  vetat  ?  At  aliae  leges  item  condem- 
natls  civibus  non  animam  eripi,  sed  exsilium  permitti 
iubent.  An  quia  gravius  est  verberarl  quam  necari? 
Quid  autem  acerbum  aut  nimis  grave  est  in  homines  tanti 

175  facinoris  convictos  ?  Sin  quia  levius  est,  qui  ^  convenit  ^ 
in  minore  negotio  legem  timere,^*^  cum  eam  in  maiore 
neglegeris  ? 

51  (d).  At  enim  quis  reprehendet  quod  in  parricidas  rei 
ptiblicae  decretum  erit?     Tempus,^  dies,^  fortuna,   cuius 

180  libido  ^  gentibus  moderatur.^  Illis  merito  accidet,  quic- 
quid  evenerit ;  ceterum  ^  vos,  patres  conscrTpti,  quid  in 
alios  statuatis,  considerate.  Omnia  mala  exempla  ®  ex 
rebus  bonis  orta  sunt.  Sed  ubi  imperium  ad  ignaros  ^ 
eius  aut  minus  bonos  pervenit,  novum  illud  exemplum 

185  ab  dignis  ^  et  idoneis  ad  mdlgnos  et  non  idoneos  trans- 
fertur.  Lacedaemonii,  devictis  Atheniensibus,  triginta 
viros  imposuere,^  qui  rem  publicam  eorum  tractarent. 
El  primo  coepere  pessimum  quemque  et  omnibus  invisum 
indemnatum    necare ;     ea    populus    laetari  ^^    et    merito 


*  needless.  ^  id  .  .  .  habet:  what  is  the  truth.  ^  from  hardship.  ^  the 
Porcian  Law  ordained  that  no  one  should  bind,  scourge,  or  kill  a  Roman. 
•  how.     9  is  it  consistent.     *°  observe. 

51  (d).  1  sc.  reprehendet.  ^  the  course  of  events,  ^caprice.  *  sways, 
w.  dat.  '^but.  *  I.e.,  examples  of  severe  punishment,  ''into  the  hands  o/ 
the  ignorant.     *  sc.  poena.     '  appointed,     ^o  hist.  inf. 


BELLUM   CATILINAE  177 

dicere  fieri.     Post  ubi  paulatim  licentia   crevit,   itixta "  lOO 
bonos    et    malos    libldinose  ^^    interficere,    ceteros    metu 
terrere ;    ita  civitas  servitute  oppressa  stultae  ^^  laetitiae 
graves  poenas  dedit.     Nostra  memoria  victor  Sulla  cum 
Damasippum  ^^  et  alios  eius  modi,  qui  malo  rei  publicae 
creverant,  iugulari  iussit,  quis  non  factum  eius  laudabat  ?  195 
Homines   scelestos  ^^   et   factioscs,    qui   seditionibus   rem 
publicam  exagitaverant,  merito  necatos  aiebant.     Sed  ea 
res    magnae    initium    cladis    fuit.     Nam    utT  ^^    quisque 
domum  aut  vlllam,  postremo  ^"^  vas  ^^  aut  vestlmentum 
alicuius  concupiverat,  dabat  operam,  ut  is  in  proscriptorum  200 
nnmero  esset.     Ita  ill!,  quibus  Damasippi  mors  laetitiae 
fuerat,    paulo   post   ipsi    trahebantur,    neque   prius   finis 
iugulandi  fuit,  quam  Sulla  omnes  suos  divitiis  explevit.^^ 
Atque  ego  haec  non  in  M.  Tullio  neque  his  temporibus 
vereor,  sed  in  magna  civitate  multa  et  varia  ingenia  sunt.  205 
Potest  alio  tempore,  alio  consule,  cui  item  exercitus  in 
manti  sit,  falsum  aliquid  pro  vero  credi ;  ^^  ubi  hoc  exemplo 
per  senatus  decretum  consul  gladium  eduxerit,   quis  ill! 
finem  statuet  aut  quis  moderabitur  ? 

51  (e).  Maiores  nostri,  patres  conscript!,  neque  consili  210 
neque  audaciae  umquam  eguere ;  neque  illis  superbia 
obstabat,  quo  minus  aliena  institUta,  si  modo  proba* 
erant,  imitarentur.  Arma  atque  tela  militaria  ab  Sam- 
nitibus,  insignia  magistratuum  ab  Tuscis  pleraque  sump- 
serunt.  Postremo  quod  ubique  apud  socios  aut  hostes2i5 
idoneum  videbatur,  cum  summo  studio  domi  exseque- 
bantur ;  ^  imitari  quam  invidere  ^  bonis  malebant.  Sed 
eodem  illo  tempore  Graeciae  morem  imitati  verberibus 
animadvertebant    in    cives,    de    condemnatis    summum^ 

"  without  discrimination.  "  at  their  pleasure.  "  imprudent.  ^*  before 
Sulla's  victory  Damasippus  had  put  to  death  some  of  the  senators. 
*•  wicked.     ^^  when.     "  or  even.     '*  plate.     ^*  satisfied.     *"  may  be  credited. 

51  (c).  1  worthy  0/  regard.     »  adopted.     *  envy.     *  i.e.,  death. 


178  C.  SALLUSTI  CRISPI 

220  supplicium  sumebant.  Postquam  res  publica  adolevit  ^ 
et  multitudine  civium  factiones  valuere,  circumvenlrl  ^ 
innocentes,  alia  huiusce  modi  fieri  coepere  ;  turn  lex  Porcia 
aliaeque  leges  paratae  sunt,  quibus  legibus  exsilium 
damnatis    permissum    est.     Hanc    ego    causam,    patres 

^25  conscript!,  quo  minus  novum  consilium  capiamus,  in  pri- 
mis  magnam  puto.  Profecto  virtus  atque  sapientia  maior 
illis  fuit,  qui  ex  par\as  opibus  tantum  imperium  fecere, 
quam  in  nobis,  qui  ea  bene  parta  ^  vix  retinemus. 

Placet  igitur  eos  dimitti  et  augeri  exercitum  Catilinae? 

23oMinime.  Sed  ita  censeo,  publicandas  eorum  pecunias, 
ipsos  in  vinculis  habendos  per  municipia,  quae  maxime 
opibus  valent ;  neu  quis  de  eis  postea  ad  senatum  referat 
neve  cum  populo  agat ;  qui  aliter  fecerit,  senatum  existi- 
mare  eum  contra  rem  publicam  et  salutem  omnium  fac- 

■235turum." 

The  Execution  of  the  Conspirators. 

55.  Postquam,  ut  dixi,  senatus  in  Catonis  sententiam 
discessit,  consul  optimum  factu  ratus  ^  noctem  quae  in- 
stabat  antecapere,^  ne  quid  eo  spatio  novaretur,^  trium- 
viros  ^  quae    supplicium  postulabat  parare   iubet.     Ipse 

240  praesidiis  dispositis  Lentulum  in  carcerem^  dediicit; 
idem  fit  ceteris  per  praetores.  Est  in  carcere  locus,  quod 
Tullianum  ^  appellatur,  ubi  paululum  ^  ascenderis  ad 
laevam,^  circiter  duodecim  pedes  humi  depressus ;  ^  eum 
muniunt  undique  parietes  atque  insuper  ^^  camera  lapideis 

245  fornicibus  iimcta;^^  sed  incultu,^^  tenebris,  odore,  foeda 
atque  terribilis  eius  facies  ^^  est.     In  eum  locum  postquam 

5  grew.     *  to  he  involved.     "^  acquired. 

55.  1  thinking.  ^  to  anticipate.  ^  ne  quid  novaretur:  that  no  new  de- 
velopments might  arise.  *  the  three  officers  in  charge  of  executions. 
^  the  city  prison.  See  Introd.  43.  ^  See  cuts  on  pp.  32  and  231.  ''  a  little. 
»  to  the  left.  ^  humi  depressus  :  sunk  in  the  ground.  ^°  above.  "  camera 
,  .  .  iunctSL,  a  chamber  formed  of  stone  arches.     ^^  neglect.     ^^  condition. 


BELLUM  CATILINAE  179 

demissus  est  Lentulus,  vindices  ^'^  rerum  capitalium,  qui- 
bus  praeceptum  erat,  laqueo  ^^  gulam  ^®  fregere.  Ita  ille 
patricius  ex  gente  clarissima  Corneliorum,  qui  consulare 
imperium  Romae  habuerat,  dignum  moribus  ^^  f actisque  250 
suis  exitium  vitae  invenit.  De  Cethego,  Statilio,  Gabinio, 
Caepario,  eodem  modo  supplicium  sumptum  est. 

1*  punishers.     ^^  with  a  noose.     ^^  neck.     "  charactei', 

25 


ahbr. 

abs. 

adj. 

adv. 

App. 

appos 

Ar. 

cf.  {confer 

comp 

conj. 

cons. 

def. 

dem. 

dep. 

dir.  disc 

dist. 

freq. 
F.  P. 

i.e.  (id 

impers 

impf. 

indecl. 

indef. 

indie. 

interj. 

interrog. 


est) 


ABBREVIATIONS 

abbreviated  intr intransitive 

absolute  Introd.      .     .     .  Introduction 

adjective  irr irregular 

adverb  I line 

Appendix  lit literally 

apposition  loc locative 

Archias  num numeral 

compare  ohj object 

comparative  P Pompey's 

conjunction  Command 

consonant  p page 

defective  part participle 

demonstrative        pass passive 

deponent  perf perfect 

direct  discourse      plup pluperfect 

distributive  poss possessive 

following  pred predicate 

frequentative  prep preposition 

future  perfect         pron pronoun 

that  is  rel relative 

impersonal  sc.  {scilicet)   .     .  supply 

imperfect  suhj subject 

indeclinable  subjv subjunctive 

indefinite  sup.      .     .     .     .  superlative 

indicative  tr transitive 

interjection  trans translate 

interrogative  w with 


180 


NOTES 

References  to  Latin  Grammars  are  indicated  as  follows: 
A.,  Allen  and  Greenough's  New  ;  B.,  Bennett's  ;  Bur.,  Burton's; 
G.,  Gildersleeve  and  Lodge's ;  H.,  Harkness's  Complete ;  HB., 
Hale  and  Buck's.  References  without  a  preceding  initial  are 
made  to  the  Grammatical  Appendix  of  this  book. 

FIRST   ORATION   AGAINST   CATILINE 

INTRODUCTORY    NOTE 

1.  Catiline.  —  Lucius  Sergius  Catiline,  who  was  born  about 
108  B.C.,  belonged  to  a  patrician  family  that  had  fallen  into 
poverty.  According  to  Cicero  and  the  historian  Sallust,  he  was  a 
man  of  remarkable  powers  of  body  and  mind,  but  a  reckless 
debauchee  whose  strong  influence  was  perverted.  He  appears  first 
in  history  in  connection  with  the  proscriptions  of  Sulla.  His 
own  hands  were  stained,  it  is  said,  with  the  blood  of  his  wife, 
his  son,  and  his  brother-in-law.  Catiline  was  praetor  in  68  b.c. 
and  governor  of  the  province  of  Africa  in  67.  Returning  to  Rome, 
he  was  prevented  from  standing  for  the  consulship  in  66  by  threats 
of  prosecution  for  extortion  in  his  province.  He  then  formed  a 
plot  to  kill  the  consuls-elect,  Cotta  and  Torquatus,  on  January  1, 
65  B.C.,  and  to  make  himself  and  Autronius  consuls  in  their  place. 
This  so-called  first  conspiracy  was  discovered  and  failed,  and  on 
a  second  attempt,  February  5,  was  frustrated  because  Catiline 
gave  the  signal  too  soon. 

2.  The  Conspiracy.  —  In  65  and  64  b.c,  Catiline  again  sought 
the  consulship  but  failed,  Cicero  and  Antonius  being  elected  for 
63.  Maddened  by  his  fourth  failure  at  the  election,  in  July  63, 
he  planned  his  insurrection,  known  as  *'  The  Conspiracy  of  Cati- 
line." The  plot  included  the  murder  of  Cicero,  the  massacre  of 
enemies,  the  burning  of  the  city,  and  the  seizing  of  the  government. 
The  city  was  filled  with  dangerous  classes,  men  who  had  lost  their 
fortunes  acquired  during  the  civil  wars,  and  discontented  veteran* 

181 


182 


NOTES 


of  Sulla.  These  Catiline  would  stir  to  revolution  by  hope  of  '*  new 
tablets,"  being  emboldened  himself  by  the  silent  approval  of 
many  men  of  rank.  Recruits  for  his  army  were  to  be  drawn 
from  the  colonies  in  Italy  and  Gaul.  "  The  wild  shepherds,  the 
brigands  of  the  hills,  the  slaves  and  gladiators  were  all  to  play 
their  part."  Cicero  was  fully  informed  of  the  details  by  the 
mistress  of  one  of  the  conspirators.  When  he  disclosed  the  con- 
spiracy to  the  Senate  on  October  21,  that  body  virtually  declared 
martial  law  by  its  decree  "  Let  the  consuls  see  to  it  that  the  state 
suffer  no  harm."  On  October  27,  Manlius  raised  the  standard  of 
the  rebel  forces  at  Faesulae,  in  Etruria.  The  next  day  Cicero 
foiled  the  projected  murder  of  the  Optimates.  On  November  1 
the  rebels  attempted  to  seize  the  fortress  of  Praeneste  near  Rome, 
but  were  successfully  resisted  by  the  inhabitants,  upon  Cicero's 
warning.  Then  occurred  the  meeting  of  the  conspirators  in  the 
house  of  Laeca  on  the  night  of  November  6,  when  two  men  volun- 
teered to  murder  Cicero.  But  the  consul  learned  of  the  design  in 
time  to  take  precaution. 

3.  The  First  Oration.  —  On  the  8th  of  November,  63  B.C., 
the  Senate  met  for  safety  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Stator,  on  the 
Palatine  Hill,  surrounded  by  a  special  guard  of  knights.     Catiline 


The  Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator 

(Kestored^ 


FIRST   ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE  183 

boldly  took  his  place  among  the  other  senators,  conscious  in  all 
probability  of  the  purpose  of  the  meeting.  It  was  then  that  Cicero 
delivered  the  oration  which  is  one  of  the  world's  masterpieces  of 
eloquence,  The  First  Oration  against  Catiline. 

Consult  Forsyth,  W.,  "  Life  of  Cicero,"  Vol.  I,  p.  131 ; 
Strachan-Davidson,  J.  L.,  "  Cicero,"  Ch.  V ;  Froude,  J.  A., 
"  Caesar,"  Ch.  XL  For  a  defense  of  Catiline,  see  Beesly,  A.  H., 
"  Catiline,  Clodius,  and  Tiberius,"  and  "  Catiline  as  a  Party 
Leader." 

OUTLINE 
I.  Propositio  — 

a.  Catiline's  audacity,  Ch.  1. 
h.  Catiline  deserving  of  punishment,  Ch.  2. 
II.  Narratio  — 

The  movements  and  plans  of  the  conspirators,  Ch.  3,  4. 

III.  Hortatio  — 

Catiline  exhorted  to  leave  the  city,  Ch.  5-10. 

IV.  Peroratio  — 

Reasons  for  allowing  Catiline  to  go  unpunished,  Ch.  11-13. 

Chapter  1  «.-« 

1.  abutere  :   fut.  ind.     In  the  second  sing,  pass.,  Cicero  regu-         1 
larly  uses  the  ending  -ris  only  in  the  pres.  indie,  -re  in  other 
tenses;   HB.  151.     Catilina  :   case,  96.^     patientia  :   case,  147.- 

2.  Quam  diu  etiam  :  how  much  longer?  furor  iste  tuus  :  that 
frenzy  of  yours. 

3.  audacia  :  sc.  tua,  Nihilne  :  not  at  all,  stronger  than  nonne. 
For  the  case  of  nihil  see  129.^  For  the  repetition  of  nihil  in  the 
following  phrases,  "  anaphora,"  see  235.  The  sentence  may  be 
rendered  in  the  passive  :  are  you  not  alarmed  at  all  by  the^ight 
guard  ? 

4.  Palati :  the  Palatine  Hill,  one  of  the  seven  hills  on  which 
Rome  was  built.  It  was  famous  for  its  temples,  for  the  resi- 
dences of  prominent  men,  including  Cicero,  and  later  for  the  pal- 
aces of  the  emperors.  Hence  our  words  "  palatial,"  "  palace." 
The  conspirators  would  attempt  to  seize  this  part  of  the  city. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

1  —  398 

340 

171 

201 

402 

400 

2  —  572 

410 

218 

407 

477 

429 

«  — 522 

,397 

185 

333 

416 

387 

184 


NOTES 


PAGE 

1 


Looking  toward  the  Palatike  Hill  from  the  Forum 

5.  bonorum  :  i.e.  good  citizens.  They  had  probably  assem- 
bled outside  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator,  in  which  the  Senate 
had  met  for  safety  (hie  .  .  .  locus,  1.  6).  The  Senate  house  was 
the  Curia  Hostilia  (Introd.  43),  but  a  session  might  be  held  in 
any  temple  for  special  reasons. 

6.  horum :   i.e.  the   senators. 

7.  moverunt :  alarmed,  disturbed.  Patere  :  note  the  order  of 
words ;   233,  a.     non  :    used  for  nonne. 

8.  Constrictam  .  .  .  teneri :  is  held  in  check,  as  might  be  said 
of  a  wild  beast. 

9.  proxima  (nocte)  :  Nov.  7.  superiore  :  Nov.  6  ;  see  Introd. 
Note,  p.  184. 

10.  egeris,  fueris,  etc. :  subjunctives  in  indirect  questions,  de- 
pending on  ignorare  ;  202.^  quid  consili :  what  plan;  consili  :  gen, 
of  the  whole ;   103.^ 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

»  — 846 

574 

300 

467 

649 

537 

«  — 412 

346 

201 

367 

441 

346 

FIRST   ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE  185 

PAQB 

11.  quern  .  .   .  arbitraris :  what  man  of  us  do  you  think  is  not        1 
aware?    nostrum:    for  the  form  of  this  gen.,  see  162,  b.^ 

12.  tempera:  ace.  of  exclamation;  130.^  haec :  the  con- 
spiracy,    consul :  Cicero. 

13.  hie :  Catiline. 

14.  fit  .  .  .  particeps :  takes  part  in  the  public  deliberations. 
consili :  case,  104.^ 

15.  oculis  :   i.e.,  as  he  glances  about ;   abl.  of  means. 

16.  fortes :  ironical,  satis  facere  videmur  (sc.  nobis)  :  we 
think  we  are  doing  our  duty  (lit.,  seem  to  ourselves,  etc.). 

17.  istius  :  of  that  scoundrel,  yitemus  :  subjunctive  in  indir. 
disc,  depending  on  videmur  (we  think). 

18.  te  duci  oportebat :    you  ought  to  have  been  led.     For  the         f 
pres.  inf.  translated  as  if  perf.,  see  209,  6.^     iussu  consulis :   the 
Senate  had  given  the  consuls  special  authority  by  its  decree  of 
Oct.  21.     See  Introductory  Note,  p.  182. 

19.  conf erri :  w.  oportebat,  ought  to  have  been  fought.  See 
note  on  1.  18. 

20.  An :  this  particle  ordinarily  connects  the  members  of  a 
double  question,  with  the  meaning  or.  Here,  as  in  early  Latin, 
it  is  used  somewhat  like  -ne,  or  nonne,  but  putting  strong  em- 
phasis on  the  preceding  statement ;  89,  6.^  Trans,  did  not  a 
most  honorable  man  .  .  .  kill  .  .  .;  (and)  shall  we  endure 
(perferemus,  1.  24)  .  .  .? 

21.  Scipio,  Gracchum:  Tiberius  Gracchus,  a  tribune  of  the 
people  in  133  b.c,  had  aroused  the  opposition  of  the  wealthy  by 
reviving  the  law  limiting  the  amount  of  land  to  be  held  by  an 
individual.  Though  he  was  a  patriot  and  reformer,  he  was 
not  always  legal  in  his  methods.  He  was  put  to  death  by  a 
mob  of  his  opponents  led  by  P.  Scipio  Nasica.  The  latter  is 
caljed  a  private  citizen  (privatus,  1.  22)  because  the  high  priest 
was  not  classed  as  a  magistrate. 

24.    Nam  .  .  .  quod :    for   I   pass   over  that   precedent   as  too 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

1  —  663 

295 

242 

304 

500 

254 

*  — 501 

397 

183 

343 

421 

399 

^  —  425 

349 

204 

374 

450 

354 

*  — 948 

486 

270 

653 

617 

582 

5  —  368 

162.  4.  a 

236 

186  NOTES 

?aqb 

8         ancient,  that.     The  plural   ilia   may  imply  other   similar   prece- 
dents in  the  mind  of  the  speaker. 

25.  Maelium:  M.  Maelius,  a  rich  plebeian,  in  the  famine  of 
439  B.C.  obtained  grain  for  the  sufferers.  Charged  by  the 
patricians  with  seeking  favor  in  order  to  make  himself  king,  he 
was  summoned  before  the  dictator  Cincinnatus,  but  refusing  to 
obey  the  summons  was  slain  by  Ahala,  the  master  of  horse. 

26.  Fuit,  fuit :   the  figure  of  anaphora  ;   235.     ista  :   such. 

29.  senatus  consultum  :  the  decree  of  Oct.  21.  in  te  :  against 
you. 

30.  rei  publicae :  dat.  w.  deest ;  trans,  the  republic  does  noi 
lack,     huius  ordinis  :    i.e.  the  Senate. 

Chapter  2 

32.  Decrevit :  "A  Roman  citizen  had  the  right  to  appeal  to 
the  people  in  a  case  of  life  or  death,  but  the  Senate  found  means 
of  suspending  this  right,  when  it  wished  to  get  rid  of  an  enemy, 
by  establishing  a  special  commission  or  by  passing  a  senatus 
consultum  ultimum.'^ — Abbott,  quondam:  in  121  b.c.  ut  .  .  . 
videret,  ne  .  .  .  caperet,  object  clauses ;    205,  a.^ 

34.  intercessit :  between  the  passing  of  the  decree  and  the 
execution. 

35.  C.  Gracchus :  a  more  able  statesman  than  his  brother 
Tiberius  (1.  21).  As  tribune  in  123  and  122  b.c,  he  accom- 
plished many  reforms  in  the  interest  of  the  people.  His  in- 
fluence, however,  was  undermined  by  the  Senate,  whose  su- 
premacy he  had  attacked.  Defeated  for  the  tribuneship  of  121, 
he  met  the  fate  of  his  brother  in  the  insurrection  which  followed. 
patre,  etc. :  abl.  of  description.  The  father  of  Gracchus  had 
been  censor,  twice  consul,  and  twice  honored  with  a  triumph. 
His  mother  Cornelia,  famed  for  her  "  jewels,"  was  the  daughter 
of  Cornelius  Scipio  (avo),  the  conqueror  of  Hannibal. 

36.  Note  the  emphatic  position  of  occisus  est,  and  of  decrevit, 
interfectus  est  above ;  233,  a.  Fulvius :  it  is  said  that  three 
thousand  of  the  followers  of  Gracchus  perished  after  him. 

37.  Mario,  Valeric :  datives.  Marius,  the  conqueror  of  the 
Cimbri  and  Teutones,  was  consul  for  the  sixth  time  in  100  B.C. 


Bur.     A.  B.         G.         H.        HB. 

*  — 826     563         295        546        565        502 


FIRST   ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE 


187 


As  leader  of  the  democracy,  he  was  to  some  extent  in  sympathy 
with  Saturninus  and  Servilius  (1.  39),  but  because  of  their  un- 
scrupulous action,  ending  in 
the  murder  of  their  rival 
Memmius,  he  was  compelled 
to  carry  out  the  Senate's 
decree  against  them. 

38.  res  publica  :  the  safety 
of  the  republic.  Num  .  .  .  re- 
morata  est?  in  the  case  of 
.  .  .  was  death  delayed  .  .  .? 
(Lit.,  did  death  delay  them?) 

40.  mors  ac  poena :  omit 
ac  ;  poena  explains  mors,  rei 
publicae  :  98.^  vicesimum  : 
Cicero  uses  round  numbers. 
From  Oct.  21,  when  the  de- 
cree was  passed,  to  Nov.  8 
was  eighteen  days. 

41.  aciem :  edge,  as  of  a 
sword. 

43.  tabulis  :  i.e.  the  public 
records,  vagina  :  the  meta- 
phor of  a  sword  is  continued. 

44.  ex :  according  to.  te 
.  .  .  convenit :  you  should  have 
been  put  to  death  (lit.,  it  was 
fitting,  etc.). 

47.  patres  conscripti :  conscript  fathers,  a  phrase  used  in 
addressing  the  senators  in  a  body.  The  expression  was  prob- 
ably patres  et  conscripti  at  first,  patres  referring  to  the  original 
senators,  who  were  patricians,  conscripti  to  the  plebeians  who 
were  enrolled  and  admitted  later.      (Introd.  28.) 

49.  inertiae  :   for  the  case,  see  105. ^ 

50.  Etruria  faucibus :  .t  Faesulae  (modern  Fiesole),  about 
three  miles  from  Florence.  "It  is  a  position  of  great  natural 
strength,  commanding  a  wide  view  of  the  valley  of  the  Arno 


PAGE 

2 


Caius  Marius 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

UB. 

1  —  402 

343 

199 

363 

440 

344 

•  —  431 

352 

208 

378 

456 

342 

188  NOTES 

PAGE 

3  and  the  Tuscan  plain.     To  the  northwest  lie  the  passes  (fauces) 
by  which  the  great  roads  crossed  the  Apennines." — Nicol. 

52.    imperatorem  ducemque  :  Catiline. 

55.  comprehendi :     w.    iussero.     Trans,    iussero    as    if   pres 
Latin  is  more  exact  than  English  in  its  use  of  tenses,  and  there- 
fore uses  the  fut.  perf.  here. 

56.  credo  .  .  .  dicat :  the  sentence  is  ironical.  Cicero  means 
that  he  fears  the  charge  of  slowness  rather  than  of  severity  in 
his  treatment  of  the  conspirators.  Trans.  /  shall  have  to  fear^ 
I  suppose,  that  all  good  citizens  will  not  say  my  action  was  too 
tardy,  rather  than  that  any  one  should  say  it  was  too  severe,  non : 
modifies  dicant  (to  be  supplied  w.  omnes  boni),  but  not  dicat. 

59.  certa  de  causa :  for  a  definite  reason,  stated  in  the  next 
sentence,     ut  faciam  :    to  do. 

61.  tui :  for  the  gen.  w.  similis,  see  119,  a.^     qui  .  .  .  fateatur: 
as  not  to  admit;    rel.  clause  of  result ;    192,  a.^ 

62.  qui  .  .  .  audeat :    a  clause  of  description ;    192.^ 

63.  multis  et  firmis :    English  omits  the  connective. 

64.  commovere  te  :    to  raise  a  hand  against. 

65.  sentientem :    though  you  do  not  perceive;   223.* 

Chapter  3 

67.    quod  .  .  .  exspectes :  a  descriptive  clause ;  192.^ 

69.  domus :  the  house  of  Laeca ;  see  1.  98.  parietibus : 
paries,  wall  of  a  house  ;  moenia,  walls  of  a  city ;  murus,  the 
general  word  for  wall. 

70.  omnia  :  nom. ;  note  the  position. 

71.  caedis :    for  the  case,  see  108.^ 

4  72.    luce  :  note  the  emphatic  position  ;  233,  a. 

73.  licet  recognoscas  :  you  may  recall  (lit.,  it  is  permitted  thai 
you  recall).  The  subjunctive  verb  here  has  a  substantive  force, 
subject  of  licet ;  205,  d,  note.^  ante  .  .  .  Nov. :  =  Oct.  21 ;  see 
248.8 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HK. 

1  —  410 

385 

204 

359 

435 

339 

«  — 798 

537 

284 

631 

591 

521 

•  —  798 

535 

283 

631 

591 

521 

«  — 991 

496 

337 

667 

638 

604 

»— 798 

535 

283 

631 

591 

521 

•  —  438 

350 

206 

376 

454 

350 

»  — 828 

565 

295,  6 

607 

564.  1 

531 

•  —  604 

631 

371 

App. 

754 

660 

FIRST   ORATION    AGAINST   CATILINE  189 

75.    dicere  :  used  for  dixisse.   futurus  esset :  indirect  discourse.         4 
78.    Num  .   ,   .  fefellit  .   .   .  res:  was  I  mistaken  either  (lit.,  noi 
only)  in  the  fact  or  (verum). 

81.  idem:  also,  w.  ego.     contulisse  :  appointed. 

82.  in :  the  object  is  the  phrase  ante  ,  .  .  Nov. 

83.  conservandi :  singular  for  plural,  because  of  the  ap- 
parently singular  form  sui.  Trans,  for  the  purpose  of  saving 
themselves. 

84.  cum  .  .  .  prof ugerunt :  the  indicative  in  a  clause  of  date, 
not  of  description ;  195.^ 

88.  nostra  (  =  nostri,  gen.  pi.)  caede  :  with  the  slaughter  of  its; 
164,  h. 

89.  cum  .  .  .  dicebas :  see  note  on  1.  84.  Quid :  again. 
Praeneste :    an  ancient  town,  twenty  miles  southeast  of  Rome. 

92.    agis,  moliris,  cogitas  :   note  the  climax ;   239. 

Chapter  4 

95.  noctem  superiorem :    night  before  last,  i.e.  Nov.  6. 

96.  lam :  note  the  difference  in  the  meanings  of  iam  in  the 
Voeab. 

97.  priore :  =  superiore. 

98.  inter  falcarios :  among  (i.e.  into  the  street  or  quarters 
of)  the  scythe  makers. 

99.  eodem :    adv.     eius  amentiae  :    in  the  same  madness. 

103.    Ubinam  gentium?  where  in  the  world?  gen.  of  the  whole;        R 
103.2 

106.  hoc  consilio :  i.e.  the  Roman  Senate,  noted  for  its  dig- 
nity, nostro  omnium:  of  all  of  us;  we  should  expect  nostrum, 
gen.  pi.  of  nos ;   see  note  on  1.  88. 

107.  qui  .  .  .  cogitent :  a  descriptive  clause,  192.^  de  huius 
urbis :    w.  exitio. 

109.  sententiam  rogo :  it  was  the  custom  for  the  presiding 
ofl&eer  of  the  Senate  to  call  upon  the  members,  in  order  of  rank, 
to  express  their  views  upon  the  question  before  them.  "  The 
senator  might  express  verbal  agreement,  or  simply  nod  or  raise 
his  hand,  or  he  might  rise  and  make  a  speech." 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

»  — 857 

545 

288 

580 

600 

550 

«  — 412 

346 

201 

367 

441 

346 

•  —  798 

535 

283 

631 

591 

521 

190  NOTES 

PAGE 

6  115.    distribuisti  partes  :   f.e.  assigned  to  different  conspiratoi:® 

divisions  in  whicli  they  were  to  carry  out  the  plans  of  Catiline. 

116.  quo:  where.  quemque :  i.e.  each  one  of  the  conspira- 
tors. 

118.  quos  relinqueres  :  may  be  a  purpose  clause,  men  (whom) 
to  leave;  or  an  indirect  deliberative  question,  whom  you  would 
leave  (direct,  whom  shall  ive  leave?). 

121.    confirmasti :  =  confirmavisti. 

124.    paulum :   w.  morae,  a  gen.  of  the  whole. 

127.  equites  :  knights,  members  of  the  equestrian  order,  qui 
.  .  .  liberarent :    a  clause  of  purpose. 

129.    in  meo  lectulo :    in  my  very  bed. 

133.  salutatum  :  supine.  This  refers  to  an  early  morning  call 
or  greeting  which  prominent  Romans  received  from  their  clients, 
venissent :  causal  and  temporal. 

134.  id  temporis :  at  that  time;  id  is  an  adverbial  ace,  tern- 
poris  a  gen.  of  the  whole. 

Chapter  5 

f  136.    Quae  .  .  .  sint :    causal,  since  these  things  are  so. 

137.  Egredere :  imperative. 

138.  Nimium  diu  desiderant :  has  too  long  heen  missing ;  173,  c* 
castra :    the  camp  referred  to  in  1.  49. 

139.  Educ  :    used  for  educe,     si  minus  :    if  not. 

141.  dum  mode  :  if  only,  introducing  a  clause  of  proviso  ;  199.^ 
me  atque  te :    the  Latin  order  is  the  reverse  of  the  English. 

142.  feram,  patiar,  sinam  :  synonyms,  used  for  emphasis. 

144.  Magna  :  w.  gratia,  1.  145.  habenda  est :  is  due.  atque  : 
and  especially,  huic  :  the  orator  pointed  to  the  statue  of  the  god 
in  whose  temple  the  Senate  was  assembled. 

145.  lovi  Statori :  the  flight  of  the  Romans  from  their  enemies, 
the  Sabines,  in  the  time  of  Romulus,  was  said  to  have  been  stayed 
by  Jupiter.     Hence  the  epithet  stater,  stayer. 

147.  saepius :    too  often. 

148.  in  :  in  the  case  of.  homine  :  i.e.  Catiline,  periclitanda : 
passive  in  meaning  ;  220,  a. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

1  —  749 

466 

259 

230 

533 

485 

«  — 929 

528 

310 

593 

587 

529 

FIRST  ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE  191 

PAGE 

149.    consul!  designate  :    Roman  officers  were  elected  in  July,         6 
usually,  and  entered  upon  their  duties  the  following  January. 
During  the  intervening  half  year  they  were  designati,  elect. 

151.  Cum  voluisti :  temporal,  w.  indie;  195,  h.^  proximis 
comitiis  :  abl.  of  time  when,  at  the  last  election;  not  held  until 
Oct.  28  (63  B.C.),  owing  to  political  disturbances.  For  Roman 
elections  see  Introd.  25. 

151.  campo  :  the  Campus  Martins,  a  plain  in  Rome  along 
the  Tiber,  dedicated  to  Mars,  where  the  general  assembly  of 
the  people  (comitia  centuriata)  was  held. 

152.  competitores  :  Decimus  Silanus,  Lucius  Murena,  and  Ser- 
vilius  Sulpicius.     The  first  two  were  elected. 

153.  nullo  tumultu  .  .  .  concitato  :  without  causing  any  public 
disturbance.  Cicero  might  have  called  upon  the  forces  of  the 
state  for  aid. 

155.    petisti :  aimed  at. 

157.    Nunc  iam  :  now  actually. 

160.  id  quod  est  primum :  namely  to  put  Catiline  to  death, 
huius  imperi  proprium  :  in  accordance  with  this  authority.  Cicero 
refers  to  the  special  power  conferred  on  him  by  the  Senate. 
For  the  gen.,  see  119,  b.- 

162.    ad:  as  regards. 

165.  quod  te  iam  dudum  hortor :  as  (lit.,  which)  I  have  long 
been  urging  upon  you.     For  the  tense  of  hortor,  see  note  on  1.  138. 

166.  tuorum  comitum :  a  defining  gen.,  consisting  of  your 
followers,  sentina  :  dregs;  primarily,  the  bilge  water  of  a  ship  ; 
243.  If  Catiline  should  go  from  the  city,  his  associates  would 
follow. 

167.  me  imperante  :  abl.  abs. 

168.  quod  faciebas  :  which  you  were  preparing  to  do,  i.e.  to 
leave  the  city.  For  this  force  of  the  impf.,  see  174,  b.^  Exire 
.  .  .  hostem :  note  the  word  order. 


171. 
172. 

clauses. 

Quid  es 
possit, 

A. 

545 

385 
470 

Chapter  6 

;t :  what  is  there  f 
metuat,     oderit :      subjunctives    in    descriptive 

Bur. 

»  — 857 
«  — 410 
»  — 752 

B.                      G.                      H.                     HB. 

288                      580                      600                      550 
204                      359                      451                      339 
260                     233                     530                     484 

192  NOTES 

PAGE 

7  174.    oderit:    the  perf.  tense  of  this  def.  vb.  has  the  force  of 

the  present,  nota  inusta  :  runaway  slaves  were  branded  on  the 
forehead  as  a  punishment,  domesticae :  referring  to  domestic 
or  family  scandal ;  privatarum  rerum  :  of  private  life,  in  a  broader 
sense. 

176.  haeret  in  f ama :  clings  to  your  name.  Quae  libido  .  .  . 
af uit :  from  what  lust  have  your  eyes  ever  been  free  f 

178.  Cui  adulescentulo :  w.  praetulisti,  before  what  young 
man  f  quern  inretisses  :  a  descriptive  clause,  meaning  a  young 
man  such  as  you  had  ensnared. 

179.  ad  audaciam :   i.e.  for  some  daring  deed. 

180.  praetulisti :  as  a  slave  by  night  carried  a  torch  before  his 
master  to  light  the  way,  so  Catiline  guided  the  youth  into  crime. 

181.  Quid  vero :  but  again,  morte :  abl.  of  means,  novis 
nuptiis  :    dat.  of  purpose. 

182.  alio  scelere :  the  murder  of  his  son  in  addition  to  the 
implied  murder  of  his  first  wife. 

183.  cumulasti  :  =  cumulavisti.  praetermitto  :  the  orator,  by 
pretending  to  omit,  really  emphasizes  the  statement.  This 
figure  of  rhetoric  is  called  praeteritio,  a  passing  over. 

184.  tanti  facinoris  immanitas :    a  crime  so  enormous. 

185.  non  vindicata  esse  :    to  have  been  left  unpunished. 

186.  omnes :  to  be  taken  w.  ruinas  in  the  main  clause,  utter 
ruin. 

187.  proximis  Idibus :  Nov.  13.  Debts  were  due  on  the 
Kalends  and  Ides  of  each  month. 

190.    summam  rem  publicam :    the  highest  welfare  of  the  state. 

193.  cum:  causal,     horum :  the  senators. 

194.  Lepidus  and  TuUus  were  consuls  in  66  b.c.  On  Dec.  31 
of  that  year  Catiline  had  planned  to  kill  the  new  consuls,  Cotta 
and  Torquatus,  who  were  to  take  office  the  following  day. 

195.  comitio  :    see  Vocab.     cum  telo  :    armed. 

196.  paravisse :  repeat  te  as  subj.  sceleri  ac  f urori :  w. 
obstitisse;  trans,  passively,  and  that  your  criminal  frenzy  was 
checked. 

198.  fortunam:  fortunately  for  the  state  the  first  conspiracy 
of  Catiline  had  failed,  because  the  signal  was  given  too  soon. 
ilia :  the  following,     omitto :    see  note  on  1.  183. 

199.  neque  .  .  .  postea  :  your  later  crimes  are  indeed  neither  un- 
known nor  few  in  number,     non  multa  :  few;  the  figure  litotes  ;  242. 


FIRST  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE  193 

PAGE 

200.  designatum  :  sc.  consulem.  9 

201.  petitiones  :    thrusts,  as  made  by  gladiators. 
203.    declinatione  et  corpore :  hendiadys;  240. 

205.  tibi :    dat.  of  reference  w.  manibus,  from  your  hands. 

206.  Quae  .  .  .  nescio  quod :  /  know  not  by  what  ceremonies, 
etc.   .  .   .  because. 

207.  initiata  :  it  was  customary  for  assassins  to  consecrate  their 
weapons  to  some  deity. 

Chapter  7 

209.  Nunc  vero :  the  orator  here  begins  a  calmer  appeal, 
based  on  Catiline's  present  life. 

211.    debeo  :  sc.  'perinotus  esse,     nulla:   not  at  all. 

213.  hoc:  this  {lack  of  greeting),     post:  within. 

214.  vocis  contumeliam :    the  reproach  of  speech. 

216.  Quid  .  .  .  putas  :  again,  with  what  feelings  do  you  think 
you  ought  to  bear  the  fact  that,  etc.  f  The  two  quod-clauses  are 
subjects    of    feiendum    (esse)  ;    204.^      ista :     those    near    you. 


SUBSELLIUM 

subsellia :  the  low  seats  of  the  senators,  distinguished  from  the 
sella  curulis,  the  official  chair  of  the  consul. 

217.  consulares :  Catiline's  place  was  with  the  other  ex- 
praetors  next  to  the  exconsuls  (consulares).  tibi :  dat.  of  agent, 
used  w.  a  compound  tense;    116.- 

218.  f uerunt :  have  been,  used  for  sunt  to  denote  what  is  no 
longer  true. 

221.  si  .  .  .  metuerent :  if  my  slaves  feared  me,  not  if  they 
should  fear ;  a  condition  contrary  to  fact ;  198,  a.^  The  subject 
servi  is  more  emphatic  by  its  position. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

'  —  822 

572 

299 

525 

588 

552 

»  — 480 

374 

189 

354 

431 

373 

194  NOTES 

9  223.    putarem :    /  should  think,   the  conclusion  of  the  con- 
ditional sentence.^     meis  civibus :    dat.  of  agent;  116.^ 

225.  carere  me  (subj.)  aspectu:  to  withdraw  from  the  sight 
(lit.,  to  he  without  the  sight)  ;    149.^ 

226.  Tu  :  emphatic  position. 

230.  odissent :  expresses  the  same  time  as  timerent ;  see 
Vocab.     neque  :  and  not. 

10  232.    patria  :  our  country. 

234.  huius  :  of  her.  Note  the  absence  of  interrogative  words 
here  and  in  lines  214  and  223 ;   88,  c* 

236.  Quae  :  now  she.     tacita  :  though  silent. 

237.  aliquot  annis :  for  several  years;  abl.  of  time  within 
which. 

238.  tibi  uni :   in  the  case  of  you  alone;  dat.  of  reference  ;   115.^ 

239.  neces :  Catiline  took  part  in  the  proscriptions  of  Sulla, 
in  82  B.C.  vexatio :  referring  to  Catiline's  misgovernment  of 
Africa  during  his  propraetorship  in  that  province  in  67  B.C. 

240.  quaestiones :  the  law  courts;  Introd.  41.  In  65  b.c. 
Catiline  had  been  tried  for  his  extortion  in  Africa,  but  by  bribery 
secured  an  acquittal. 

243.  me  totam :   that  I,  the  whole  state,  in  contrast  w.  unum  te. 

244.  quicquid  increpuerit :  at  every  sound  (lit.,  whatever  makes 
a  noise). 

245.  a  .  .  .  abhorreat :  is  not  connected  with;  subj.  because 
the  clause  is  descriptive. 

247.    mihi :  from  me;   dat.  of  separation;    113.* 

Chapter  8 

249.  si  .  .  .  loquatur:     a    condition    less    probable,    should 

speak;  198,  c.^ 

251.  Quid  .  .  .   dedisti?     What  of  the  fact  that  of  your  own 

accord  (ipse)   you  put  yourself  in  custody?     Catiline  had  been 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

»  — 919 

514 

301 

589 

571 

581 

«  — 480 

374 

189 

354 

431 

373 

»  — 528 

409 

214 

405 

458 

425 

*  — 363 

330 

162 

454 

378 

231 

•  —  470 

376 

188 

356 

433 

366 

•  —  477 

381 

188 

345 

427 

371 

»  — 915 

514 

301 

596 

571 

573 

FIRST   ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE  195 

PAGE 

accused  of  inciting  to  riot  (de  vi).  A  citizen  who  was  to  be  10 
tried  for  a  crime  against  the  state  might  place  himself  under 
the  protection  (custodia  libera)  of  some  man  of  rank  who  be- 
came responsible  for  his  appearance  at  court.  Note  that  such 
protection  was  refused  Catiline  by  an  ex-consul,  by  the  consul 
Cicero,  and  by  a  praetor. 

252.    ad  :  =  apud,  at  the  house  of. 

254.  domi  meae  :  locative,  at  my  house;  154. 

255.  tulisses :  had  received,  isdem  parietibus :  in  the  same 
house  walls;  loc.  abl.  moenibus  (1.  257) :  hy  the  same  city  walls; 
abl.  of  means. 

256.  qui  .  .  .  essem :  since  I  was;  a  causal  rel.  clause ;  192,  c.^ 
259.    optimum:    said  w.  irony.     M.   Metellum :    a  friend  of 

Catiline,  of  whom  little  is  known,     videlicet :  of  course,  ironical. 

262.  quam  longe  videtur :  how  far  does  it  seem  that  he,  etc. 
(lit.,  does  he  seem)  ? 

263.  dignum  custodia  ;  150.2     iudicarit :  perf.  subj.  11 

264.  emori,  abire  :  i.e.  suicide  or  exile. 

265.  suppliciis  :  abl.  of  separation. 

268.  Refer  ad  senatum :  sc.  rem,  lay  the  matter  before  the 
Senate;  a  technical  expression.  The  Senate,  however,  had  no 
power  to  banish  a  citizen. 

270.  id  quod  abhorret :    an  act  which  is  foreign  to. 

271.  faciam  ut  intellegas  :    I  will  make  you  understand, 

273.  hanc  vocem :  this  word,  i.e.  exsilium. 

274.  attendis,  animadvertis :  synonyms. 

276.  auctoritatem  loquentium,  etc. :  the  expressed  command  of 
those  whose  silent  desire. 

277.  si  .   .  .  intulisset :   a  condition  contrary  to  fact ;   198,  h.^ 

278.  Sestio  :  a  friend  of  Cicero  who  was  now  quaestor.  Mar- 
cello  :  Marcellus  became  consul  in  51  b.c.  Cicero  delivered  an 
oration  Pro  Sestio,  in  56  b.c.  and  another  Pro  Marcello  in  46  B.C. 

279.  hoc  in  templo :    a  temple  was  a  place  of  special  safety.        12 

280.  vim  et  manus :   violent  hands ;  what  figure  of  speech  ? 

281.  quiescunt:  are  silent;  tacent:  say  nothing.  Note  the 
climax  in  this  passage. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HK. 

^  —  807 

535 

283 

626 

592 

523 

*  — 587 

418 

226 

397 

481 

442 

*  — 919 

614 

304 

597 

577 

58) 

196  NOTES 

PAGE 

12  282.    hi  {i.e.  the  senators),  equites,  cives :   the  orator  includes 

all  classes  of  citizens,  as  arrayed  against  Catiline. 

286.  studia  :  sympathies,  feelings,  voces  :  shouts,  raised  by  the 
crowd,  when  the  conspirator  entered  the  temple,  or  during  the 
speech. 

287.  iam  diu,  iam  pridem :   see  note  on  1.  138  and  1.  165. 
289.    prosequantur :    it  was  the  custom  for  citizens  going  into 

exile  to  be  escorted  to  the  city  gate  by  their  friends. 

Chapter  9 

291.  Quamquam :  and  yet,  a  common  meaning  in  transitions. 
The  clauses  Te  ut  ,  .  .  frangat,  etc.  are  exclamatory  questions,^ 
and  may  be  explained  as  subjects  of  potestne  fieri  {can  it  bef) 
to  be  understood.  Note  the  emphatic  position  of  the  pronouns. 
Trans.  You  he  subdued  by  anything!      You  ever  reform! 

293.  Utinam  .  .  .  duint :  a  wish  expressing  possibility.  0 
that  the  gods  may  give;    188. ^ 

294.  duint :   an  old  form  of  do,  =  den^. 

295.  animum  induxeris  :  you  determine  {lit.,  bring  your  mind 
to).  The  tense  is  fut.  perf.,  which  is  to  be  translated  by  the  pres. 
after  si. 

296.  nobis  :   indirect  obj.  of  impendeat.     si  minus  :   if  not. 

297.  recenti  memona :  abl.  of  cause,  at :  at  least,  impen- 
deat :    indir.  question  w.  quanta. 

298.  est  tanti :  it  is  ivorth  while  (lit.,  of  such  value);  110.^  dum 
mode  :  if  only,  introducing  a  clause  of  proviso  ;  199.'*  privata  : 
i.e.  confined  to  myself. 

300.  commoveare :  for  the  ending,  see  note  on  I.  1.  tem- 
poribus :    to  the  needs;   cf.  "  hour  of  need." 

301.  est  postulandum:  the  ut-clauses  preceding  are  the  sub- 
ject,    is  :  such  a  man. 

303.    ratio  :  reason. 

305.  vis  :  from  vole. 

306.  feram,  si  f  eceris  :   for  the  form  of  condition  see  198,  c.^ 


Bur.  A.  B.  G.  H.  HB. 

»  — 772  462  558  559  503 

*  — 773  441  279  260  558  510 
»  — 424  417  203  380  448  356 
«  — 929  528  310  573  587  529 

•  —  911  514  301  589  571  573 


FIRST   ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE 


197 


307.    istius  :  this  pronoun  expressing  contempt  is  used  in  ref- 
erence to  Catiline  twelve  times  in  this  oration. 
309.    mavis  :  from  male. 

311.  latrocinio :  in  brigandage,  a  me:  modifies  eiectus  and 
invitatus. 

312.  ad  alienos :    sc.  isse. 

314.  quid  .  .  .  invitem?  why  should  I  invite?  A  deliberative 
question;  201.^     a  quo  .  .  .  sciam :  a  descriptive  clause ;  192. ^ 

315.  Forum  Aurelium :  a  small  town  about  fifty  miles  north 
of  Rome,     praestolarentur  :    sub j.  of  purpose. 

316.  cui:  dat.  of  agent,  cum  Manlio  diem:  Oct.  27;  see 
1.76. 

317.  a  quo  :  i.e.  Catiline  ;  modifies  esse  praemissam.  aquilam 
illam :  a  standard  which,  according  to  Catiline,  had  been  in  the 
army  of  Marius  in  the  war  with  the  Cimbri.     It  was  regarded 


PAGB 

12 


13 


■I  I  Mil  1 1  rr'iiB"  rm«im~"iT  tr 


A  Roman  House  (Pompeii) 
(Showing  the  shrine  (sacrariuiyi)  in  place) 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

UB. 

»  — 771 

444 

277 

265 

642 

513 

*  — 798 

535 

283 

631 

591 

521 

198  NOTES 

PAGE 

13        with  reverence,  and  kept  in  a  sacred  place  or  shrine  (sacrarium) 
to  bring  good  fortune  to  the  cause  of  Catiline. 

320.    Tu  ut  .  .  .  possis :   the  same  construction  as  in  1.  291. 


Chapter  10 

14  323.    tandem   aliquando :    at  last    (lit.,    some  time  at  length), 

iam  pridem  rapiebat :    has  long  been  hurrying;    174:,  c.^ 

325.  haec  res :  i.e.  joining  Manlius  in  rebellion  against  the 
country. 

326.  peperit :  from  pario.     voluntas  :  desire. 

327.  Nunquam  non  modo  :    not  only  .  .  .  never. 

329.  ex  perditis  atque  derelictis  conflatam :  composed  of  men 
morally  ruined,  and  deserted,  ab  fortuna :  modifying  derelictis. 
The  abl.  of  agent  is  used  instead  of  the  abl.  of  means,  because 
fortuna  is  personified. 

331.  Hie:  here,  i.e.  in  company  with  such  men.  perfruere : 
note  the  ending  of  the  second  person  singular,  gaudiis :  abl.  of 
cause. 

334.  Ad  .  .  .  studium :  for  the  pursuit  of  a  life  like  this. 
meditati  sunt :  were  designed.  The  deponent  verb  is  here 
passive  in  meaning.       f  eruntur :     see   Vocab. 

335.  iacere  :  in  appos.  w.  labores  (practices),  ad  .  .  .  stu- 
prum  :    to  watch  for  some  intrigue. 

338.  bonis  otiosorum :  for  the  property  (goods)  of  peaceable 
men.  ubi  ostentes  :  an  opportunity  to  display  (lit.,  where  you 
may  display);  rel.  clause  of  purpose;   ubi  =  locum  in  quo. 

339.  patientiam :  Catiline,  according  to  the  historians,  was  a 
man  of  great  physical  strength  and  endurance.  His  character  is 
here  depicted  in  darkest  colors. 

340.  Tantum  :  so  much,  explained  by  the  following  ut-clauses, 
which  are  appositive  clauses  of  result. 

341.  a  consulatu  reppuli :  kept  from,  etc.  Catiline  had  been 
a  candidate  for  the  consulship  in  the  election  of  63  b.c.  His 
defeat  was  brought  about  by  Cicero,  exsul,  consul :  a  play  upon 
words. 


Bur.     A.         B.         G.         H.        HB. 

»  — 753     471  260         234         535         485 


FIRST  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE  199 


Chapter   11 

PAGl 

345.  Nunc,   patres   conscripti :    the  peroration  or  conclusion        14/ 
(chapters  11-13)  is  thought  by  critics  to  have  been  added  or  at 
least  revised  by  Cicero  when  he  wrote  the  oration  later  for  pub- 
lication.    It  seems  too  elaborate  to  have  been  delivered  as  here 
given. 

346.  detester  ac  deprecer :    /  may  avert  by  protest  and  entreaty. 

347.  dicam :  future,  quae  is  relative  not  interrogative, 
penitus :   adv.,  but  may  be  rendered  inmost,  w.  animus. 

350.  loquatur :  should  speak.  The  conclusion  of  this  condi- 
tion is  implied  in  the  first  sentence  of  chapter  12  :  His  .  .  .  voci- 
bus  .  .  .  respondebo. 

351.  Tune  :  =  tu  +  ne,  to  be  taken  w.  patiere,  1.  355.     hostem :        16 
pred.  ace. ;    122,  a.^ 

354.  servorum :  eight  years  before  this  time  the  slaves  under 
Spartacus  had  defeated  several  Roman  armies  and  even  threat- 
ened the  city  itself. 

355.  emissus,  immissus :  another  play  upon  words  (lit.,  let 
out,  let  into),  driven  out,  let  free  against;   cf.  1.  341. 

357.  duci,  rapi,  mactari :  a  pass.  inf.  may  be  used  w.  impero 
instead  of  the  regular  ut  and  the  subj. 

358.  mactari:  note  the  meanings  of  this  word,  as  given  in 
the  larger  dictionaries:  1.  to  honor  the  gods;  2.  to  honor  a  man; 
3.  to  present  a  man  with  anything  good;  4.  to  present  a  man  with 
an  evil,  hence  to  punish. 

359.  persaepe  :  this  is  an  exaggeration.  In  chapter  1,  Cicero 
mentions  only  one  instance  of  a  private  citizen,  that  of  P.  Scipio, 
which  was  exceptional. 

360.  leges :  the  Valerian  law  of  509  e.g.,  the  Porcian  law  of 
198  B.C.,  and  the  Sempronian  law  of  122  b.c,  provided  that  no 
Roman  citizen  should  be  scourged  or  put  to  death  without  the 
consent  of  the  people,  and  that  voluntary  exile  might  be  sub- 
stituted for  these  penalties. 

362.  qui  a  .  .  .  defecerunt :    who  have  been  traitors  to. 

363.  invidiam  posteritatis :  it  was  the  odium  resulting  from 
Cicero's  prosecution  of  the  conspirators  that  led  to  his  banish- 
ment in  58  B.C. 

Bur.     A.         B.         G.         H.        HB. 

»  — 389     284         168        211        612        319 


200  NOTES 

PAGE 

15  364.    praeclaram  gratiam  :  ironical,  fine  gratitude. 

365.  hominem  .  .  .  cognitum :  Cicero  was  a  novus  homo,  i.e. 
lie  was  the  first  of  his  family  to  hold  the  higher  offices  ;  see 
Introd.  3.  nulla  commendatione  :  abl.  of  description,  tam  ma- 
ture :  Cicero  held  all  his  offices  at  the  earliest  legal  age  ;  see  Introd. 
32. 

366.  omnes  honorum  gradus  :  what  were  they?  See  Introd. 
32. 

369.    severitatis :    arising  from  severity;   poss.  gen. 

Chapter  12 

374.  His  ego,  etc. :    see  note  on  1.  350. 

375.  hoc  idem :  i.e.  that  Catiline  should  be  put  to  death, 
mentibus  :  sentiments. 

376.  hoc :  explained  by  Catilinam  .  .  .  multari.  optimum 
factu :  the  best  thing  to  do;  229.^  si  iudicarem,  dedissem : 
Cicero  uses  the  impf.  iudicarem  rather  than  the  plup.,  because 
he  is  still  of  the  same  opinion.  Trans,  if  I  judged  (not  if  I  should 
judge);  198.2 

378.  gladiatori :  used  as  a.  word  of  reproach. 

379.  Saturnini,  etc. :  these  names  recall  the  incidents  men- 
tioned in  chapter  2. 

380.  superiorum  :  men  of  former  times. 

382.  verendum  .  .  .  erat :  /  had  no  need  to  fear,  quid :  w. 
invidiae,  gen.  of  the  whole,  parricida :  ef.  patria,  quae  com- 
munis est  parens,  1.  232.  The  abl.  abs.  w.  interfecto  has  the 
force  of  a  condition. 

16  383.    mihi  redundaret :  should  overivhelm  me,  as  a  wave  (unda). 

384.  hoc  animo  fui  ut  putarem :  /  have  been  disposed  to  con- 
sider (lit.,  been  of  such  a  mind  that  I  considered).  The  ut-clause 
expresses  result. 

385.  gloriam,  non  invidiam :  pred.  ace,  as  glory,  not  unpopu- 
larity. 

387.  qui  videant :  subjv.  in  a  descriptive  clause,  ea  quae 
imminent :  we  might  expect  a  subjv.  by  attraction,  but  the 
indie,  is  used  when  the  relative  clause  forms  a  circumlocution 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HR 

1017 

510 

340 

436 

635 

619 

919 

517 

304 

697 

579 

581 

FIRST  ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE  201 

PAGH 

that  may  be  expressed  by  a  single  word.     Here  ea  quae  imminent        16 
is  equivalent  to  pericula.^ 

388.  qui  aluerunt :  while  this  clause  is  descriptive,  it  is  not 
closely  attached  to  the  antecedent  (nonnulli).  and  hence  does 
not  take  the  subjv.^ 

389.  non  credendo :  by  not  believing  that  there  was  a  con- 
spiracy. 

392.  regie :  after  the  expulsion  of  the  Tarquins,  a  word  sug- 
gesting king  was  odious  to  Roman  ears. 

393.  intendit:  scire,  pervenerit :  perf.  subjv.  in  indir.  dis- 
course, used  for  a  direct  fut.  perf. ;   216,  b.^ 

395.  Hoc  uno  interfecto :  conditional,  as  in  1.  382.  uno  = 
solo. 

397.    reprimi,  comprimi  :    repress  (or  check),  suppress. 

Chapter  13 

403.  diu  versamur :  we  have  long  been  living,  i.e.  since  the 
time  of  Catiline's  first  conspiracy,  65  b.c.  nescio  quo  pacto : 
somehow  (lit.,  /  know  not  in  what  way),  nescio  quo  is  used  as  a 
compound  indef.  pron. 

404.  maturitas  erupit :    the  full  development  has  burst  (upon). 
406.    latrocinio  :    concretely,  a  band  of  brigands. 

408.  inclusum  penitus  :    deep  hidden. 

409.  Ut,  sic  (1.  412) :  introducing  clauses  of  comparison.  TJt 
saepe  :    as  it  often  happens  that. 

410.  cum:  when,  aestu  febrique  :  by  the  heat  of  fever.  What 
figure  ? 

413.  relevatus :  concessive,  reliquis  vivis :  conditional  abl. 
abs. 

415.  secedant :    let  them  begone ;   subjv.  of  command  ;    187,6.^        17 

416.  quod :  rel.  pron.,  having  as  antecedent  the  clause  muro 
.  .  .  secernantur. 

418.  circumstare  tribunal :  for  the  purpose  of  intimidating  the 
court.     The  tribunal  was  a  raised  platform  on  which  the  praetor's 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB 

1  —  905 

593 

629 

«  — 806 

568 

»  — 794 

484 

269 

514 

644 

470 

*  — 768 

439 

275 

263 

559 

501 

202  NOTES 

PAGE 

17  chair  (sella  curulis)  was  placed,  praetoris  urban! :  see  Tntrod. 
34.  cum  gladiis :  with  swords  (in  their  hands) ;  abl.  of  accom- 
paniment. 

419.  curiam :  Introd.  29.  malleolos :  fire  darts,  shaped  like 
hammers  having  the  end  covered  w.  lighted  pitch  or  tow. 

420.  sit  inscriptum  :  let  it  he  written  once  for  all.  The  perfect 
tense  is  here  used  w.  more  positiveness  than  the  present;  HB. 
490. 

427.  Hisce  ominibus :  with  these  words  of  warning,  cum 
salute  :  to  the  safety.  These  ablatives  denote  attendant  circum- 
stance ;  140.^ 

430.  luppiter:  the  orator  addresses  his  final  words  to  the 
deity  whose  statue  was  before  him. 

431.  qui:  whose  worship,  haec  urbs  :  sc.  constituta  est.  Th^ 
temple  to  Jupiter  vowed  by  Romulus  was  not  built  till  294  B.C. 

432.  Statorem :  protector ;  ef.  chapter  5,  1.  145. 

436.  foedere  :   abl.  of  means,     inter  se  :    together. 

437.  vivos  mortuosque  :  the  Romans,  as  a  nation,  believed  in 
a  future  existence. 

Bur.            A.  B.  G.  H.  HB. 

1  —  556  221  —  473  422 


SECOND   ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTE 

At  the  conclusion  of  Cicero's  oration  against  him,  Catiline 
replied  in  his  own  defense,  but  upon  speaking  abusively  of  the 
consul,  was  interrupted  by  the  senators,  who  called  him  "  traitor  " 
and  "assassin."  (See  Sallust,  Ch.  31).  That  night  he  left  the 
city,  pretending  to  go  to  Marseilles  into  exile,  but  in  reality  to 
join  his  army  in  Etruria,  and  assume  the  insignia  of  a  consul. 


The  Rostra  (restored) 

The  Second  Oration  was  delivered  the  following  day  (Nov.  9, 
63  B.C.)  from  the  rostra  before  the  people  in  the  Forum,  to  ac- 
quaint them  officially  of  the  facts,  and  to  justify  his  own  course. 


OUTLINE 

I.  Exordium  —  Catiline's  departure,  Ch.  1, 
II.  Narratio  — 

1.  Cicero's  defense  against  the  charge  of 

(a)  Too  great  leniency,  Ch.  2-5  ; 
(6)  Too  great  severity,  Ch.  6,  7. 

2.  The  forces  of  CatHine,  Ch.  8-10. 

203 


204  NOTES 

PAGE 

19  3.  The  forces  of  the  republic,  Ch.  11. 

III.  Peroratio  —  The  consul's  vigilance  and  the  protection  of  the 

gods. 

Chapter  1 

I.  Tandem  aliquando :  an  emphatic  expression,  noiv  at  last. 
Quirites :  fellow  citizens.  This  word,  of  uncertain  origin,  was 
applied  to  the  Romans  as  civilians ;  Romani,  as  warriors  and 
rulers. 

3.  ferro  flammaque  :   we  say  with  fire  and  sword. 

4.  eiecimus,  etc. :  an  anticlimax.  Note  the  climax  and  asynde- 
ton in  the  next  sentence,  Abiit,  etc.  See  237  and  239.  ipsum : 
of  his  own  accord. 

5.  verbis :  with  words  of  farewell,  used  in  irony.  For  the 
same  thought  see  Oration  I,  line  289. 

6.  Nulla  iam :    see  Vocab.  for  iam  w.  negatives. 

7.  moenibus  ipsis :  dat.  of  ind.  obj.,  against  the  city,  i.e.  the 
walled  city. 

9.  inter  versabitur :  will  play  about,  sica  ilia :  the  famous 
dagger,  referred  to  in  Oration  I,  1.  205. 

10.  campo,  fore,  curia:  "the  three  chief  centers  of  Roman 
public  life." 

II.  domesticos  parietes  :  Cicero  may  have  had  in  mind  the 
attempt  on  his  own  life,  loco  motus  est :  he  was  forced  from  his 
position,  i.e.  vantage  ground,  as  a  wrestler  or  gladiator. 

13.  bellum  iustum :  a  regular  war,  i.e.  with  an  open  enemy, 
not  with  insidious  conspirators. 

16.  Quod :  causal,  vero :  hut.  cruentum :  red  with  bloody 
used  as  a  pred.  adj. 

17.  ei :  dat.  of  reference,  115,  a.* 

20.    lacet  prostratus  :  as  a  defeated  gladiator. 
21  23.    e  suis  faucibus  :    the  figure  of  animal  of  prey. 

24.  evomuerit,  proiecerit :  subjv.  in  a  quoted  causal  clause ; 
196.2 

Chapter  2 

26.  quales  .  .  .  oportebat :  as  all  ought  to  have  been;  see  note 
on  Cat.  I,  1.  18.  If  the  citizens  had  all  desired  the  arrest  of 
Catiline,  the  consul's  task  would  have  been  easier. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HR. 

»  — 471 

377 

188 

350 

425 

368 

•  —  886 

540 

286 

541 

588 

535 

SECOND  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE        205 

PAGE 

26.    qui  .  .  .  accuset :    a  clause  of  description,     in  hoc  ipso :        21 

in  this  very  thing,  i.e.  the  fact  of  Catiline's  departure. 

30.  Interfectum  esse :  the  perf.  tense  is  here  used  for  em- 
phasis instead  of  the  pres. ;    HB.  490. 

31.  adf  actum :  we  should  expect  this  word  to  precede  inter- 
fectum, as  it  does  in  thought. 

32.  mos  maiorum :  see  Cat.  I.  1.  362.  huius  imperi :  of  this 
authority,  vested  in  the  consul. 

33.  res  publica :    the  public  welfare. 

•  34.  qui  .  .  .  crederent :  a  clause  of  description,  def  errem . 
subjv.,  by  attraction. 

35.  def  enderent :  sc.  eum.  si  iudicarem :  if  I  judged;  a 
condition  contrary  to  fact. 

30.  periculo  :  at  the  risk,  cum :  causal,  ne  .  .  .  probata : 
as  the  matter  had  not  even  then  been  made  clear  to  all  of  you. 

40.  multassem :  should  punish;  a  subjv.  in  indir.  disc,  for 
multavero. 

41.  hue:    to  this  point,     ut  .  .  .  possetis :    a  clause  of  result. 

43.  Quem  hostem :  to  preserve  the  emphasis,  trans,  as  for 
this  enemy,  quam  .  .  .  putem :  indir.  question,  depending  on 
intellegatis,  how  much  I  think  he  should  be  feared. 

44.  licet  intellegatis  :  you  may  know  (lit.,  it  is  permitted  thai 
you  know),  intellegatis  (without  ut)  is  the  subject  of  licet, 
hinc :   explained  by  the  following  clause. 

45.  quod  exierit :  subjv.  as  if  quoted  from  another  person, 
parum  comitatus  :    with  so  small  an  escort.. 

46.  Utinam  eduxisset ;  188.^ 

47.  Tongilium,  etc. :  friends  of  Catiline,  mihi :  an  ethica) 
dat.  not  easily  translated.  I  see,  bless  me,  thank  Heaven,  are 
suggested  equivalents  ;  115,  6.^     in  praetexta  :  see  Vocab. 

50.  quanto  aere  alieno :  how  much  in  debt  (lit.,  of  how  great 
debt);   abl.  of  description. 

Chapter  3 

52.  ilium  exercitum :  of  Catiline,  prae :  in  comparison  with, 
Gallicanis  legionibus :   the  Roman  garrison  in  Cisalpine  Gaul. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HR 

»  — 773 

441 

279 

260 

§58- 

510 

»  — 478 

380 

188 

351 

432 

372 

206  NOTES 

PAGE 

22  54.    Metellus  :   the  praetor  mentioned  in  Ca^,  1, 1.257.     habuit; 

has  made,     his  copiis  :   w.  prae,  1.  52. 

55.  magno  opere :  greatly,  ex  senibus :  referring  to  the 
veterans  of  Sulla ;   the  abl.  denotes  material,    134,  a.^ 

56.  ex  agresti  luxuria :  abstract  for  the  concrete,  of  luxurious 
countrymen,  a  phrase  nearly  repeated  in  ex  .  .  ,  decoctoribus. 

57.  vadimonia :  these  men  in  debt  were  under  bail  to  appear 
at  court,     quam  :  rather  than. 

58.  quibus  si :  =  et  si  eis.     aciem :    the  battle  array. 

59.  edictum  praetoris  :  at  the  beginning  of  his  year  of  office, 
the  praetor  or  judge  issued  a  statement  of  the  principles  he 
would  follow  in  his  administration.  These  of  course  would 
concern  the  bankrupts. 

61.  unguentis,  purpura :  the  use  of  these  was  a  sign  of  de- 
generation in  the  eyes  of  the  sterner  Romans, 

62.  mallem :  a  potential  subjv.,  /  should  prefer;  189.^  Here 
it  takes  the  place  of  utinam  before  eduxisset,  to  express  a  wish ; 
cf.  1.  46.,     SUDS  milites  :    pred.  ace,  as  his  soldiers. 

66.    quid  cogitent :   indir.  question,  object  of  scire. 
68.    cui  sit  .  .  .  attributa :    Catiline  had  assigned  the  various 
parts  of  Italy  to  his  lieutenants. 

70.  has  .  .  .  insidias :  the  execution  in  the  city  of  these  plots 
of  murder  and  cf  fire. 

71.  superioris  noctis :  Nov.  6,  when  the  meeting  was  held  at 
Laeca's  house. 

73.    Ne  :  surely,  or.  /  assure  you. 

Chapter  4 

76.  Quod  :  what,  explained  by  the  noun  clause  ut  .  .  .  videre- 
tis,  that  you  should  see. 

78.  nisi  si :  unless,  quis :  any  one.  Catilinae  similes :  men 
like  Catiline  (cf.  "  the  likes  of  ").  Catilinae  is  in  the  gen.  case, 
like  tui  in  Cat.y  I,  1.  61. 

81.  concedam :  fut.  exeant:  let  them  begone,  ne  patiantur; 
187,  6.'     desiderio  sui :   with  longing  for  them. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

»  — 539 

403 

396 

467 

406 

«  — 776 

447 

280 

257 

556 

519 

«  — 768 

439 

275 

263 

559 

501 

SECOND   ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE        207 


82.  miserum  :  in  misery.  Aurelia  via  :  abl.  of  the  route  taken  ; 
146.^  This  road  extended  from  Rome  along  the  coast  to  Pisa. 
Another  road  would  have  been  more  direct  to  the  camp  of  Man- 
lius,  but   Catiline   was  pretending  to  go  to  another  place ;    see 


1.  215. 


83.    ad  vesperam :    by  evening. 

85.  O  rem  publicam :  cf.  O  tempera,  Cat.,  I,  1.  12.  sentinam 
urbis,  exhausto  :  the  figure  of  the  ship  of  state.  Catiline  is  com- 
pared to  the  *'  bilge  water  "  of  the  ship. 

88.  quod  .   .  .  conceperit :   a  descriptive  clause. 

89.  tota  Italia  :  the  loc.  abl.  may  omit  in  when  tota  modifies 
the  noun. 

97.  lam  vero  :  and  again. 

98.  alios:  some;  aliorum  (1.  99),  of  others. 

99.  serviebat :  ministered  to.  Repeat  qui  as  the  subject, 
aliis,  aliis  :    to  some,  to  others. 

100.  impellendo :  227,  d.^ 

Chapter  5 

1 16.  eius  studia  .  .  .  ratione  :  his  varied  activities  in  a  dif- 
ferent sphere  oj  life. 


BEeRYX-T'l-^^V^T: 


Gladiators 
(From  a  Pompeian  tomb  relief) 

117.  ludo  gladiatorio :  gladiators  were  trained  in  schools  in 
Rome,  Capua,  and  other  places.  They  were  slaves,  originally 
captives  taken  in  war. 


Btir. 

A. 

B. 

»  — 581 

429 

218 

•—1014 

501 

338 

G. 


425 


H. 


630 


HB. 

426 
611 


PAGE 

22 


23 


208  NOTES 

PAGE 

24  ii8.    audacior:  holder,  thsm  the  rest;  so  levior  (1.  119).     fate- 

atur :  subjv.  in  a  descriptive  clause. 

119.  nemo  in  scaena  :  actors  as  well  as  gladiators  were  slaves 
as  a  rule,  their  art  being  considered  unworthy  of  Romans. 

121.  exercitatione :    abl.  of  means,     adsuefactus  frigore  .  .  . 

122.  perf  erendis  :  trained  to  endure  cold  (lit.,  in  enduring) ;  abl.  of 
specification.  Cicero  spoke  of  Catiline's  powers  of  endurance  in 
Cat.,  I,  1.  339.     fortis  :   pred.  adj.  w.  praedicabatur. 

123.  cum:  concessive,  industriae  subsidia :  the  aids  of  irtr- 
dustry. 

126.    O  nos  beatos :  for  the  ace,  cf.  1.  85. 

129.  libidines,  audaciae :  used  concretely,  deeds  of  passion^ 
acts  of  boldness. 

131.    res:  money,     fides:  credit. 

133-  quae  erat  (sc.  eis) :  which  they  had.  in  abundantia :  in 
their  {time  of)  prosperity. 

134.  comissationes  solum :  if  they  aimed  only  at  revelry, 
they  would  be  tolerable,  but  they  mingle  their  revelry  with 
plans  of  murder  and  fire. 

136.  hoc:  explained  by  insidiari.  quis  possit :  who  would  he 
able?   potential  subjv.  in  a  rhetorical  question;   201.^ 

138.  mihi :  ethical  dat.,  implying  sarcasm  or  disgust,  which 
we  may  express  by  the  tone  of  the  voice ;  or  trans,  bless  me. 
accubantes  :  it  was  the  Roman  custom  to  recline  at  table. 

143,  Quibus:    =  sed  eis:    dat.  w.  impendere ;    112,  h.^ 

144.  improbitati :  dat.  w.  debitam. 

146.  sanare  :  se.  eos  as  obj.     sustulerit :  fut.  perf. 

147.  breve  nescio  :  =  quoddam  breve  ;    cf.  Cat.  I,  1.  403. 

150.  externa:  matters  abroad,  unius  virtute :  i.e.  of  Pompey, 
who  had  suppressed  the  Mediterranean  pirates,  and  conquered 
eastern  nations,     terra  marique  :  loc.  abl. 

151.  pacata:  settled,     intus,  intus:  anaphora;  235.^ 
26           154.    Huic  belle:  dat.  w.  ducem ;  118.* 

156.    quacumque  ratione :   sc.  potero.     quae  resecanda  erunt: 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

MB. 

>—  771 

268 

277 

259 

557 

519 

a—  456 

367 

187 

346 

426 

362 

«— 1070 

350 

666 

632 

*—  461 

366 

— . 



436 

363 

SECOND  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE        209 

whatever  will  have  to  he  cut  away,  a  figure  derived  from  surgery     page 

or  from  pruning. 

Chapter  6 

i6o.  etiam :    still,     sunt  qui :    there  are  some  who.  26 

i6i.  Quod  si:   now  if  .  .  .  this,     verbo :   i.e.  by  a  mere  word 

163.  videlicet:  used  in  irony. 

165.  paruit,  ivit:  note  the  frequent  occurrence  of  asyndeton; 
237. 

168.  patres  conscriptos :    see  note  Cat.,  I,  1.  47.      Quo:    there, 

169.  Quis  (senator)  :   the  usual  adj.  form  is  qui. 

170.  ita  .  .  .  ut :    as  (lit.,  so  .  .  .  as). 

171.  Quin  etiam:    why  even;   cf.  Cat.,  I,  1.  213. 

173.  Hie:   adv.,  hereupon,  at  this  point. 

174.  vehemens :   ironical. 

175.  in  nocturno  .  .  .  necne :  a  double  indir.  question, 
whether  .  .  .  or  not.     utrum  (or  ne),  whether,  is  omitted;    89. 

179.  ei :    by  him;   dat.  of  agent,     ratio:  plan. 

180.  teneretur:  was  caught  ("cornered"),  eo,  quo:  to  that 
place,  to  which. 

181.  secures,  fasces:  symbols  of  authority,  carried  by  lictors 
before  Roman  magistrates. 

182.  aquilam :   cf.  Cat.,  I,  1.  317. 

184.  cum  scirem :  causal;  note  the  anaphora  in  the  sentence. 

185.  credo :    /  suppose. 

186.  iste  :    said  with  contempt. 

189.  Massiliam :  a  city  of  Gaul  founded  by  a  Greek  colony. 
It  was  a  favorite  place  of  exile  for  Romans. 

Chapter  7 

190.  condicionem  miseram  :  grievous  task.  28 

192.  consiliis  meis :  by  my  counsels.  Note  the  asyndeton  in 
this  line. 

193.  pertimuerit:  becomes  alarmed.  The  conditional  clause 
si  .  .  .  converterit  includes  five  verbs  in  the  fut.  perf. ;  the 
conclusion  begins  w.  non  ille  (1.  196) . 

196.  non  ille  :  w.  dicetur  (1.  199),  he  will  not  be  said,  spoliatus, 
obstupefactus,  perterritus,  depulsus :  sc.  esse  w.  each  and 
connect  w.  dicetur.     armis  :  of  the  arms;  separation. 

199.  eiectus :  w.  esse,  vi  et  minis :  with  threats  of  violence; 
hendiadys. 


210  NOTES 

PAGE 

28  203.    Est  .   .   .  tanti :    it  is  worth  while  for  me;    110.* 

204.  dum  modo :  introducing  a  clause  of  proviso ;  199.* 
a :  from. 

29  205.    Dicatur  :  let  him  be  said. 

210.  triduo  :  time  within  which. 

211.  ne  ...  sit:  in  appos.  w.  illud.  invidiosum :  a  cause 
(source)  of  unpopularity,  quod  emiserim :  that  I  let  him  go. 
The  subjv.  is  used  because  the  orator  is  quoting  his  enemies. 
The  quod-clause  is  subj.  of  sit. 

213.  profectus  sit:    he  has  gone  away  (of  his  own  will). 

214.  idem  quid  dicerent :  what  would  the  same  men  say? 
Quamquam :  and  yet. 

216.  verentur :  the  associates  of  Catiline  feared  that  he  had 
gone  to  Massilia,  and  hence  had  given  up  the  war.  tam  miseri- 
cors :  these  men  preferred  to  have  him  lead  the  army,  even  to 
certain  death,  than  be  safe  in  exile. 

217.  qui  .  .  .  malit :   a  descriptive  clause  of  result. 

218.  Ille :   w.  mallet:    he  would  prefer. 

222.  vivis  nobis :  abl.  abs.,  leaving  us  alive;  but  nobis  may 
here  refer  to  Cicero  alone,     optemus  :    hortatory  ;    187.^ 


Chapter  8 

225.  quod:    as  (lit.,  which),  referring  to  murus  interest;  cf. 
Cat.,  I,  1.  141. 

226.  dissimulant :     conceal    their    sentiments,    in    contrast    w. 
fatetur  (1.  225). 

229.  sanare  sibi  ipsos  :    to  cure  them  for  their  own  sakes  (lit., 
for  themselves),     placare  :  reconcile  to. 

230.  neque  :  =  et  non. 

232.  generibus :  classes. 

233.  singulis:  to  each  of  the  classes,     quam :   any,  sc.  medi- 
cinam  adferre. 

30  235.    est :   consists,     eorum :   pred.  gen.     in  aere  alieno :   con- 

cessive, though  in  debt. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

1  —  424 

417 

203 

380 

448 

356 

«  — 929 

528 

310 

573 

587 

529 

•  —  768 

439 

274 

263 

559 

501 

SECOND   ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE        211 

PAQB 

236.    quarum  :  =  sed  earum.     dissolvi :  reflexive,  to  free  them-'       30 
selves. 

238.  voluntas :    intention. 

239.  Tu  ...  sis  et  dubites :  a  potential  rhetorical  question  * 
implying  a  negative  answer,  is  it  possible  that  you  are  .  .  .  and 
(yet)  hesitate  ?  Tu  :  used  without  reference  to  a  particular  per- 
son,    agris,  etc. :   abl.  of  means. 

240.  familia  :  slaves,  not  family. 

241.  fidem :  credit. 

244.  tabulas  novas  :  debtors  were  sometimes  relieved  by  a  law 
providing  for  new  accounts  (lit.,  new  tablets),  the  creditors  receiv- 
ing only  a  part  of  their  due.  Catiline  proposed  to  cancel  debts 
entirely. 

245.  meo  beneficio  :    thanks  to  me  (lit.  by  my  kindness). 

247.  Quod  si :  =  et  si  id. 

248.  cum  usuris :    against  the  interest  on  their  debts. 

249.  fructibus  :  with  the  profits,  locupletioribus  his  uteremur : 
we  shoidd  find  them  richer.  It  would  be  wiser,  he  says,  to  seU 
part  of  their  property  and  pay  the  creditors. 

250.  minima  :  least  of  all  the  classes. 

252.    permanebunt :    sc.  in  sententia;  cling  to  their  opinions. 

Chapter  9 

254.    Alterum  :  secundum,     est :  consists. 

256.  honores  :  i.e.  offices. 

257.  Quibus  .  .  .  videtur:  to  these  it  seems  necessary  to  give 
this  warning,     hoc:    explained  by  me  vigilare,  etc.  (1.  260). 

259.  reliquis  omnibus:  ind.  obj.  of  praecipiendum  est,  which 
is  to  be  supplied,     ut  desperent :    expressing  purpose. 

261.    animos  :  courage. 

265.  praesentes :  in  person,  used  w.  deos.  sint :  w.  adepti : 
this  perf.  subjv.  stands  for  a  fut.  perf.  ind.  of  dir.  disc. 

267.    quae  :   referring  to  cinere  et  sanguine.  3] 

270.  gladiatori :  i.e.  to  some  man  like  Spartacus,  who  for 
two  years  (73-71  b.c.)  headed  a  band  of  gladiators  and  slaves 
against  the  Roman  forces,     sit  necesse  :   it  woidd  be  necessary. 

271.  aetate  adfectum  (adj.)  :  feeling  the  effects  of  age,  advanced 
in  yearc. 

Bur.     A.         B.         G.         H.        HB. 

*  — 771     444         277         466         559         503 


212  NOTES 

PAGE 

31  277.  quas  Sulla  constituit :  Sulla  gave  land  to  120,000  of  his 
men,  after  the  civil  war  with  Marius.  He  planted  one  colony 
in  Faesulae,  where  Catiline's  army  was  now  encamped. 

278.  universas :  as  a  whole,  civium :  pred.  gen.  esse :  cou' 
sist. 

284.    sumptuosius :  render  the  comparative  ending  by  too. 

292.  salvi :     solvent,  freed  from  debt. 

293.  sit  excitandus :  would  have  to  be  summoned.  Sulla  died 
in  78  B.C. 

295,  agrestes :  countrymen,  the  neighbors  of  the  farming 
veterans. 

296.  rapinarum  veterum :  such  as  they  had  in  their  soldier 
days. 

32  298.  eos  hoc  moneo  :  I  give  them  this  advice ;  121. ^  desinant: 
let  them  cease.  This  is  the  medicina  (1.  233)  for  the  third  class 
of  revolutionists,  proscriptiones,  dictaturas  :  recalling  the  days 
of  the  civil  war  in  which  these  men  had  served. 

300.  ista  non  mode,  etc. :  non  is  understood  after  mode,  but 
it  is  simpler  to  connect  ne  (not)  w.  passurae.  Trans,  not  only 
men  but  even  beasts  seem  to  me  to  be  unwilling  to  endure  such  things. 

Chapter  10 

303.  sane :    utterly;   in  1.  318,  by  all  means. 

304.  premuntur :    have  been  overwhelmed. 

305.  emergunt :  rise,  i.e.  from  their  sea  of  debt,  male  ge- 
rendo  negotio  :    by  badly  managing  their  affairs. 

307.  vadimoniis,  iudiciis,  proscriptione :  the  three  legal  steps 
in  a  case  against  debtors  :  1.  the  giving  of  a  bail  bond  to  appear 
at  court ;  2.  the  trial ;  3.  the  confiscation  or  sale  of  the  property 
to  pay  the  claim  of  the  creditor. 

310.  quam  primum :    as  soon  as  possible. 

311.  corruant :  subjv.  expressing  command. 

312.  Connect  ne  (not)  w.  sentlant;   cf.  1.  301. 

33  318.    pereant :  expressing  command. 

319.  career :  the  state  prison  was  built  in  the  time  of  the  kings 
and  stUl  exists,  covered  by  a  small  church.     It  was  used  for 


Bur.  A.  B.  G.  H.  HB. 

1  — 50i  390  178  333  412  397 


SECOND  ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE        213 

PAGE 

executions,  or  for  detention  until  the  time  of  trial,  imprisonment         33 
as  a  punishment  of  citizens  being  practically  unknown.      See 
cuts,  pp.  32  and  231,  and  description,  pp.  178,  179. 

321.  genera:  character,  quod  .  .  .  est:  one  that  is  Catiline^ a 
own.     Catilinae  :   gen.  case;    119,  h.^ 

322.  de  complexu  .  .  .  sinu :  composed  of  his  hosom  friends. 

323.  pexo  :  i.e.  elaborately  dressed,  capillo  :  abl.  of  descrip- 
tion, imberbes  :  because  of  their  youth,  bene  barbatos  :  with 
well-trimmed  beards,  a  mark  of  affectation,  since  it  was  not  the 
custom  for  Romans  to  wear  beards  at  this  time. 

324.  manicatis  tunicis  :  the  tunic  was  the  main  garment  of  the 
Romans,  worn  with  or  without  the  toga.  Ordinarily  it  had  very 
short  sleeves  and  reached  only  to  the  knees,  velis  non  togis : 
these  dandies  wore  togas  (the  outer  garment  or  robe)  so  large 
that  they  were  compared  to  sails. 

325.  quorum  .  .  .  expromitur :  trans,  actively,  who  spend  all 
the  energy  of  their  lives  and  wakeful  nights  (lit.,  labor  of  keeping 
awake). 

331.  scitote :  know;  a  fut.  imperative  used  for  the  pres., 
which  is  lacking  for  this  verb,  hoc  :  sing,  to  agree  w.  seminarium. 
We  should  say  these  men. 

333.    isti  miseri :  such  wretches. 

Chapter  11 

339.  pertimescendum  :  ironical,     cum  :  causal. 

340.  cohortem  praetoriam :    a  general's  bodyguard. 

341.  Instruite  nunc  contra :  here  begins  a  notable  passage  of 
rhetorical  comparison. 

343.    gladiatori :    Cicero  again  selects  this  word  to  express  his 

contempt  of  Catiline. 

345.    florem  :  i.e.  the  best  or  finest  part.  34 

347.    tumulis    silvestribus :     these   hillsides   around   Faesulae 

were  all  that  Catiline  yet  possessed. 

350.  eget :   w.  quibus ;    149. 

351.  equitibus  :   knights,  not  cavalry. 

354.  quam  .  .  .  iaceant :  how  powerless  they  are  (lit.,  how 
prostrate  they  lie). 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

>  — 410 

385 

204 

359 

435 

339 

•  —  528 

409 

214 

405 

458 

425 

214  NOTES 

PAQE 

34  355.    ex  hac  parte :  on  this  side,     illinc :  on  ^W  (side),     pudorj 

modesty,     pudicitia :  purity. 

358.  honestas :  honor. 

359.  aequitas,  etc. :  the  four  cardinal  virtues,  according  to 
Plato  were  justice,  self-control,  courage,  wisdom. 

362.  bona  ratio  cum  perdita  :  sound  (political)  principle  against 
corrupt. 

363.  omnium  rerum  desperatione :    utter  despair. 

Chapter  12 

368.  cum :    causal,     quern  ad  modum :    as. 

369.  antea :  the  speech,  as  written,  contains  no  earlier  use  of 
these  words  (defendite,  etc.). 

370.  mihi :  contrasted  w.  vos  (1.  368) ;  dat.  of  agent  w. 
consultum;  116;  ^  trans,  actively,  I  have  taken  care,  urbi:  dat. 
of  possessor  w.  esset. 

371.  Coloni :  Roman  citizens  who  became  colonists  of  other 
parts  of  Italy. 

372.  municipes  :  inhabitants  of  free  towns  who  gained  the  right 
of  Roman  citizenship. 

374.  quam :   for  agreement  w.  manum  see  167,  h.^ 

375.  certissimam  :  most  faithftd.  animo  meliore  :  better  dis- 
posed. 

36  376.    patriciorum :    some  of  Catiline's  leading  associates  were 

patricians. 

377.    hoc :    i.e.  the  present  state  of  affairs. 

381.  quem  vocari  videtis :  officers  were  probably  summoning 
senators  to  a  meeting,  as  Cicero  spoke. 

386.  hoc  exspectavit :  has  had  this  object. 

387.  Quod  reliquum  est :    as  for  the  future. 

389.  mihi  vivendum :   that  I  must  live;  225,  a.' 

390.  portis,  viae  :  dat.  of  possessor. 

391.  Qui  vero  :  but  he  who. 

36  396.    carcerem  :   the  state  prison ;   see  note  on  1.  319. 

399.    voluerunt :  intended. 


Bar.  A.  B.  G.  H.  HB. 

-  480  374  189  354  431  373 

-  707  306  250  614  396  326 
-1000  500  337  251  621  600 


SECOND   ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE        215 


Chapter  13 


403.  res  :  sc.  sedentur,  shall 
he  brought  to  an  end. 

408.  togato :  the  toga  was 
the  garb  of  peace,  distinguished 
from  the  paludamentum,  or 
military  cloak.  The  phrase 
therefore  implies  that  there 
would  be  no  real  warfare. 

410.    Quod  :  =  et  id. 

417.  patriae :  ind.  obj.  of 
impendens. 

422.  optandum :  to  he  hoped 
for. 

424.  mea  prudentia  fretus : 
relying  on  my  prudence;    150.^ 

425.  et :  omit,  non  dubiis  : 
unmistakahle. 

426.  quibus  ducibus  :  under 
whose  leadership;   abl.  abs. 

431.  quam  urbem  hanc : 
trans,  hanc  urbem  quam.  In 
the  Latin  order  the  rel.  clause 
precedes,  for  emphasis. 


PAGE 

36 


37 


Cicero  in  the  Toga 


Bur.     A. 
«  — 576     431 


B. 

218 


G. 

401 


H. 

476 


HB. 
432 


THIRD  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTE 

The  Senate  promptly  declared  Catiline  an  enemy  of  the  state 
and  offered  amnesty  to  all  his  followers  who  would  lay  down 
their  arms.  To  Cicero  was  assigned  the  guarding  of  the  city, 
and  to  his  colleague,  Antonius,  the  command  of  the  army.  The 
documentary  evidence  needed  against  the  conspirators  was  sup- 
plied by  the  AUobroges  who  had  come  to  Rome  to  secure  aid  for 
their  financial  difficulties.  Their  patron  at  Rome  was  Q.  Fabius 
Sanga,  To  him  they  reported  the  overtures  made  to  them  by  the 
conspirators,  and  he  in  turn  informed  Cicero.  By  design  they 
were  to  feign  enthusiasm  and  require  written  statements  from  the 
leaders.  On  the  night  following  December  2,  they  left  Rome  with 
Volturcius,  and  were  arrested  on  the  Mulvian  Bridge  two  miles 
north  of  the  city.  The  Gauls  and  the  leading  conspirators  were 
brought  before  the  Senate,  which  hastily  convened  in  the  Temple 
of  Concord.  The  meeting  wds  prolonged  till  the  dusk  of  evening, 
when  Cicero  gave  an  account  of  it  to  the  people  who  were  await- 
ing the  news  outside  the  temple.  This  was  the  Third  Oration 
against  Catiline  (December  ^,  63  b.c). 

OUTLINE 

I.  Exordium  —  The  exposure  of  the  conspiracy,  Ch.  1. 
II.   Narratio  — 

1.  The  arrest  of  the  AUobroges,  Ch.  2,  3. 

2.  The  testimony  of  Volturcius  and  the  Gauls  before  the 

Senate,  Ch,  4,  5. 

3.  The  action  of  the  Senate,  Ch.  6. 

4.  Success  due  to  the  absence  of  Catiline,  and  to  divine  aid, 

Ch.  7-9. 
Ill,  Peroratio  —  The  people  exhorted  to  express  their  gratitude 
and  to  fulfill  their  duties  as  citizens,  Ch.  10-12. 

216 


THIRD   ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE  217 


Chapter  1 

PAQF 

I.  Rem  publicam  .  .  .  videtis :    this  long  sentence  illustrates        38 
the  "  period  "  in  Latin  rhetoric;    234.^     We  may  translate  the 
objects  first,  then  introduce  the  verb  and  the  participles,     vitam : 

we  should  say  lives. 

3.  domicilium  :  urbem  is  an  appositive. 

4.  deorum  :  subjective  gen.  w.  amore  ;  98.2 

7.    non  minus  iucundi :    the  figure  of  litotes ;    242. 

9.  salutis  .  .  .  condicio :  the  joy  of  safety  is  certain,  (while) 
our  lot  at  birth  is  uncertain;  i.e.  whether  we  are  destined  to  good 
fortune  or  not.     censu  :  consciousness. 

II.  prof  ecto :  w.  debebit.  ilium:  i.e.  Romulus. 

13.  benevolentia  famaque  :  with  our  loyalty  and  regard  for  his 
fame,  sustulimus :  exalted.  The  Romans  deified  their  heroes 
and  leaders.     As  a  deity  Romulus  was  called  Quirinus. 

14.  debebit :  J,e  (Cicero)  will  deserve. 

15.  urbi,  etc.  :  dat.  w.  subiectos,  circumdatos.  39 

20.  comperta  :  logically  should  precede  inlustrata.  exponam  : 
/  will  tell  {the  facts). 

21.  et  quanta  .  .  .  sint :  obj.  of  scire. 

22.  investigata,  comprehensa :  investigated,  detected  (lit., 
tracked,  caught). 

23.  exspectatis  :  are  waiting  to  hear. 

24.  ut :  ever  since. 

26.    cum  reliquisset :  having  left. 

Chapter  2 

29.  cum  eiciebam :  indicative  because  the  clause  is  merely 
temporal,  and  not  descriptive ;    195,  h.^ 

30.  ilia  :  sc.  invidia. 

31.  quod  exierit :   subjv.,  quoting  what  men  wiU  say;    196,  a.* 
33.    restitissent :    what  form  would  the  direct  discourse  re- 
quire? 216,  6.S 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

1 

600 

351 

684 

685 

630 

*  — 402 

343 

199 

363 

440 

344 

«  — 857 

545 

288 

580 

601 

550 

<  — 886 

540 

286 

541 

588 

555 

•  —  794 

4S4 

319.  a 

516 

541 

4I» 

218  NOTES 

PAGE         34.   putabam  :   I  was  thinking;  the  time  denoted  is  the  same 
39        as  that  of  eiciebam  and  volebam  ;  cf .  putavi,  1.  48. 

36.  in  60  :  explained  by  the  noun  clause  ut  .  .  .  sentirem  ac 
viderem,  in  the  effort  to  know  and  see. 

38.  auribus  :  ind.  obj.  w.  minorem  fidem  faceret :  found  too  little 
credence  in  your  ears. 

39.  faceret :  subjv.  by  attraction,     oratio  mea  :  my  words. 

40.  ut  .  .  .  comprehenderem  :  stating  the  purpose  of  viderem. 

42.  Allobrogum  :  this  Gallic  tribe  had  been  conquered  by  the 
Romans  in  121  b.c.  Their  envoys  had  come  to  Rome  to  com- 
plain of  the  provincial  government. 

43.  Lentulo  :  one  of  the  praetors  who  was  allied  with  Catiline. 

44.  eodem  itinere  :  i.e.  through  Etruria,  where  Catiline  had 
his  headquarters. 

46.   Volturciimi :  he  was  sent  along  as  an  agent  of  the  con- 
spirators. 
41  49.   ut :  repeating  ut  of  1.  48,  for  emphasis. 

51.  praetores  :  there  were  eight  praetors  in  the  city.  Though 
they  were  primarily  legal  officers,  judges,  they  had  also  the 
power  to  command  troops  (imperium). 

52.  amantissimos  rei  publicae  (gen.) :    most  patriotic. 

54.  qui  .  .  .  omnia  sentirent :  who  entertained  all  sentiments, 
a  descriptive  causal  clause. 

56.  pontem  Mulvium :  across  the  Tiber,  about  two  miles 
north  of  the  city,  now  called  Ponte  Molle. 

60.  praef ectura  Reatina :  a  provincial  town  governed  by  an 
officer  (praefectus)  sent  from  Rome,  and  having  Cicero  as  a 
patron  (patronus).    Introd.  21. 

Chapter  3 

69.  erat  commissa :  had  begun,  litterae :  letters;  the  pi. 
may  mean  either  letter  or  letters. 

70.  integris  signis  :  with  seals  unbroken,  ipsi :  the  Allobroges 
and  Volturcius. 

73.  Gabinium:  this  man  had  brought  about  the  conference 
of  the  Allobroges  and  the  conspirators. 

76.  credo :  ironical,  I  suppose.  Lentulus  was  known  for  his 
sluggishness  as  well  as  his  wickedness,  in  litteris  dandis :  in 
writing  the  letter.  This  letter,  however,  was  very  short ;  see 
chapter  5,  1.  155. 


THIRD   ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE         219 

PAGl 

78.    viris  placeret :    it  seemed  best  to  the  men.     The  subject  of       42 
placeret  is  the  infinitive  clause  litteras  .  .  .  aperiri  .  .  .  deferri. 

80.  prius-quam:  here  takes  the  infin.    deferri  because  of  aperiri. 

81.  tumultus  iniectus  (esse)  civitati :  English  inverts  this 
construction,  the  state  was  thrown  into  panic. 

82.  ncgavi  .  .  .  deferrem :  /  said  that  I  would  not  fail  to  lay 
before  the  public  council  (the  Senate)  the  case  as  a  whole  which 
concerned  the  public  peril  (lit.  would  not  act  so  as  not  to  refer,  etc.). 

87.    frequentem : /uZZ. 

89,  qui  efiferet :    purpose. 

90.  si  quid  .  .  .  esset:  any  weapons  there  might  be.  esset: 
subjv.  by  attraction. 

Chapter  4 

92.  fidem  publicam :  a  promise  of  pardon  in  the  name  of  the 
state,  because  of  his  turning  state's  evidence. 

93.  quae  sciret :  subjv.  by  attraction. 

96.   litteras  :   a  letter,     ut  uteretur  :   advising  him  to  employ. 

98,    ut  .  .  .  esset  ille :    a  noun  clause  explaining  consilio. 

100.  caedem  infinitam:  the  plan  was  to  kill  the  senators  and 
as  many  other  citizens  as  possible. 

103.    litteras :  letters. 

105.  sibi  praescriptum  .  .  .  mitterent :  that  they  had  been 
directed  to  send. 

108.  ex  fatis  Sibyllinis :  according  to  the  Sibylline  prophecies. 
The  tradition  was  that  the  Cumaean  prophetess,  Sibyl,  had  sold 
to  King  Tarquin  her  books  of  prophecy,  written  in  Greek  hexam- 
eters. These  books  were  destroyed  in  the  Capitol  fire,  in  83 
B.C.,  but  were  replaced  by  others,  haruspicum  :  the  soothsayers 
foretold  the  future  and  interpreted  the  divine  will  chiefly  by 
inspecting  the  entrails  of  animals  slain  in  sacrifice. 

109.  Cornelium :  his  full  name  was  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Sura. 
no.    esset  necesse :  it   was   ordained.       Cinna :    L.  Cornelius 

Cinna,  the  successor  of  Marius  as  leader  of  the  popular  party.  43 

III.   Sulla  :  L.  Cornelius  Sulla,  the  dictator  and  rival  of  Marius. 

fatalem  :  ordained  by  fate. 

113.    virginum  absolutionem :    six  Vestal  Virgins  guarded  the 

sacred  perpetual  fire  in  the  Temple  of  Vesta.     If  a  Vestal  broke 

her  vows,  she  was  to  be  buried  alive.     Nothing  is  known  of  the 

acquittal  referred  to. 


220 


NOTES 


PAGE 

43 


114.  Capitoli  incensionem  :  the  Capitol,  or  Temple  of  Jupiter, 
was  burned  in  83  B.C. 

115.  Cethego  :  dat.  of  possessor. 

116.  Saturnalibus :  on  the  Saturnalia,  a  festival  of  merriment 
and  good  will  in  honor  of  Saturn,  beignning  Dec.  17.  Revolu- 
tionists select  holidays  as  the  time  for  executing  their  plots. 

Chapter  5 

118.  ne  longum  sit:  not  to  he  tedious,  tabellas  :  short  letters 
were  written  on  tablets  (tabellae)  made  of  two  or  more  thin  boards 


Tabellae  et  Stilus 


fastened  together.  The  inner  surfaces  were  hollowed  out  and 
the  depressions  filled  with  wax,  so  as  to  leave  a  raised  rim,  re- 
sembling our  slates.  Writing  was  done  upon  the  wax  by  means 
of  a  pointed  instrument  (stilus).  The  letter  was  bound  with  a 
thread  (linum),  and  sealed  on  the  knot  with  wax  (cera). 

119.  datae :    written;    sc.   esse. 

120.  signum :  the  seal  made  on  the  knot  with  a  signet  ring. 

121.  Erat  scriptum:   the  subj.  is  the  inf.  clause  following. 

123.  orare :  the   subj.  is   sese    (Cethegus).    sibi  recepissent: 
had  undertaken  for  him,  i.e.  had  promised  him  (Cethegus). 

124.  qui :  =  cum  is,  although  he;  192,  h.^ 

125.  apud  ipsum  :  at  his  house. 


Bur.  A. 

*  —  808  535 


B. 

283 


G. 

634 


H. 

593 


HB. 

523 


THIRD   ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE  221 

PAG. 

127.    recitatis  litteris :    by  the  reading  of  the   letters,     abiectus       44 
conscientia :    conscience-smitten. 

129.  manum :  handwriting. 

130.  in  eandem  sententiam :    to  the  same  purport. 
133.    avi  tui :  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus,  consul  162  b.c. 
135-    revocare  debuit :    ought  to  have  recalled. 

136.  eadem  ratione  :  of  the  same  character;  abl.  of  description. 

137.  si  vellet :  subjv.  in  implied  indir.  disc. 

139.  exposito  atque  edito  :    given  and  taken  down  (recorded). 

140.  quid  sibi  esset :  what  he  had  to  do  (lit.,  what  there  was  to 
him). 

144.  fatis  Sibyllinis  :  cf .  1.  108. 

145.  subito :  adv. 

146.  posset  infitiari :  might  have  denied. 

147.  eum :  obj.  of  defecit  (1.  150). 
151.  litteras  :  the  letter. 

154.    Erant :    it  was.     sine  nomine:    the  customary  greeting 
was  omitted,  as  well  as  the  name  of  the  writer. 
156.    quern  in  locum  :  to  what  position,  in  the  plot. 
158.    infimorum  :  of  the  lowest,  referring  to  the  slaves.  46 

161.    cum  .  .  .  tum :  not  only  .  .  .  hut  also. 

Chapter  6 

168.  Indiciis  .  .  .  editis :  cf.  1.  139.  The  evidence  was 
recorded  by  the  clerks  of  the  Senate. 

169.  de  summa  re  publica :  for  the  highest  welfare  of  ihe  state. 
£eri  placeret :    should  he  done  (lit.,  was  pleasing  to  he  done). 

170.  principibus :  i.e.  the  leading  men  of  the  Senate,  includ- 
ing ex-consuls  and  consuls  elect.     See  Introd.  30. 

171.  sine  uUa  varietate  :  without  any  dissenting  voice,  unani- 
mously. 

176.  sit  liberata :    subjv.  in  a  quoted  reason. 

177.  forti  fidelique  :  may  best  be  taken  as  pred.  adj.  Trans. 
/  had  found  (usus  essem)  their  service  brave  and  loyal. 

178.  coUegae  meo :  C.  Antonius,  the  other  consul.  He  was 
in  sympathy  with  Catiline,  but  was  made  neutral  by  the  promise 
of  the  province  of  Macedonia  for  his  proconsulship. 

181.  abdicasset :  see  Vocab.  A  Roman  magistrate  could  not 
be  brought  to  trial  until  he  resigned  his  office,  in  custodiam: 
cf.  Cat.  I,  1.  251. 


222 


NOTES 


iPAQB 

46 


46 


184.  hoc  decretum  est :  this  decree  was  passed  (lit.,  this  was 
decreed).     L.  Cassium  :   a  senator  mentioned  in  1.  105. 

187.  Apulia:  a  district  used  chiefly  for  grazing;  cf.  Cat.  II, 
1.  68.     indicatum  :  proved. 

188.  deduxit :  "  deducere  i<5  the  technical  word  for  leading 
forth  or  conducting  a  colony  to  a  place.  The  Roman  colonia 
marched  out  in  military  style,  sub  vexillo." — Nicol. 

190.    versatus  :  engaged. 
192.    ea  .  .  .  ut :  such  .  .  .  that. 

194.  novem  hominum :  of  this  number  Lentulus,  Cethegus, 
Statilius,  and  Gabinius  were  already  under  arrest ;  Ceparius  fled 
from  Rome  when  the  conspiracy  was  discovered,  but  was  ar- 
rested later ;    the  rest  escaped  punishment  by  flight. 

197.  supplicatio  :  a  solemn  thanksgiving  to  the  gods  for  vic- 
tory, declared  by  the 
Senate.  The  student 
wiU  recall  the  instances 
mentioned  in  Caesar's 
Gallic  War. 

199.    togato  :  i.e.  in  a 
civil  capacity. 

202.  hoc  interest : 
there  is  this  difference 
(lit.,  differs  this),  hoc: 
ace.  used  adverbially.^ 
The  indicative  (inter- 
est) is  used  because  the 
difference  exists 
whether  the  comparison  (conferatur)  should  be  made  or  not. 

203.  gesta :    sc.  re  publica. 

204.  quod  primum  fuit :  the  resignation  of  Lentulus  men- 
tioned in  the  next  sentence. 

206.  indiciis,  confessionibus :  abl.  of  cause,  iudicio :  abl.  of 
accordance. 

208-211.  Order:  ut  in  privato  P.  Lentulo  puniendo  liberare- 
mur    ea   religione,    quae  .  .  .  fuerat    {which   had   not   prevented 


A  Roman  Sacrifice 


Bur. 
1  —  504 


A. 
390,  c 


B. 

176,  2,  o 


G. 

332 


H. 

409,  1 


HB. 

397 


THIRD  ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE  223 

PAGE 

Marius),    quo    minus  .  .  .  occideret    (from   killing   Glaucia)    de        46 
quo  .  .  .  decretum. 

208.  quae  Mario  (dat.  of  possessor)  fuerat :  lit.,  which  had 
not  been  to  Marius. 

209.  Glauciam :     praetor   in    100    b.c.     He   was    allied   with 

Saturninus,  the  tribune,  in  opposing  the  senatorial  party.     See 

note  on  Cat.  I,  1.  37. 

Chapter  7 

216.  cum  pellebam :  indie,  because  the  clause  merely 
defines  the  time  of  the  main  verb ;    195,  6.^ 

218.  somnum,  adipes,  temeritatem  :  the  characteristics  of  the 
men  were  well  known  to  Cicero's  audience.  "  This  Cassius  had 
not  a  lean  and  hungry  look." — Nicol. 

220.  tarn  diu  dum  :   (only)  as  long  as.  48 

221.  norat :  =  noverat,  he  knew  (lit.,  had  learned),  omnium 
aditus  :    access  to  everybody;    objective  gen. 

223.  consilium  :  ability,  shrewdness. 

224.  lam :  moreover. 

226.  mandarat :  =  mandaverat.  The  indicative  w.  cum  here 
denotes  repeated  action,  whenever,  etc. ;  195,  c.^  neque  confec- 
tum  putabat :  i.e.  he  did  not  assume  that  his  command  was 
obeyed. 

227.  quod :  the  ace.  is  required  only  by  obiret ;  occurreret 
takes  the  dat.  vigilaret,  laboraret :  watch  for,  toil  for.  frigus, 
etc. :  cf.  Cat.  I,  1.  339. 

231.    domesticis  :  i.e.  within  the  city. 

234.  Non  ille  .  .  .  constituisset :  he  (emphatic)  would  not 
have  fixed  upon  the  Saturnalia  (but  upon  an  earlier  date),  con- 
stituisset, denuntiavisset,  commisisset  are  subjunctives  of 
"  ideal  certainty  "  (Hale),  or  potential  subjunctives,  denoting 
action  contingent  upon  the  condition  implied,  si  in  urbe 
remansisset :  189.^ 

235.  tanto  ante  :  so  long  in  advance. 

236.  neque  commisisset :  nor  have  permitted  (made  the  mis- 
take of  allowing). 

243.    ut  levissime  dicam :   to  say  the  least. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB 

'  —  856 

545 

288,1 

580 

600 

550 

*  — 904 

548 

288,3 

584 

601 

579 

•  —  919 

446 

280 

597 

553 

519 

224  NOTES 

PAGE 

48  244.    dimicandum  fuisset :    we  should  have  had  to  fight.     The 

past  indie,  is  more  common  than  the  subjv.  (fuisset)  in  a  peri- 
phrastic conclusion ;  198,  note  2.^ 

246.  tanta  pace,  etc. :   abl.  of  attendant  circumstance. 

Chapter  8 

247.  Quamquam :  and  yet. 

249.  Id  consequi :   to  reach  that  conclusion,     cum :   not  only. 

250.  quod :  because,  vix  humani  consili  esse  potuisse : 
could  scarcely  have  been  within  the  power  of  human  wisdom,  con- 
sili:   pred.  gen. ;   111.^ 

49  251.   ita.  praesentes  :  so  clearly  present. 

254.  ab  occidente :  in  the  west,  the  unlucky  quarter  of  the 
heavens,     faces :  meteors. 

255.  fulminum  iactus :  flashes  of  lightning^  terrae  motus : 
earthquakes. 

256.  nobis  consulibus  :  in  our  consulship. 

260.  Cotta  et  Torquato  consulibus :    the  year  was  65  B.C. 

261.  de  caelo  percussas :   struck  by  lightning. 

262.  depulsa  :  overthrown,  from  their  pedestals. 

263.  legum  aera :  the  laws  were  engraved  on  bronze  tablets, 
tactus :   struck. 

264.  quern  .  .  .  meministis :  which  you  recollect  was  in  the 
Capitol,  gilded,  small,  and  suckling,  clinging  to  the  breast  of  a  wolf. 
A  bronze  group  of  Romulus  and  Remus  with  the  wolf-nurse,  now 
in  the  Capitoline  museum,  is  marked  as  if  by  lightning  and  is 
thought  to  be  the  statue  to  which  Cicero  refers. 

266.  Quo  tempore  cum  :   when  at  this  time. 

267.  haruspices  :  Etruria  was  noted  for  its  soothsayers.  See 
note  on  1,  108. 

60  270.    omni  ratione  :    by  every  possible  means. 

271.  prope  fata  ipsa:  even  the  gods  were  subject  to  fate  and 
could  not  change  it. 

272.  responsis  :  abl.  of  accordance,  ludi :  public  games  were 
celebrated  as  religious  rites.  They  included  chariot  racing  and 
gladiatorial  combats. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

1  —  921 

517 

304,  3 

597,  R.  3   . 

582 

582,3 

«  — 408 

343 

203 

366 

447 

340 

THIRD  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE 


225 


Gladiatorial  Combats 
(From  a  Pompeian  tomb  relief) 

275.  in  excelso :  on  a  high  situation,  contra  atque  .  .  , 
fuerat :   opposite  to  its  former  position. 

277.    illud  signum  :    that  statue,  just  finished. 

281.  conlocandum  locaverunt :    gave  the  contract  for  setting  up, 

282.  superioribus    consulibus :     in   the   preceding   consulships. 

283.  nobis :   sc.  consulibus. 

Chapter  9 

284.  Hie  :   in  this  matter,     aversus  a  :   obstinate  against. 

285.  mente  captus  :  deprived  of  reason  (lit.,  captured  in  mind). 
qui  .  .  .  neget :  as  to  say  thai  .  .  .  not;  a  descriptive  clause  of 
result. 

288.  esset  responsum  :  by  the  soothsayers. 

289.  rei  publicae  :  dat.,  for,  etc.     et  ea  :  and  that  too. 

292.  Illud  .  .  .  est:  was  not  this  fact  so  opportune  (piaesens)? 
Illud  is  explained  by  the  second  ut-  clause  following  (ut  .  .  . 
statueretur),    the    first   ut-    clause    expressing    result. 

293-    Optimi  Maximi :   best  (and)  mightiest. 

294.  per  forum  in  aedem :  the  conspirators  were  taken  from 
Cicero's  house  on  the  Palatine  Hill,  and  hence  would  have  to  be 
led  through  the  Forum  to  reach  the  temple  on  the  Capitoline  Hill. 

299.    Quo :    wherefore,     odio  digni :    for  construction  see  150.* 

302.  Quibus  si :  =  et  si  eis.  restitisse :  from  resisto.  si 
dicam :  if  I  should  say;  198,  c,  2.2 


page 
50 


61 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

>  — 587 

418.  b 

226,2 

397,2 

481 

442 

»  — 915 

51^,  6 

303 

596 

576 

580 

226  NOTES 

PAGE 

SI  303.    non  ferendus  :   unbearable,     ille,  ille  luppiter  :   he,  yonder 

Jupiter,  said  with  a  gesture  toward  the  new  statue. 
314.    suscepi :    I  have  cherished. 
322.    creditae :  entrusted. 
324.    commissae  :  given  over. 

327.  nisi  .  .  .  ereptum :  unless  prudence  had  been  taken 
from  this  great  audacity,  i.e.  from  these  bold  men.  audaciae : 
dat.  of  separation,  113.^ 

331.    Quid  vero  :   se.  dicam. 
62  334.    patriciis  hominibus :    Catiline,  Cethegus,  Lentulus,  etc. 

336,  id :  explained  by  the  preceding  noun  clause  ut  homines 
.  .  .  anteponerent.     praesertim  qui :  especially  since  they. 

Chapter  10 

339.  pulvinaria :  altars,  more  exactly  cushioned  couches  on 
which  the  images  of  the  gods  were  laid  before  the  altars.  Food 
and  wine  were  set  before  the  images  in  the  feast  called  lectister- 
nium. 

340.  celebratote  :    imperative  fut.,  second  pers.  plur. 

342.  iusti :  connect  w.  ac  debiti,  just  and  deserved,  habiti 
sunt :   have  been  paid. 

345.    me  uno  togato  :  cf.  Cat.,  II,  1.  408, 

347.  civiles  dissensiones :  the  instances  of  civil  strife  cited 
by  Cicero  in  11.  348-360  occurred  during  the  war  between  the 
democratic  party  under  Marius  and  the  aristocratic  party  under 
Sulla,  88-77  b.c. 

348.  Sulla  .  .  .  Suspicium :  P.  Sulpicius  Rufus,  tribune  of 
the  plebs  in  88  b.c,  proposed  a  law  transferring  the  command 
against  Mithridates  from  Sulla  to  Marius.  Sulla  marched  upon 
Rome  and  drove  out  his  enemies.  Sulpicius  was  killed  ;  Marius 
escaped  to  Africa. 

349.  Marium  custodem :  so  called  because  he  saved  Rome 
from  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones  in  102  b.c. 

351.  Octavius  .  .  .  collegam:  in  87  b.c.  the  consuls  were  Cn. 
Octavius,  a  partisan  of  Sulla,  and  L,  Cornelius  Cinna,  leader  of 
the  democratic  party  in  the  absence  of  Marius,  Cinna  proposed 
to  enlarge  the  franchise  privileges  of  the  Italians  and  began  an 


Bur.  A.  B.  G.  H.  HB, 

>~477  381  18S.  d  345  427  371 


THIRD  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE         227 

PAGE 

agitation  in  favor  of  his  party.     In  the  riots  that  foUowed  10,000       53 
are  said  to  have  perished.     Octavius  was  victorious,  and  Cinna 
fled  from  Rome. 

352.  hie  locus  :  the  Forum. 

353.  redundavit :  was  filled,  w.  acervis;  ran,  w.  sanguine;  an 
instance  of  zeugma ;  247.^  Cinna  cum  Mario :  these  leaders 
returned  to  the  city  at  the  head  of  a  large  army  and  took  ven- 
geance upon  their  enemies. 

354.  clarissimis  viris :  including  Octavius  the  consul,  Anto- 
nius  the  orator,  Scaevola  the  highpriest.  Marius  died  a  few 
days  after  the  victory  and  Cinna  returned  to  power. 

356.  Sulla  :  having  finished  the  war  mth  Mithridates,  83  b.c, 
Sulla  entered  Rome  and  placed  5000  names  upon  his  proscription 
lists,  remaining  dictator  till  his  death,  78  b.c.  ne  .  .  .  opus 
est :   it  is  quite  needless  to  say. 

358.    Lepidus,  Catulo  :  consuls  78  b.c.     The  former,  a  Marian, 
attempted  to  overthrow  Sulla's  constitution,  but  was  driven  from 
the  city  by  his  colleague. 
.359-    rei  publicae  :   dat.  w.  attulit. 

367.    quaesivit :    aimed  at. 

369.  uno  maximo  :    without  exception  (lit.,  alone)  the  greatest. 

370.  quale  bellum :    a  war  such  as. 

371.  quo  in  bello:  a  war  in  which.  54 

372.  constituta :  laid  down,  ut  omnes  .  .  .  ducerentur :  that 
all  should  be  classed  as  enemies,  etc.,  a  noun  clause  explaining  lex 
haec.     salva  urbe  :   abl.  abs. 

379.    tantum  civium  :   only  so  many  citizens. 
382.    restitisset :   had  survived.     The  subjv.  depends  on  putas- 
sent,  and  would  be  fut.  perf.  in  dir.  disc. 

Chapter  11 

388.    pro  :    in  return  for.     rebus  :    services. 
397.    In  animis  :   note  the  emphatic  position. 
399.    condi    et   conlocari :   to   be   stored   and  treasured.      Nihil 
mutum  :  as  a  statue. 

401.  nostrae  res  :    my  deeds. 

402.  litterarum  monumentis  :  in  the  records  of  literature.  55 


Bur.            A.  B.  G.  H.  HB. 

-1070  374  690  751  631 


228  NOTES 

PAGE 

&6  403.    eandem  diem  intellego  propagatam  esse :   I  feel  sure  that 

the  same  time  has  been  granted.  Cicero  means  that  his  consulship 
will  be  rememibered  as  long  as  the  city  stands. 

406.  quorum  alter :  i.e.  Pompey,  who  had  conquered  Mithri- 
dates. 

408.  terminaret:  limited;  the  subjv.  depends  on  intellego. 
alter:  i.e.  Cicero  himself. 

Chapter  12 

410.  quae  illorum :    as  (in  the  case)  of  those  men. 

411.  mihi  .  .  .  illi :   contrasted  emphatically. 

413.  vestrum  est :  it  is  your  duty.  The  subj.  of  est  is  pro- 
videre  (1.  417).  si  ceteris  .  .  .  prosunt:  if  others  deservedly 
profit  by  their  acts,     ceteris  :   ind.  obj. 

414.  Mentes :    designs. 

417.  mihi  nihil  noceri  potest :  no  harm  can  be  done  to  me  (lit., 
in  no  way  can  harm  be  done  to  me),  nihil  is  an  adverbial  ace.  For 
<he  passive  noceri  see  112  ;  note  2.^ 

419.    quod  :  rel.     mihi :  for  me. 

421.  tacita :  concessive,  though  silent,  conscientiae :  i.e. 
the  conviction  that  Cicero  had  saved  the  state,  quam  qui  neg- 
legunt:  =  et  ei  qui  neglegunt  eam. 

423.  is  Animus :    such  spirit. 

424.  nullius  :  used  as  gen.  of  nemo,     audaciae :  dat. 

426.  in  mw  unum :  within  five  years  Cicero  was  forced  to  go 
into  exile  because  of  his  part  in  punishing  the  conspirators. 

427.  qua  condicione  :  in  what  position,  i.e.  what  is  to  be  their  lot. 

429.  mihi  ipsi :   as  for  myself;   dat.  w.  adquiri. 

430.  ad  vitae  tructum  :   to  life's  enjoyment. 

431.  quicquam  altius :  Cicero  now  held  the  highest  office  Id 
the  state. 

56  434.    ut  privatus  .  .  .  ornem :    that  as  a  private  citizen  I  will 

uphold  and  dignify. 

435.  laedat,  valeat :  supply  a  connective,  ut  mihi  valeat  ad 
gloriam  :   that  it  may  redound  to  my  glory. 

437.    gesserim  :  subjv.  by  attraction. 

440.  vestrum  :  unusual  form  of  the  objective  gen. 

441.  aeque :  see  Vocab. 


Bur.  A.  B.  G.  H.  HB. 

-459  369  187  346  426.3  364 


FOURTH   ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTE 

1.  The  penalty.  —  On  December  4,  the  Senate  voted  rewards  to 
the  Allobroges  and  Volturcius,  and  heard  further  evidence.  Fi- 
nally, on  December  5,  this  body  met  in  the  Temple  of  Concord  at 
the  foot  of  the  Capitoline  Hill,  to  consider  the  question  of  punish- 
ment for  the  prisoners.  Silanus  advocated  the  death  penalty ; 
Caesar,  life  imprisonment  and  the  confiscation  of  their  property. 
Then  the  consul,  as  the  presiding  officer,  reviewed  the  two  opin- 
ions in  his  Fourth  Oration  against  Catiline.  He  was  followed  by 
M.  Porcius  Cato,  the  young  tribune-elect,  who  in  a  speech  of 
great  vigor  declared  that  the  conspirators  were  criminals  who 
deserved  death.     The   Senate  had  been   strongly  impressed  by 


M.  Porcius  Cato  (Uticensis)  and  his  Wife 

229 


230 


NOTES 


the  proposal  of  Caesar,  but,  after  hearing  Cato,  decided  for  imme' 
diate  execution. 

2.   The  execution.  —  Without  delay,  the  five  prisoners  were 
taken  to  the  state's  prison,  known  as  the  Tullianum,  where  in  the 


A  Section  of  the  Tullla.num 

(Showing  the  upper  and  the  lower  dungeon  pictured  on  page  82  of  the  text.    See 
Sallust's  description,  chapter  55,  page  1T8.) 

lower  dungeon,  death  was  inflicted  by  strangling.  (See  Introd. 
43.)  On  his  way  across  the  Forum  Cicero  announced  to  the 
populace  "  Vixerunt,''  "  they  have  lived."  Although  the  law 
provided  that  Roman  citizens  should  not  be  put  to  death  without 
appeal  to  the  people,  Cicero  attempted  to  justify  the  Senate's 
course  on  the  plea  that  such  men  were  not  to  be  treated  as  citizens. 
3.  The  fate  of  Catiline.  —  Early  in  62  b.c.  the  rebel  forces, 
attempting  to  escape  into  Cisalpine  Gaul,  were  annihilated  near 
Faesulae,  between  two  divisions  of  the  Roman  army.  Of  Cati- 
line, who  led  them,  the  historian  Florus  wrote,  Catilina  longe  a 
suls  inter  hostium  cadavera  repertus  est,  pulcherrimd  morte,  si  prd 
patrid  sic  concidisset. 


FOURTH  ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE        231 

OUTLINE 

I.    Exordium  —  The  welfare  of  the  state  alone  to  be  consulted, 

Ch.  1,  2. 
XL    Narratio  —  The  two  propositions  for  punishment,  Ch.  3-5. 

III.  Propositio   et   Confirmatio  —  The  relative  merits  of  these 
propositions,  Ch.  6-9. 

IV.  Peroratio  —  The  Senate's  duty  to  the  state  and  to  the  consul, 
Ch.  10,  11. 

Chapter  1  pagh 

I.    in  me  :  toward  me.     vestrum  :  poss.  gen.  of  vos.  57 

3.  vestro :  se.  periculo.  depulsum  sit :  implied  indir.  disc, 
for  depulsum  erit. 

4.  iucunda  :  pleasing,     grata  :  welrome. 

7.    si  .  .  .  data  est :  i.e.  if  the  consulship  has  been  given  to  me 
on  these  terms. 
9.    f eram :    fut. 

13.  aequitas  continetur :  justice  is  centered.  The  reference  is 
to  the  law  courts  or  basilicas,  located  around  the  Forum,  cam- 
pus consecratus :  the  consuls  were  elected  by  the  Comitia  Cen- 
turiata,  which  met  in  the  Campus  Martins.  But  no  election  could 
take  place  until  the  auspices  were  favorable. 

14.  auxilium  .  .  .  gentium :  the  Senate,  meeting  usually  in 
the  Curia,  determined  the  policy  of  the  Roman  government 
toward  foreign  nations. 

16.  lectus :  cf.  Cat.  I.  1.  129.  haec  sedes :  the  sella  curulis, 
or  curule  chair,  a  symbol  of  authority  for  a 
consul,  censor,  praetor,  curule  aedile,  dicta- 
tor, or  magister  equitum.  It  was  shaped 
like  a  camp  chair,  without  a  back,  resting 
on  ivory  legs. 

19.  meo  quodam  dolore  :   with  some  pain 
on  my  own  part;  abl.  of  attendant  circum- 
stance,    in  vestro  timore  :  i.e.  while  you  were        Sella  Curulis 
afraid. 

20.  ut  .   .   .   eriperem .  a  noun  clause  explaining  hunc  exitum. 
22.    virgines  Vestales  :  cf.  note  on  Cat.,  Ill,  1.  113. 
27.    subeatur :  let  it  63  endured;  187,  6.^     fatale :  cf.  Cat.,  Ill,        69 

1.  111.  

Bur.  A.  B.  G.  H.  HB. 

»--768  439  275  263  659  60) 


232  NOTES 

PAGE 

59  34.    cur  non  laeter :   why  should  I  not  rejoice  t  A  deliberative 
question;  201.^ 

Chapter  2 

47.  praesident :  watch  over,  pro  eo  ac  mereor :  in  such  measure 
as  I  deserve. 

48.  gratiam  ;  see  Vocab.  si  quid  obtigerit  (fut.  perf.) :  if  any- 
thing happens,  put  mildly  for  if  I  shall  he  killed. 

50.  consulari :  death  could  not  be  untimely  for  a  man  who  had 
held  the  highest  office. 

51.  sapienti :  Roman  philosophy  taught  that  one  should  en- 
dure with  calmness  whatever  fate  might  befall  him. 

52.  fratris :  Quintus  TuUius  Cicero,  the  praetor  elect.  In  54 
B.C.  he  served  as  a  legatus  with  Caesar's  army  in  Gaul ;  Caes, 
B.  G.,  Bk.  V,  38-52.     praesentis  :  now  present. 

60  53-   horum :  his  friends  among  the  senators. 

54.  Neque  .  .  .  revocat :  and  often  my  thoughts  are  recalled 
homeward  by,  etc.     neque  non  :  =  et. 

55.  uxor :  Terentia.  filia  :  TuUia.  parvulus  filfus  :  Marcus, 
now  only  two  years  old.  Cicero  in  his  letters  gives  evidence  of 
his  affection  for  his  family. 

57.  obsidem  :  the  thought  of  his  son's  name  and  welfare  would 
strengthen  Cicero's  purpose.  If  he  failed  while  performing  his 
duty,  the  state  would  protect  his  heir. 

58.  gener :  C.  Calpurnius  Piso,  TuUia's  husband.  He  was 
not  a  senator,  and  therefore  stood  with  the  other  spectators  at 
the  entrance  of  the  temple. 

59.  in  eam  partem  uti :   to  the  end  (or  purpose)  that. 

61.  una  peste  :   in  one  common  destruction. 

62.  incumbite,  circumspioite  :  lit,,  bend  to  the  oars,  look  out  for. 
These  words  with  nautical  meaning  suggest  the  ship  of  state. 

64.  Non  Ti.  Gracchus  .  .  .  adducitur :  (it  is)  not  Tiberius 
Gracchus  .  .  .   (who)  is  brought. 

69.    vestram  omnium  :  =  omnium  vestrum. 
72.    servitia  :  =  servi,  abstract  for  the  concrete. 


Bur.  A.  B.  G.  H.  HB. 

—  771  444  277  265  642  503 


FOURTH  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE        233 


Chapter  3 

PAQ 

76.  indices  :  the  witnesses,     rei :   from  reus.  60 

77.  iudiciis :  the  official  measures  explained  in  the  following 
statement. 

82.  dandos :  sc.  esse. 

83.  qui  hones  :   an  honor  which. 

85.   praemia :   Sallust  says  that  the  Senate  had  offered  to  any       61 
slave  who   should  give   information,   freedom  and  100,000  ses- 
terces ;  to  a  freeman,  impunity  and  200,000  sesterces. 

87.    nominatim :   the  names  are  given  by  Sallust,  Cat.,  47,  4. 

90.  tamquam  integrum :   as  an  open  question. 

91.  praedicam :  will  say  first,  sunt  consulis :  belong  to  the 
consul  (to  say) ;   pred.  gen.  of  possession. 

92.  nova  .  .  .  mala  :  that  certain  strange  evils  were  brewing  and 
stirring. 

94.    haberi :   was  being  made. 

96.  ante  noctem :  to  be  valid,  a  decree  of  the  Senate  must  be 
passed  before  sunset. 

97.  delatum  sit :  has  been  reported. 

99.  Latius  opinione  :   more  widely  than  is  supposed. 

100.  transcendit  Alpes :   this  refers  to  the  Allobroges. 

loi.  provincias :  Catiline  expected  aid  from  Spain,  and  from 
Mauretania  in  northern  Africa. 

102.    sustentando  aut  prolatando  :  by  forbearance  or  delay. 

Chapter  4 

104.  sententias  :  the  motions  offered,  or  opinions  expressed  by 
the  senators,  when  called  upon  by  the  presiding  officer ;  cf .  Cat. 
I.  1.  109.  D.  Silani :  being  consul  elect  he  was  entitled  to  speak 
first ;  see  Introd.  30. 

105.  haec  :  these  things,  i.e.  this  city. 

106.  C.  Caesaris :  Gains  Julius  Caesar,  leader  of  the  popular 
party.  He  had  been  quaestor  and  aedile  and  was  now  praetor 
elect  for  62  b.c. 

108.  amplectitur:  (but)  includes;  asyndeton,  pro:  in  accord- 
ance with,     rerum :  the  crisis. 

109.  versatur :  is  in  favor  of,  advocates.  Alter ;  i.e.  Silanus ; 
subj.  of  putat. 

III.   punctum:  ace.  of  duration. 


234  NOTES 

PAGE 

61  112.    vita:  abl.  w.  frui;  147.^ 

115.    Alter:   i.e.  Caesar,     intellegit:   recognizes  the  fact  that. 

62  116.  necessitatem :  a  necessity,  when  resulting  from  natural 
causes,  laborum  (obj.  gen.)  quietem  (1.  117)  :  a  rest  from  toils, 
when  self-inflicted.  This  was  the  teaching  of  the  Epicurean  phi- 
losophers regarding  death. 

118.  inviti:   used  Sidverhislly,  unwillingly. 

119.  Vincula  et  ea  sempiterna :  imprisonment  and  that  too  for 
life.  In  this  argument  it  must  be  remembered  that  Cicero  him- 
self favored  the  death  penalty.  Life  imprisonment,  as  he  shows, 
would  be  more  severe  than  death,  but  it  was  not  legal  as  a  penalty, 
and  besides  there  were  no  prisons  for  the  purpose. 

121.  iubet :  i.e.  he  proposes  to  order  them  (sc.  eos).  Habere  : 
to  involve,  ista  res  :  that  proposition,  iniquitatem  :  it  would  be 
unfair  to  the  towns  to  impose  the  burden  of  responsibility  for  the 
prisoners,  difficultatem  (1.  122) :  a  refusal  to  take  them  would 
embarrass  the  towns  in  their  relations  with  Rome. 

122.  si  velis :  if  you  (i.e.  any  one)  vrish;  the  indef.  second 
person  sing,  requires  the  subjv.  in  subordinate  clauses.^  De- 
cernatur  :  let  it  be  decreed. 

124.  reperiam :   sc.  eos. 

125.  esse  suae  dignitatis :  (it)  is  consistent  with  their  honor; 
pred.  poss.  gen.     recusare  :  the  obj.  is  id. 

126.  eorum :  w,  vincula.  ruperit :  subjv.  in  implied  ind. 
disc,  representing  a  fut,  perf. 

128.    eorum  :   of  these  men,  limiting  poenam. 

134.  ademisset :  the  idea  that  there  was  no  life  after  death 
was  held  by  many  of  Cicero's  hearers.  But  this  declaration  does 
not  agree  with  Cicero's  own  sentiment  expressed  at  the  close  of 
the  First  Oration;  Cat.  I.  11.  430-437.  improbis  (dat.)  esset 
posita  :  might  he  inspired  in  the  wicked. 

135.  apud  inferos  :  contrasted  with  in  vita,  eius  modi :  modi- 
fying supplicia.  illi  antiqui  voluerunt :  the  ancient  (writers)  held, 
or  maintained. 

137.    his  remotis  :  abl.  abs.  expressing  condition. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

«  — 572 

410 

218 

407 

477 

429 

•  —  912 

518,o 

302.2 

595 

388,3 

504.2 

FOURTH  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE        235 

Chapter  5  ^.^t- 

PAGE 

139,    mea  quid  intersit :    what  is  for  my  interest;  i.e.  to  advo-        62 

cate  Cicero's  plan.     For  the  abl.  mea  see  107.^ 

141.  banc  viam  :  that  course,  politically.  Caesar  was  leader  of 
the  popular  party  at  this  time,  popularis  :  popular,  democratic. 
This  word,  occurring  six  times  in  this  chapter,  passes  into  the 
meanings  devoted  to  the  people's  interest,  and  agreeable  to  the  people. 

142.  hoc  auctore  :   abl.  abs. 

143.  populares  :  of  the  people,     pertimescendi :  w.  erunt. 

144.  alteram :  sc.  eritis  secuti.  nescio  an :  possibly,  or  I  am 
inclined  to  think  (lit.,  /  do  not  know  whether),  contrahatur: 
subjv.  in  an  indir.  question. 

145.  rationes  :  considerations. 

146.  vincat :  outweigh;  subjv.  of  command. 

147.  maiorum  amplitudo :  in  the  Aeneid  the  gens  fo  which 
Caesar  belonged  is  traced  to  lulus,  grandson  of  Venus. 

149.  Intellectum  est  quid  interesset :  it  was  seen  (when  Caesar 
spoke)  what  a  difference  there  is.  levitatem  :  "  irresponsible  utter- 
ances."—  Nicol. 

152.  de  istis  :  eorum. 

153.  non  neminem :  one  or  more.  Cicero  may  have  had  in 
mind  particularly  the  tribune  elect,  Q.  Metellus  Nepos,  who 
with  his  veto  a  few  weeks  later  prevented  Cicero  from  addressing 
the  people  on  the  ground  that  the  consul's  execution  of  the  con- 
spirators was  illegal,  de  capite  :  regarding  the  life,  or  civil  rights. 
The  power  to  condemn  a  citizen  to  death  did  not  belong  to  the 
Senate,  but  to  the  people  in  the  Comitia  Centuriata. 

154.  sententiam  ferat :  cast  a  vote.  Is  :  singular  in  form,  re- 
ferring to  non  neminem. 

155.  mihi :  in  my  honor. 

156.  Order :  lam  .  .  .  dubium  est,  quid,  .  .  .  iudicarit,  qui.  .  . 
decrerit  (=  decreverit). 

157.  quaesitori :   the  investigator,  i.e.  CiGero. 

158.  re  et  causa:  the  fad  (of  the  conspiracy)  and  the  case  (i.e. 
the  legal  question). 

159.  legem  Semproniam  :  the  law  of  C.  Sempronius  Gracchus 
reaffirming  the  right  of  Roman  citizens  to  appeal  to  the  people 


Bur.     A.         B.         G.         H.        HB. 

>  — 434     355         210        381         449        345 


236  NOTES 

PAGF 

63  before  they  could  be  punished  with  death.     But  enemies  of  their 
country  cannot  be  protected  by  this  law  (1.  161). 

162  latorem  :  if  Gracchus  himself  was  not  saved  by  his  law, 
how  can  these  men  be  saved  by  it  ? 

163.  rei  publicae  :   dat.  of  ind.  obj. 

164.  largitorem  et  prodigum:  concessive,  however  lavish  a 
giver. 

166.  popularem :  a  friend  of  the  people,  homo  mitissimus : 
referring  to  Caesar. 

169.  se  iactare :  to  make  himself  conspicuous,  in  pernicie : 
while  ruining. 

Chapter  6 

173.  sive  hoc  statueritis :   i.e.  if  you  pass  Caesar's  motion. 

174.  comitem  ad  contionem :  a  companion  for  the  assembly. 
After  the  meeting  of  the  Senate  the  consul  would  be  expected 
to  call  an  informal  assembly  of  the  people  (contio),  and  announce 
the  Senate's  decision,  as  he  did  in  delivering  the  third  oration. 
It  was  the  custom  for  the  man  who  proposed  the  bill  to  stand  with 
the  consul,  as  he  thus  addressed  the  people,  populo :  w.  carum 
atque  iucundum. 

176.  populo  Romano  :  in  the  eyes  of  the  Roman  people;  dat.  of 
reference. 

178.  quae:  w.  crudelitas.  tanti  sceleris  immanitate  :  a  crime 
of  such  enormity  (lit.,  the  enormity  of  so  great  a  crime). 

179.  de  meo  sensu :  by  my  own  feelings. 

64  180.    ita  mihi  liceat :  so  may  I  be  permitted. 
181.    ut  non  moveor :   as  I  am  not  actuated. 

186.  animo  :   abl.  of  means. 

187.  versatur,  etc. :  there  rises  before  my  eyes,  mihi :  dat.  of 
reference. 

189.  proposui :   /  have  pictured. 

190.  ex  fatis  :  in  accordance  with  the  fates;  cf.  Cat.  Ill,  1.  111. 
purpuratum  huic  (dat.  of  reference) :  his  prime  minister  (lit.,  clad 
in  purple),  suggesting  the  court  of  an  oriental  king. 

192.    familias  :  an  old  form  of  the  gen.  sing. 
199.    de  sumpserit :   inflict  upon  (lit.,  take  from),     utrum  .  .  • 
videatur:  depending  on  quaero  (1.  196). 

201.    qui  .  .  .  lenierit:  a  descriptive  causal  clause. 

aoi.   nocentis :  referring  to  the  slave  (1. 196).    in :  in  the  case  of. 


FOURTH  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE        237 

PAGE 

206.    id   egerunt :    have  aimed  at  this,     ut  .  .  .  conlocarent :        64 
in  appos.  w,  id. 

210.    fama  :  in  the  sense  of  infamia. 

212.  L.  Caesar  :  consul  64  b.c,  a  distant  relative  of  C.  Caesar. 
His  sister  Julia  was  the  wife  of  Lentulus. 

214.  virum  :  husband,     praesentem  :  who  was  present.  66 

215.  dixit:  for  mood  see  195,  b.  avum :  M.  Fulvius  Flaceus, 
the  grandfather  of  L.  Caesar.  He  was  a  partisan  of  C.  Gracchus, 
and  was  killed  with  him  ;   see  Cat.  1, 1.  36  and  note. 

216.  filium :  in  the  revolution  led  by  Gracchus,  the  son  of 
Fulvius,  eighteen  years  old,  was  sent  to  compromise  with  the 
government.  He  was  thrown  into  prison  by  ihe  consul  Opimius 
and  put  to  death. 

218.  Quorum  .  .  .  factum:  what  deed  of  theirs  was  like  this 
(crime  of  the  conspiracy)  ? 

219.  Largitionis  voluntas:  the  spirit  of  lavish  giving,  referring 
to  the  giving  of  grain  and  land  at  low  rates  to  the  people,  par- 
tium  :  of  political  parties. 

223.    hie  :  i.e.  this  our  Lentulus,  contrasted  w.  ille. 
228.    Vereamini:  you  should  fear,  s&id  with,  irony.     The  subjv. 
here  expresses  obligation. 

Chapter  7 

233.  exaudio :  overhear;  said  of  the  sentiments  expressed  by 
the  senators  in  an  undertone. 

235.  ut :  what  is  the  meaning  after  vereri?  205,  6.^ 

237.  Omnia  et  provisa,  etc. :  hence  there  is  no  cause  for  fear. 

238.  cum  .   .   .  turn  etiam :  not  only  .  .  .  but  also. 

239.  multo  maiore  :   w.  voluntate. 
241.  generum :    classes. 

243.  huius  templi :  i.e.  the  Temple  of  Concord. 

244.  inventa :    known. 

252.  Quid  commemorem  :   why  should  I  mention  ?   A  question        67 
of  deliberation ;   201.2 

253.  summam  ordinis  consilique :  preeminence  in  rank  and 
counsel,     ita  ut :  only  to.     de  :  in. 


Bur. 

A. 

»  — 838 

564 

•  —  771 

444 

B.         G.         H.        HB. 

296        550,2        567        502,4 
277        265         642        503 


238 


NOTES 


PAGE 

67 


68 


255.  ex  dissensione  huius  ordinis :  after  a  quarrel  with  this 
order.  The  quarrel  between  the  Senate  and  the  equites  arose 
over  the  question  who  should  be  the  jurors  in  the  courts  of  justicCc 
This  right  originally  held  by  the  senators  alone  was  transferred  to 
the  equites  by  C.  Gracchus.  Sulla  restored  the  right  to  the-  sena- 
tors. By  the  Aurelian  law  in  70  b.c,  the  jury  was  divided  be- 
tween the  senators,  the  equites,  and  the  tribunes  of  the  treasury. 

262.  tribunes  aerarios :  their  duties  are  not  clearly  defined, 
but  were  first  connected  with  raising  and  disbursing  the  war  tax. 
At  this  time  they  constituted  an  order  in  the  state,  scribas : 
on  Dec.  5,  the  date  of  this  oration,  the  clerks  were  customarily 
assigned  by  lot  (sors)  to  the  quaestors,  to  serve  in  the  provinces. 
Cicero  says  that  they  had  come  away  from  the  treasury  because 
they  were  more  interested  in  the  fate  of  the  conspirators  than  in 
their  own  fortune. 

263.  quos  :  =  cos,  them,  cum  :  conj.  aerarium  :  the  treasury 
was  in  the  Temple  of  Saturn,  near  the  Temple  of  Concord. 

265.  ingenuorum  :  of  free-born  men,  opposed  to  lib  ertini, /reec?- 
men. 

266.  non  :  w.  cum  (1.  268),  not  only. 

Chapter  8 

270.    libertinorum   hominum : 

their  freedom  was  gained  either 
by  purchase  with  their  own  sav- 
ings, or  as  a  gift  from  the  master 
in  recognition  of  their  merit. 

273.  quidam  :  members  of  the 
conspiracy,  loco  :  abl.  of  source 
or  origin ;  134.^ 

278.  nemo :  adj.,  no.  qui 
mode  sit :  providing  he  he ;  199.^ 

281.    quantum:  w.  voluntatis. 

283.  hoc  quod  auditum  est: 
thif<  rumor,  explained  by  lenoneni 
.  .      imperitorum. 

283.    tabernas :    the  shops  of 


Plan  of  a  Shop  (Pompeii) 


1. 

2. 


Entrance     3. 

Counter       4. 

5,5. 


Place  for  a  fire 
Stairway  to  upper  floor 
Back  rooms 


Bur.  A. 

1  —  532  403 

8  —  929  528 


B. 

215 
310 


G. 

395 
573 


H. 

467 
587 


HB. 
413 
529 


FOURTH  ORATIOl^   AGAINST   CATILINE        239 


A  Baker's  Shop 

(This  cut  from  a  Pompeian  wall  painting  shows  the  typical  corner  counter  (see  plafc 
on  p.  238) ;  the  loaves  of  bread  on  the  counter ;  the  clerk,  the  customers,  and  the  little 
slave  reaching  up  to  take  the  purchase.) 

tradesmen  and  artisans,  especially  those  along  the  north  and  south 
sides  of  the  Forum,     pretio :  by  money. 

288.  voluntate  perditi :  corrupt  in  purpose,  qui  non  velint : 
as  not  to  wish;  subjv.  of  description,  sellae  :  i.e.  the  workmen's 
bench. 

291.    salvum :    preserved. 

293.  genus :   class. 

294.  omne  instrumentum  :  their  whole  stock  in  trade. 

295.  frequentia  sustentatur,  alitur  otic:  "  chiastic  "  order; 
238.     quorum  si :  =  et  si  eorum. 


PAOI 

68 


240  NOTES 

PAGE 

68  296.  futurum  fuit :  would  have  happened;  a  conclusion  con- 
trary to  fact,  the  condition  being  implied  in  incensis  (tabernis). 
For  the  form  see  198,  note  2.^ 

Chapter  9 

302.    media  :   the  midst  of. 

306.  supplex :    as  a  suppliant. 

307.  arcem  et  Capitolium :  "  the  Capitoline  Hill  had  two  sum- 
mits, the  arx  or  ancient  citadel,  and  the  height  crowned  by  the 
Temple  of  Jupiter." 

jo8.  aras  Penatium :  sc.  publicorum.  The  state  had  its 
Penates  as  well  as  each  family.  The  national  Penates  were  wor- 
shiped on  the  Palatine,  and  were  fabled  to  have  come  from  an- 
cient Troy,     ilium  ignem  :  ever  burning  in  the  temple  of  Vesta. 

69  314,  vestri:  the  form  regularly  used  for  the  objective  gen.  pi. 
quae  facultas  :  an  advantage  which. 

318.  quantis  .  .  .  imperium:  with  how  great  labor  the  govern- 
ment (was)  founded. 

320.  una  .  .  .  delerit :  (and)  how  one  night  almost  destroyed 
(all).  Literally,  of  course,  imperium,  libertatem,  fortunas  are  obj. 
of  delerit.  una  nox  :  the  night  of  the  meeting  at  Laeca's  house, 
or  perhaps  of  the  arrest  of  the  Allobroges  at  the  Mulvian  Bridge. 

325.  officio :  147. 

326.  functa :  sc.  esse. 

Chapter  10 

70  327.  ad  sententiam  (sc.  rogandam) :  to  asking  your  opinions^ 
as  Cicero  had  begun  to  do  ;   cf.  1.  96. 

328.  quanta:  as  great  as;  correlative  w.  tantam. 

334.  Quodsi  .  .  .  concitata  :  a  forecast  of  the  exile  into  which 
Cicero  was  driven  a  few  years  later. 

339.  me  meorum  factorum  paenitebit :   106.^ 

343.  quam  illi  minitantur:    urith  which  they  threaten  (me). 

345.  vitae  :  during  life  (lit.,  of  life). 

347.  honestastis :  =  honestavistis. 

350.  bene  gesta :  sc.  re  publica ;  abl.  abs.  denoting  cause. 


Bur.     A.  B.         G.         H.        EB. 

» —  923     517,  d  304, 3       597,  R.      582         581,  o 

•  —  444     354         200        377        457        352 


FOURTH  ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE        241 

PAGE 

352.  Sit,  ornetur,  etc. :   187,  b.^     Scipio  :   the  elder  Scipio,  who        70 
was  the  victorious  leader  in  the  Second  Punic  War. 

353.  Italia :    we  should  expect  ex. 

354.  alter  Africanus  :  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Aemilianus  Africanus 
Minor,  sonof  AemiliusPaulus,  but  adopted  into  the  Scipio  family  ; 
hence  his  name.  He  captured  Carthage  in  146  b.c.  and  Numan- 
tia  in  133,  thus  ending  the  wars  with  Carthage  and  Spain. 

356.  Paulus :  father  of  the  younger  Scipio  just  mentioned. 
The  Macedonian  king  Perses  was  defeated  by  him  at  Pydna  in 
168  B.C. 

358.  bis  liberavit :  by  his  victory  over  the  Teutons  in  102  b.c, 
and  over  the  Cimbri  in  101. 

360.    res  gestae  :  exploits,  deeds,     soils  cursus  :  sc.  continetur.        71 

363.  quo :  =  ad  quas. 

364.  quo:   a  country  to  which  (lit.,  whither). 

366.    Quamquam  :   and  yet.     uno  loco  :   in  one  respect. 

368.    oppress!  serviunt :    (when)  conquered  become  our  slaves. 

371.  cum  reppuleris :    when  you  have  driven. 

372.  possis  :  you  can  (w.  the  force  of  potes).  Both  verbs  are 
in  the  subjv.  because  of  the  indef .  second  person,  mihi :  dat.  of 
agent. 

377.    a  me  :   abl.  of  separation. 

380.    conspirationem :   not  conspiracy;  see  Vocab. 

Chapter  11 

382.  pro  imperio  :  in  place  of  the  military  command.  The  rich 
province  of  Macedonia  had  fallen  by  lot  to  Cicero  for  his  procon- 
sulship,  but  he  had  conceded  it  to  his  colleague  Antonius,  to  secure 
the  latter' s  neutrality. 

385.  clientelis :  clientships.  A  province  or  provincial  town 
might  appoint  an  ex-governor  or  other  influential  person  to  be 
its  representative  (patronus)  at  Rome.  The  provincials  were  then 
his  clients  (clientes).  hospitiis :  ties  of  friendship,  formed  by 
two  citizens  of  different  states,  by  which  they  were  bound  to 
protect  and  aid  each  other ;  or  a  community  might  honor  an 
individual  by  making  him  their  hospes. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

t 

—  768 

438 

273 

263 

559 

500 

242  NOTES 

PAGE 

71  386.    urbanis  opibus  :  by  my  influence  in  the  city. 
387.    pro  (meis  studiis)  :  in  return  for. 

72  391.    quae  dum  :  for  as  long  as  this  (memory). 

396.    suo  solius  periculo :    with  risk  to  himself  alone.     What 
would  solo  mean  ? 

405.    praestare  :    be  responsible  for  (stand  good  for). 
Read  Introductory  Note,  p.  229. 


THE  MANILIAN  LAW 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTE 

1.  Mithridates.  —  One  of  Rome's  most  formidable  foes  was 
Mithridates  the  Great,  king  of  Pontus,  a  country  south  of  the 
Black  Sea.  As  early  as  90  b.c.  he  had  extended  his  power  over 
a  large  part  of  Asia  Minor.  Allying  himself  with  Tigranes,  king 
of  Armenia,  he  overran  the  Roman  province  of  Asia,  i.e.  Phrygia, 
Mysia,  Caria,  and  Lydia.  In  88  b.c,  by  his  edict,  80,000 
Italians  on  the  Asiatic  Coast  were  cruelly  murdered.  His  next 
step  was  to  invade  Greece.  At  this  time  Sulla,  the  Roman  gen- 
eral, was  sent  against  him,  who  within  four  years  reestablished 
the  Roman  power,  causing  the  king  to  give  up  his  conquests, 
surrender  80  war  vessels,  and  pay  a  heavy  fine.  This  was  the 
First  Mithridatic  War  (88-84  b.c).  The  Second  Mithridatic 
War  (83-82  b.c)  was  of  little  importance,  though  resulting  in  the 
defeat  of  Murena,  whom  Sulla  had  left  in  command. 

2.  The  Third  Mithridatic  War  (74-63  B.C.).  —  For  eight  years 
the  king  increased  his  forces  and  strengthened  his  cause.  In  74 
he  renewed  hostilities  by  invading  Bithynia.  The  Romans  were 
led  in  succession  by  LucuUus,  Glabrio,  and  Pompey.  LucuUus, 
who  was  an  able  general,  conquered  both  Mithridates  and  Ti- 
granes taking  the  greater  part  of  Pontus  and  the  Armenian  capital. 
But  this  conquest  was  left  incomplete  by  the  mutiny  of  his  sol- 
diers and  his  recall,  secured  by  his  enemies  at  Rome  (74-67  b.c). 
Taking  advantage  of  this  situation,  the  king  succeeded  in  recov- 
ering all  his  lost  territory,  while  the  incompetent  Glabrio,  who 
succeeded  LucuUus,  remained  inactive  (67-66  b.c).  It  was 
then  that  the  Romans  turned  to  Pompey. 

3.  Pompey  (Gnaeus  Pompeius)  was  preeminently  a  soldier. 
Born  in  106  b.c,  he  was,  at  the  age  of  17,  a  subordinate  to  his 
father  in  the  Social  War.  He  had  distinguished  himself  in  Italy 
under  Sulla,  in  Africa  against  the  Marians  who  had  fled  there,  in 
Gaul,  in  Spain  against  Sertorius,  and,  on  his  return  from  Spain, 

243 


244  NOTES 

against  Spartacus  and  the  slaves.  In  70  he  was  made  consul, 
though  under  legal  age,  and  not  having  been  praetor  or  quaestor. 
The  bill  of  the  tribune  A.  Gabinius,  in  67  b.c,  gave  him  supreme 
command  for  three  years  over  all  the  Mediterranean  and  its 
coasts  for  ten  miles  inland.  It  was  in  the  exercise  of  this  com- 
mand that  Pompey  won  his  greatest  fame,  by  promptly  clearing 
the  Mediterranean  of  the  pirates  who  had  been  a  menace  to  com- 
merce for  many  years. 

4.  The  Manilian  Law.  —  With  the  popularity  naturally  result- 
ing from  this  career,  Pompey  was  logically  the  man  for  the  war 
with  Mithridates.  The  tax-farming  Equites  and  all  classes  ex- 
cept the  conservative  Optimates  demanded  him.  C.  Manilius 
the  tribune  nominated  him  early  in  66  b.c,  in  the  bill  known  as 
the  Manilian  Law.  The  Optimates,  represented  by  Catulus  and 
Hortensius,  opposed  the  law  on  the  ground  that  it  bestowed  too 
much  power  on  an  individual.  Cicero,  who  was  serving  as 
praetor,  was  the  chief  advocate  of  the  bill.  The  speech  which  he 
then  delivered  was  his  first  from  the  Rostra  to  the  popular 
assembly.  It  is  noted  as  a  model  for  "  clearness  of  statement, 
beauty  of  diction,  and  regularity  of  construction."  But  it  has 
been  criticised  because  it  treats  the  questions  of  public  policy 
but  superficially,  conjuring  with  facts  rather  than  weighing  argu- 
ments. 

6.  End  of  the  War.  —  The  bill  was  passed  by  the  Comitia, 
and  Pompey,  who  was  still  in  Cilicia,  hastened  to  encounter 
Mithridates.  Within  three  years  (66-63  b.c),  the  king  was 
completely  vanquished,  and  perished  in  the  Crimea,  to  which  he 
had  fled. 

Consult  Forsyth,  W.,  "  Cicero,"  Vol.  I,  p.  100;  Sirachan- 
Davidson,  J.  L.,  "  Cicero,"  p.  86  ;  Plutarch,  "  Lives  of  Sulla, 
Lucullus,  Pompey." 

OUTLINE 

I.    Exordium  —  Reason  for  the  speech,  Ch.  1. 
II.    Narratio  et  Partitio  —  The  statement  of  the  case,  Ch.  2. 
III.    Confirmatio  — 

1.  The  character  of  the  war,  Ch.  2  (par.  3)-7. 

2.  The  greatness  of  the  war,  Ch.  8,  9. 

3.  The  choice  of  a  commander.     Pompey*s  qualifications : 
o.   Military  knowledge,  Ch.  10  ; 

b.  Ability  (his  soldierly  and  other  virtues),  Ch.  11-14 ; 


THE  MANILIAN  LAW 


245 


c.  Prestige,  Ch.  15,  16  (par.  1)  ; 

d.  Good  fortune  ;  nearness  to  the  scene  of  the  war,  Ch.  16 

(par.  2)-17  (par.  1). 
IV.    Refutatio  —  The    objections   of   Hortensius,    Catulus,   and 
others,  Ch.  17  (par.  2)-23. 
V.   Peroratio  —  Appeal  to  Manlius  and  to  the  citizens,  Ch.  24. 


Chapter  1 

1.  frequens  conspectus  vaster:    the  sight  of  your  crowded  as-, 
semhly. 

2.  hie  locus  :   i.e.  the  rostra  in  the  Forum.     The  right  of  ad- 
dressing the  people  on  a  question  of  legislation  (ius  agendi)  be- 


PAGE 

76 


Front  Elevation  of  the  Rostra  (Restored) 

(The  small  rectangles  on  the  front  indicate  the  positions  of  the  beaks  of  ships  with 
which  the  rostra  was  ornamented  and  from  which  it  took  its  name.) 


longed  only  to  a  magistrate  (hence  amplissimus,  most  dignified) ^ 
though  he  might  delegate  the  privilege  to  a  private  citizen  (hence 
ornatissimus,  most  honorable. 

4.    aditu  laudis  :    pathway  to  fame,     optimo  cuique  :    to  all  the 
best  men. 

6.  vitae  rationes :   plan  of  life,  in  the  practice  of  his  legal  pro- 
fession,    ineunte :    early  (lit.,  beginning). 

7.  per  aetatem :  a  citizen  under  forty  years  could  not  be  prae- 
tor, and  hence  had  not  the  ius  agendi.     See  Introd.  32. 


246 


NOTES 


tAGE 

75 


t6 


8.  perf ectum  :  refers  to  the  thought  in  an  address  ;  elaboratum 
to  its  form;  "  nothing  save  the  finished  product  of  talent  and 
painstaking  industry." — NicoL 

ID.  temporibus  :  the  necessities,  periculis  (1.  12)  legal  dangers^ 
trials. 

13  caste  integreque :  the  Cineian  law  (204  b.c.)  made  it 
illegal  for  advocates  to  receive  fees.  Cicero  here  implies  his  own 
innocence. 

14.  dilationem  :  the  election  for  the  eight  praetors,  which  was 
held  in  the  Comitia  Centuriata,  was  declared  void  on  two  occasions 
in  67  B.C.  possibly  because  of  some  political  disturbance.  On 
each  occasion  Cicero  had  been  elected  first  and  unanimously 
before  the  postponement  (dilationem)  occurred. 

19.  honoribus  mandandis :    hy  conferring  honors  (offices), 

20.  ex  forensi  usu :   i.e.  from  practice  in  the  courts. 

24.  ei  rei :  for  this  ability,  i.e.  in  dicendo.  quoque  :  as  well 
as  for  other  qualifications. 

26.  laetandum  esse :  is  a  cause  for  rejoicing  (lit.,  w.  pass, 
force,  must  be  rejoiced  over). 

39.    copia  :    abundance  of  material,     modus  :    proper  limit. 


Chapter  2 

43.    ducitur  :   is  derived,  originates. 

46.    alter  relictus :    Mithridates,  after  being  defeated  by  Lu- 

cullus,  had  been  allowed  to  escape,  alter 
lacessitus :  Tigranes  had  been  provoked  to 
warfare  by  the  demand  to  surrender  Mith- 
ridates, his  father-in-law,  who  had  taken 
refuge  with  him. 

47.  Asiam  :  the  Roman  province  consist- 
ing of  Phrygia,  Mysia,  Caria,  and  Lydia. 

48.  Equitibus :  the  members  of  the 
equestrian  order,  because  of  their  wealth, 
were  the  financiers  of  Rome. 

49.  magnae  res  aguntur :  capital  is  at 
stake. 

51.  necessitudine  :  Cicero  himself  came 
from  an  equestrian  family. 

52.  detulerunt :   the  obj.  of  this  verb  ex- 
CoiN  OF  Mithridates  tends  to  neminem  (1.  60). 


THE   MANILIAN  LAW  247 

PAOB 

53.  vestra  provincia :    Bithynia  had  been  bequeathed  to  the        76 
Romans  by  Nicomedes  III.  in  74  b.c.     quae  .  .  .  est:  paren- 
thetical, and  not  affected  by  the  indir.  disc. 

54.  regnum  Ariobarzanis  :    Cappadocia,  bordering  on  Pontus.        77 

56.  magnis  rebus  gestis  :   concessive. 

57.  qui  successerit :  the  successor  of  LucuUus  was  Glabrio, 
who  was  incompetent  for  the  task,  esse  paratum :  sc.  eum  as 
subj. 

58.  unum :    one  man,  Pompey.     imperatorem :    pred.  ace. 

64.  quod  ( =  ut  id)  .  .  .  debeat :  a  descriptive  clause  of 
result. 

65.  persequendi :  sc.  belli :  of  ^prosecuting  it,  i.e.  following  it 
up  to  the  end. 

71.    pads  ornamenta,  subsidia  belli :   chiasmus;   238.^ 
73.    a  vobis :    abl.  instead  of  dat.  of  agent,  to  avoid  confusion 
w.  quibus  which  is  dat.  of  ind.  obj. 

Chapter  3 

77.  ilia  macula:  explained  by  quod  (1.  79)  .  .  .  regnat  (1.  84), 
etc.     bello  superiore  :   the  First  Mithridatic  War,  88-83  b.c. 

78.  insedit :  from  inside. 

80.  una  significatione  litterarum :  hy  one  stroke  of  the  pen,  as 
we  should  say.  Mithridates  commanded  that  all  Italians  in  his 
dominions  be  put  to  death.  Eighty  thousand  are  said  to  have 
perished. 

85,  latebris  :  abl.  of  means,  but  trans,  in  the  hiding  places. 

86.  versari :    to  flaunt  himself. 

88.  insignia  victoriae  :  i.e.  the  triumphal  procession  in  Rome,        7g 
granted  by  the  Senate  on  the  return  of  the  victorious  army. 

89.  Sulla's  triumph  was  celebrated  in  83  b.c,  Murena's  in 
81. 

93.  quod  :   sc.  propter  id  :  for  what  they  did,  etc. 

94.  res  publica  :  the  political  situation,  caused  by  the  renewed 
supremacy  of  the  Marian  faction,  while  Sulla  was  absent.  To 
meet  this,  Sulla  returned  to  Rome,  leaving  his  lieutenant  Murena 
in  command. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

1067 

598 

350 

682 

666 

628 

248  NOTES 


Chapter  4 

PAGE 

78  98.    qui :  subj.  of  misit ;  trans,  w.  postea  cum,  afterward,  when 
he. 

99.  classes  exercitusque  :  for  an  account  of  his  new  forces  and 
equipment,  read  Plutarch's  Lucullus. 

100.  potuisset :  subj  v.  by  attraction. 

102.  ac  litteras :  we  should  say  with  despatches,  eos  duces: 
i.e.  Sertorius  and  his  associates,  who  succeeded  Marius  in  Spain, 
Sertorius,  who  was  a  very  able  leader,  agreed  to  send  the  king 
Roman  military  instructors  in  exchange  for  a  fleet. 

103.  disiunctissimis  .  .  .  diversis :  Pontus  and  Spain,  widely 
separated  and  most  remote  (in  opposite  directions)  from  Rome. 

104.  binis  :  used  for  duobus.^ 

79  106.    de  imperio  :  for  the  supremacy. 
107.    alterius  partis  :  from  one  quarter. 

no.  in  altera  parte  :  in  the  East,     res:  affairs. 

III.  initia  .  .   .  gestarum :   his  exploits  at  the  beginning, 

114.  alio  loco  :  in  chapter  8. 

115.  vera  :  deserved,     ei  :  dat.  of  separation. 

Chapter  5 

120.  Maiores  .  .  .  gesserunt :  the  statement  refers  to  cam- 
paigns  against  the  lUyrian  pirates,  in  229  b.c. 

121.  inluriosius :  the  force  of  the  comp.  is  somewhat,  rather: 
so  in  superbius,  1.  124 ;   see  160.^     tot  milibus  :   see  note,  1.  80. 

124.  appellati  superbius  :  Sparta  desired  to  withdraw  from  the 
Achaean  League  and  appealed  to  Rome  for  help.  Commissioners 
were  sent  to  Greece  to  settle  the  difficulty  (148  b.c),  but  they  were 
insulted  in  the  assembly  at  Corinth,  prevented  from  speaking, 
and,  as  some  say,  imprisoned.  Cicero  states  the  offense  mildly 
for  the  sake  of  argument. 

125.  exstinctum:  agreeing  in  gender  w.  lumen  ;  Corinthus  i8 
feminine. 

126.  legatum  consularem :  M.  Aquillius,  who  had  been  con- 
sul with  Marius  in  101  b.c.     He  was  sent  in  90  b.c.  to  restore  the 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

1  —  218 

137 

81 

97 

164 

247 

«  — 642 

291 

240 

297 

498 

241 

THE  MANIIJAN  LAW  249 

PAQB 

kings  of  Cappadocia  and  Bithynia  to  their  thrones,  from  which        79 
Mithridates  had  driven  them.     But,  urging  Nicomedes  to  invade 
Pontus  and  leading  an  army  himself  against  that  country,  he  for- 
feited his  rights  as  an  ambassador,  and  justly  so  in  the  eyes  of 
Mithridates. 

128.  libertatem  imminutam :  the  infringement  of  the  liberty. 
Notice  this  use  of  the  participle  instead  of  a  noun  w.  a  limiting 
gen. ;  cf.  ante  urbem  conditam. 

131.    relinquetis :    leave  unpunished. 

135.    Quod  :    the  fact  that,     vocatur  :    is  brought. 

138.    duo  reges  :   see  1.  45.  80 

143.    alium :   Glabrio. 

146.  omnia  :  all  qualifications,  propter :  adv.  quo  :  for  which 
reason,     carent :   sc.  eo  and  see  149.^ 

148.  maritimum  bellum  :  i.e.  the  war  w.  the  pirates,  venerit : 
subjv.  due  to  indtr.  disc. 

151.  quorum  salutem  commendetis :  to  have  you  intrust  their 
safety;    192,  c. 2 

152.  hoc  (abl.)  etiam  magis  :  and  that  too  all  the  more. 

154.    cum  imperio  :   with  full  authority,     ut :  denoting  result. 

Chapter  6 

161.  Antiocho  :  the  Roman  people  fought  with  Antiochus,  king 
of  Syria,  on  behalf  of  Pergamus  and  Rhodes,  192  b.c.  Antiochus 
was  aided  by  the  Aetolian  League  (cum  Aetolis).  The  war  with 
Philip  V,  of  Macedonia,  was  undertaken  for  the  Athenians  ;  the 
three  Punic  wars,  for  allies  in  Sicily,  Spain,  and  Africa.  But  the 
protection  of  allies  in  all  these  wars  was  merely  a  pretext  for  con- 
quest. 

165.  de  vectigalibus  agatur :  =  vectigalia  agantur. 

166.  tanta :    (only)  so  great,  scarcely  enough  to  pay  the  troops. 

166.    eis  contenti :   see  150.'  81 

171.    belli  utilitatem  :  the  advantage  gained  by  war,  derived  from 
the  resulting  revenues. 
173.   in :   in  the  case  of. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

»  — 528 

401 

214 

405 

462 

425 

»  — 798 

535 

282 

631 

591 

513 

•  —  676 

431 

219 

401.  6 

476 

438 

250  NOTES 

PAQE 

81  178.    pecuaria  .  .  .  conquiescit :     "The    English   prefers   the 

concrete,  the  ranches  are  deserted,  the  fields  left  untilled,  the  trading 
vessels  lie  idle.'' — Nicol. 

179.  ex  portu  :  duties  on  imports  and  exports,  collected  at  the 
harbors,  decumis  :  tithes  ("  tenths  "),  the  tax  on  farm  products, 
scriptura :  a  tax  on  cattle  grazing  in  the  public  lands,  according 
to  the  number  listed  (scribere). 

181.    fructus :  income. 

184.  exercent :  men  "  farmed  "  the  taxes,  i.e.,  took  the  con- 
tract for  collecting  them.  The  contract  was  awarded  to  the 
highest  bidder,  who  paid  the  stated  amount  annually  into  the 
treasury,  keeping  as  his  profit  any  additional  amount  collected. 
The  revenue  farmers,  or  publicans,  were  of  the  equestrian  order, 
the  wealthy  class.  In  the  case  of  large  provinces  the  revenues 
were  farmed  by  great  stock  companies,  which  kept  their  head- 
quarters at  Rome. 

187.    familias  :   hands  of  helpers,  chiefly  slaves. 

189.  custodiis  :  the  watchtowers,  where  officials  guarded  against 
smuggling. 

190.  fructui :   a  source  of  income ;   114.^ 

Chapter  7 

193.  ne  illud  quidem  :  that  too  must  not,  etc. 

194.  extremum  :  as  the  last  topic;  see  11.  62-74. 

195.  quod  .  .  .  pertinet :  an  appos.  clause  explaining  illud, 
the  fact  that,  etc. 

197.    ratio  :   regard,  consideration,     et :   omit.     The  correlative 
is  deinde,  1.  204. 
82  198.    rationes  et  copias  :   interests  and  resources. 

199.    ipsorum  per  se  :    on  their  own  account. 
201.    eum  ordinem :    the  equestrian  order;    see  note,  1.  184. 
205.    partim,  partim  :   some,  others. 
207.    humanitatis,  sapientiae  :   see  III.2 

210.  a  re  publica  :  =  a  calamitate  rei  publicae. 

211.  parvi  ref  ert :  it  matters  little ;  see  107.^  publicanis  omis* 
sis :   i.e.  if  we  leave  them  to  their  fate. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

»  — 483 

382 

191 

356 

433 

360 

•  —  408 

343 

198 

366 

447 

340 

•  —  434 

355 

210 

381 

449 

345 

THE  MANILIAN  LAW  251 

VAOS 

212.    redimendi :    of  contracting  for  {them);   sc.  vectigalia.  82 

2 1 6.  belli  Asiatic!:  the  First  Mithridatic  War.  id:  antece- 
dent of  quod,  1.  215. 

2i8.    res:  fortunes,     amiserant :   see  195  6. ^ 

220.    ut  non  trahant :    without  drawing  (lit.,  so  as  not  to  draw). 

223.  ratio  pecuniarum :   financial  system. 

224.  in  foro  :  the  center  of  the  banks.  Rome  at  this  time  was 
the  greatest  commercial  city,  implicata  est  et  cohaeret :  is  closely 
involved. 

226.  ut  non  labefacta  concidant :  without  causing  to  totter  and 
fall. 

Chapter  8 

232.    belli  genus  :  =  bellum  genere,  the  war  in  its  nature.  88 

234.  maxime  laborandum  est  (mihi) :  /  must  take  special  care. 

235.  vobis  contemnenda :    unworthy  of  your  attention. 
239.    Mithridati :    an  alternate  form  of  the  gen. 

241.  Cyzicenorum :  an  appos.  Cyzicum  would  seem  better 
here.  The  city  was  important  and  prosperous,  situated  on  an 
island  in  the  Propontis  opposite  Byzantium  (Constantinople). 
It  is  noted  to-day  for  its  extensive  ruins. 

244.  periculis  :  abl.  of  separation. 

245.  ducibus  Sertorianis  :  abl.  abs.,  under  Sertorian  leaders. 
The  fleet  of  50  ships  with  10,000  men  was  sent  to  Italy  by  Mith- 
ridates  and  Sertorius  (recall  their  alliance,  note,  1.  102).  It  was 
destroyed  by  the  ships  of  Lucullus  near  Lemnos  73  B.C. 

246.  raperetur  :   was  being  hurried. 
249.    legionibus :   dat. 

253.  uno  aditu  :  by  his  mere  approach.  This  applies  only  to 
permultas.  It  took  Lucullus  nearly  two  years  to  complete  the 
reduction  of  Pontus  and  its  fortresses. 

254.  alios  reges  :  especially  to  his  son  and  son-in-law,  the  kings 
of  Bosporus  and  Armenia. 

256.  integris  vectigalibus  :  Lucullus  completed  his  work  with- 
out drawing  upon  their  allies  or  their  resources. 

257.  ita  :   sc.  dicta,  so  expressed. 

259.  huic  legi :  i.e.  legi  Maniliae.  hoc  loco:  the  Rostra;  cf. 
1.  2.  

Bur.  A.  B.  6.  H.  HB. 

»  — 857     545         288        580        601        550 


PAGE 


252  NOTES 


Chapter  9 


84  262.    reliquum  :   what  remains  of;  w.  bellum. 

265.  Medea :  daughter  of  the  king  of  Colchis.  According  to 
the  story  she  helped  Jason,  leader  of  the  Argonauts,  to  win  the 
Golden  Fleece  and  then  fled  with  him  to  Greece,  taking  her 
brother  Absyrtus  with  her.  Colchis  was  north  of  Pontus  and  not 
in  fact  part  of  it  (eodem  Ponto). 

267.  eorum  collectio  dispersa :  the  collecting  of  the  scattered  re- 
mains. 

269.  vim  auri,  etc.  :  the  Roman  soldiers  who  pursued  the  flee- 
ing Mithridates  were  attracted  by  some  bags  of  gold  that  had 
burst,  and  they  let  the  king  escape.  For  the  jftory  see  Plutarch's 
Lucullus,  sec.  17. 

270.  pulcherrimarum  rerum :  works  of  art. 
272,  omnem  :  note  the  emphatic  position. 
274.   ilium :    the  father  of  Medea. 

277.  diffidentem  rebus  suis  :  while  despairing  of  his  fortunes  ; 
for  the  dat.  see  112,  6.^  adflictum  .  .  .  recreavit  "raised  him  up 
from  his  abasement  and  put  new  life  into  his  ruined  fortunes."  — 
Nicol. 

283.  gravis  .  .  .  opinio :  a  deep-seated  and  strong  conviction, 
which  was  quite  natural. 

288.  urbem :   Tigranocerta. 

289.  usus  erat :  had  fought,     secundis  :  successful. 

290.  suorum :  of  their  friends,  commovebatur :  there  was  a 
mutiny  of  the  army. 

86  291.    illud  extremum  :   the  result. 

294.    eorum  :   modifies  auxiliis,  coordinate  w.  multorum  regum. 
296.    fere  :  almost  invariably,     sic  :  omit. 

2q8.  multorum  opes :  many  men  of  resources,  who  are  moved 
to  pity. 

301.   incolumis :  i.e.  in  the  days  of  his  power. 
303.    eo  :   explained  by  the  ut-clause  following. 

307.  poetae :  probably  Naevius,  who  wrote  of  the  First  Punic 
War,  and  Ennius,  who  wrote  the  annals  of  Rome,  both  in  verse. 

308.  nostram  calamitatem :  the  Romans  under  a  lieutenant 
of  Lucullus  were  almost  annihilated  at  Zela,  67  b.c. 


Bur.  A.  B.  G.  H.  HB. 

1  —  4*6  367  187  346  426  302 


THE  MANILIAN  LAW  253 

PAOB 

310.    ex  sermone  rumor :  rumor  in  conversation,  86 

312.    aliqua  ex  parte:   in  some  measure,     incommodis :   disad- 
vantages, a  euphemism  for  great  disasters. 

314.    modum :  a  limit,     vetere  :  i.e.  of  the  ancestors, 

318.  factum:   sc.  esse ;   has  become. 

319.  coniungant:  unite  in  waging. 


Chapter  10 

322.  quare :  to  show  why.  esset :  this  tense  is  required  by 
sequence  after  fecisse ;   trans,  by  the  pres. 

324.  restat  .  .  .  videatur :  in  addition  it  seems  necessary  to 
speak. 

327.   ut  .  .  .  esset :  i.e.  it  would  be  difficult  to  decide. 

331.  antiquitatis  memoriam:  put  illogically  for  the  glory  of 
the  men  recorded  in  the  past.  Cicero's  statement  of  course  was 
made  for  effect,  and  must  be  properly  discounted. 

334.  res :  qualities,  virtutem :  ability,  capacity,  auctorita- 
tem :    personal  influence  (due  to  reputation). 

336.    scientior:    sc.  rei  militaris.     debuit :    deserved. 

338.  paths :  Cn.  Pompeius  Strabo,  who  commanded  the 
army  of  the  Senate  in  the  Social  War,  89  b.c.  Pompey  was  then 
seventeen  years  old  (extrema  pueritia). 

339.  extrema :  159.^ 

340.  summi  imperatoris :    the  father  just  mentioned. 

341.  ipse  imperator:  at  the  age  of  twenty-three  Pompey 
raised  three  legions  to  aid  Sulla  on  his  return  from  the  East. 
With  these  he  won  several  victories  over  detachments  of  the 
Marian  army,  and  was  saluted  "  imperator  "  by  his  commander. 

342.  hoste,  inimico  :  what  is  the  difference  in  meaning? 

347.  stipendiis :  campaigns,  years  of  service,  triumphis :  one 
over  Africa  in  81  b.c,  and  another  over  Spain  ten  years  later. 

349.  Civile,  etc. :  during  the  civil  war  between  Marius  and 
Sulla,  Pompey  conducted  a  victorious  campaign  in  Sicily;  in 
Africa  he  conquered  the  Marian  forces  and  their  ally,  King 
Hiarbas  of  Numidia;  in  Transalpine  Gaul,  he  drove  back  the 
mountain  tribes,  who  attempted  to  prevent  his  march  to  Spain; 
in  Spain  he  fought  against  Sertorius,  whose  army  was  com- 
posed (mixtum)  of  Romans,  Spaniards,  and  Orientals. 

Bur.  A.  B.  G.  H.  HB. 

1  —  646  293  341  291  497  244 


87 


PAGE 


254  K0TE3, 

351.  servile:  the  war  against  Spartacus  and  the  slaves, 
navale  :  against  the  pirates,     diversa :  in  different  localities. 

353.  in  usu  .  .  .  militari :  within  the  range  of  military  ex- 
perience. 

Chapter  11 

355.  virtuti :  ability;  the  word  is  here  used  in  a  comprehen- 
sive sense,  including  soldierly  and  personal  virtues ;  see  1.  335. 
oratio :  words. 

359.  labor  in  negotiis :  activity  in  routine,  labor  .  .  .  con- 
silium :  briefly,  these  five  virtues  are  energy,  courage,  diligence 
promptness,  prudence.  Pompey's  special  virtues  are  mentioned 
in  chapter  13. 

361.  tanta  quanta  non  fuerunt:  greater  .  .  .  than  (lit.,  as 
great  as  they  were  not). 

364.  Italia,  Sulla :  during  the  Civil  War,  Pompey  was  Sulla's 
ablest  general;  see  note,  1.  341.  For  his  services  in  Sicily, 
Africa,  and  Gaul,  see  note,  1.  349. 

366.  non  terrore  belli :  on  Pompey's  arrival  one  of  the  demo- 
cratic leaders  in  Sicily  evacuated  the  island  without  resistance. 

368.  eorum  ipsorum  :  of  those  very  enemies. 

369.  testis,  testis,  testis:  what  figure  is  this?  legionibus : 
dat. 

371.  Hispania,  saepissime :  Pompey,  however,  accomplished 
but  little  in  Spain  until  the  death  of  Sertorius  in  72  B.C.,  and  on 
one  occasion  was  saved  from  defeat  only  by  the  arrival  of  his 
colleague  Metellus. 

373.  servili  belle :  Crassus  had  practically  ended  this  war, 
before  Pompey  on  his  way  back  from  Spain  met  and  easily 
destroyed  a  remnant  of  the  army  of  Spartacus,  who  were  trying 
to  escape  into  Gaul.  But  Pompey  claimed  the  honors  of  the 
bellum  servile,  taetro :  disgraceful,  because  the  enemy  were 
slaves  and  gladiators,  periculoso :  because  the  slaves  had 
defeated  four  Roman  armies  in  succession. 

374.  absente :    Pompey  was  in  Spain. 

375.  quod:  =  etid.  attenuatum  .  .  .  est:  trans,  by  the  part., 
having  wasted  and  dwindled  away. 

378.    cum  universa :    not  only  in  their  whole  extent. 
382.    servitutis :    the   pirates   often  sold   their  captives  into 
slavery. 


THE  MANILIAN  LAW 


255 


383.  hieme :  men  might  risk  the  storms  of  winter,  in  order 
to  escape  the  pirates  who  would  then  be  inactive,  referto : 
governs  either  the  gen,  or  abl. ;    104,^ 

385.  vetus :  piracy  in  the  Mediterranean  had  begun  many 
years  before  Pompey  was  appointed  commander  (67  B.C.). 
divisum :  extended,  quis  .  .  .  arbitraretur :  who  would  ever 
have  thought?  201. ^ 

Chapter  12 

395.  proprium:  characteristic,  "  the  peculiar  pride;  "  119,  h.^ 
a  dome :    the  prep,  is  regularly  used  after  longe. 

396.  propugnaculis  :  i.e.  the  army  and  navy. 

398.  dicam:  am  I  to  say;  subjv. ;  see  201,^  and  cf.  com- 
memorem,  1.  405.     Note  the  omission  of  an  interrogative  word. 

399.  Brundisio :  a  famous  seaport,  which  still  has  some 
commercial  importance.  It  was  the  terminus  of  the  Appian  Way 
and  the  starting  point  for  Greece  and  the  East.  For  the  use  of 
the  prep,   see   133,   b.^     hieme  summa :   in  midwinter;  cf.  note 

on  1.  383.     transmiserint :  intr.,  see  Vocab. 

401.  legati :   it  is  not  known  who  these  envoys  were. 

402.  duodecim  secures :  by  metonymy  for  "  two  praetors," 
who  were  attended  outside  the  city  by  six  lictors  each.  As  a 
symbol  of  authority  each  lictor  carried  an  ax  in  a  bundle  of  rods 
(fasces).  Plutarch  mentions  the  incident  in  his  Life  of  Pompey ^ 
sec.  24. 

406.  quibus  .  .  .  ducitis :  owing  to  the  decline  of  Italian 
farming  and  the  increase  in  the  population  of  Rome,  it  was 
necessary  to  obtain  foreign  supplies.  The  ports  to  which  Cicero 
refers  were  sources  of  grain. 

408.  inspectante  praetore :  under  the  eyes  of  a  praetor.  His 
name  is  unknown. 

410.  liberos :  a  rhetorical  exaggeration.  According  to  Plu- 
tarch,  a  daughter  of  Marcus  Antonius  was  captured  by   the 


PAGE 

88 


89 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

1  —  429 

349 

204 

374 

453 

347 

»  — 771 

444 

277 

265 

642 

519 

»  — 410 

385,  c 

204,  2 

359 

435,  4 

339,  c 

«  — 771 

444 

277 

265 

642 

503 

»  — 530 

428 

229.2 

391 

462.3 

453 

256  NOTES 

PAGE 

89  pirates  and  ransomed  for  a  large  sum.  Antonius,  who  had 
fought  against  them  in  102  b.c,  was  the  grandfather  of  the 
triumvir. 

412.  Ostiense :  Ostia  was  the  port  of  Rome,  sixteen  miles 
away,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber.  The  pirates  had  burned  the 
Roman  fleet  in  the  harbor  and  plundered  the  town. 

413.  cum:  at  the  time  when;  hence  followed  by  the  indie; 
cf.  transmiserint  (1.  399),  where  the  subjv.  is  due  to  the  in- 
volved idea  of  cause. 

414.  ea  cui :  =  ea  ut  ei,  a  fleet  such  that  a  consul,  etc.  The 
subjv.  clause  is  descriptive. 

416.    unius  hominis  :  Pompey. 

91  419.  ei:  the  same  persons,  emphasizing  vos.  Oceani  ostium : 
i.e.  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar. 

422.    a  me  :  stronger  than  the  usual  dat.  of  agent. 

425.  celeriter :  omit,  tanti  .  .  .  navigavit :  ''the  storm  of  so 
great  a  war  swept  the  sea.  The  impetus  was  Pompey's  fleet  of 
500  war  galleys."  ^ — D'Ooge. 

426.  nondum  tempestivo :  navigation  on  the  Mediterranean 
was  suspended  from  November  till  March. 

428.    frumentaria  subsidia  :  granaries. 

430.  duabus  Hispaniis :  two  provinces,  citerior  and  ulterior, 
divided  by  the  river  Ebro. 

433.  omnemque  Graeciam :  and  in  fact  all  Greece.  Achaia 
was  the  southern  part,  the  Peloponnesus,  duo  maria  :  the  Adri- 
atic and  the  Tuscan. 

435.  ut :  from  the  time  when. 

436.  Ciliciam  :  the  stronghold  of  the  pirates. 

439.  Cretensibus :  dat.  of  separation  w.  ademit.  The  Cre- 
tans had  been  almost  subdued  by  Metellus,  but  sent  envoys 
to  Pompey,  hoping  for  more  favorable  terms  from  him.  usque 
in  Pamphyliam  :  not  far  from  Crete  ;  the  great  distance  implied 
would  be  from  Rome. 

Chapter  13 

446.  haec :  i.e.  bellandi  virtus,  as  given  in  chapters  11  and  12. 

447.  Quid :  transitional,  but  further.  Ceterae :  sc.  virtutes, 
distinguished  from  military  ability. 

92  450.    artes  :  qualities. 

451.  innocentia :  Pompey's  integrity,  scrupulous  honesty  in 
money  matters,  is  set  forth  in  the  rest  of  the  chapter. 


THE  MANILIAN  LAW  257 

PAGB 

454.  Quae  :  these  qualities.  92 

455.  Summa  :  of  the  highest  order. 

456.  ex  aliorum  contentione :  from  a  comparison  with  (the 
qualities  of)  others,     ipsa  per  sese  :    by  themselves. 

458.  ullo  in  numero  :    of  any  standing,  of  any  account. 

459.  centuriatus :  centurions  were  selected  from  the  ranks 
by  the  commander-in-chief  because  of  good  service,  veneant: 
from  veneo. 

460.  Quid  magnum  aut  amplum  :  obj.  of  cogitare  ;  sc.  possu- 
mus  putare  :  what  great  or  nohle  thoughts  .  .  .  can  we  suppose  that 
this  man  has? 

462.  provinciae :  sc.  retinendae.  The  governor  bribed  men 
of  influence  (magistratibus)  to  secure  for  him  a  longer  term  of 
office. 

463.  propter  avaritiam :  Caesar  speaks  of  the  avarice  of 
generals  in  B.G.,  I,  chap.  40. 

464.  Romae  :  loc.  facit  .  .  .  videamini :  makes  it  evident  that 
you  recognize;  205,  c.^ 

467.    ante :    beforehand,     voluerit :    fut.  perf. 

469.  ventum  sit:  they  have  come;  impers,,  see  172,  6;^ 
subjv.  by  attraction. 

470.  per  hosce  annos :  during  the  time  of  the  Social  and  the 
Servile  wars. 

472.  quid  .  .  .  existimetis :  the  question,  being  deliberative, 
would  also  be  in  the  subjv.  in  dir.  disc.  Utrum  ...  an :  a 
double  question;  89.^ 

474.  hibernis :  the  allies  maintained  the  Roman  army  in 
winter  quarters  unless  they  were  released  from  the  burden  by  a 
money  payment. 

477.  in  iudicando  :  sc.  alios.  The  governor  of  a  province  was 
judge  as  well  as  general. 

479.  Hie :  under  these  circumstances,  ceteris :  excellere  gov- 
erns the  dat. 

480.  non  mode  manus :  the  second  non  is  omitted ;  trans. 
not  only  no  hand  in  so  great  an  army. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

»  — 842 

568 

297 

553 

566 

521,  3 

«  — 346 

208,  d 

138 

208 

302 

201,  c 

•  —  372 

335 

162,4 

458 

380 

234 

258  NOTES 

PAGE 

92  482.  quern  ad  modum  hibernent :  i.e.  how  the  soldiers  con^ 
duct  themselves. 

93  484.  ut  .  .  .  in  militem  :  to  incur  expense  for  the  soldiers  (lit., 
for  the  soldiery),  nemini  vis  adfertur:  no  one  is  compelled  (lit., 
force  is  brought  upon  no  one). 

485.  hiemis  .  .  .  perfugium :  a  shelter  from  winter  {ohjeGtive) , 
not  for  avarice  (subjective). 

Pompey's  integrity  then  is  established  because  :  (1)  he  is  not 
bribed  in  selecting  centurions ;  (2)  he  does  not  misappropriate 
war  funds ;    (3)  he  does  not  allow  the  allies  to  be  oppressed. 

Chapter  14 

488.  Age  :  this  imperative  is  used  as  an  inter j.  in  transitions, 
and  hence  is  not  pi.  temperantia :  self-control;  abl.  of  descrip- 
tion. 

490.  cursum  inventum  :   so.  esse  ;    progress  was  m,ade  possible. 

491.  eximia  vis  :  extraordinary  force  (crew) .  War  galleys  were 
propelled  with  great  speed  by  trained  bands  of  rowers. 

494.  institute  cursu :   i.e.  the  course  set  before  him. 

495.  amoenitas :  sc.  locorum ;  the  charm  of  beautiful  scenery 
did  not  lure  him  to  the  enjoyment  of  it. 

497.  signa,  tabulaSj  ornamenta :  statues,  paintings,  works  of 
art.     Rome  was  full  of  art  treasures  of  conquered  peoples. 

503.  fuisse  :  really  were. 

504.  quod :  a  fact  that. 

507.  maiores  sues  (their)  :  subj.  of  maluisse.  habebamus : 
195,  6.1 

510.  privatorum:  Pompey  was  ready  to  receive  private 
citizens  who  sought  to  interview  him.     liberae :  freely  allowed. 

94  516.  hoc  loco:  the  Rostra,  from  which  Pompey  had  spoken. 
He  was  not  a  trained  orator,  however. 

517.  Fidem:  good  faith. 

518.  omnium  generum :  to  be  taken  w.  hostes.  iudicarint: 
subjv.  in  a  causal  clause. 

519.  humanitate :  on  Pompey's  kindness  see  Mommsen,  Vol. 
IV,  p.  114.     dictu:  see  229,  6.2 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HB. 

1—  857 

545 

288 

580 

601 

650 

»— 1017 

510 

340 

436 

635 

619 

THE  MANILIAN  LAW  259 


Chapter  15 


PAGE 


525.    aactoritas :      -personal    influence,    -prestige;     cf.    1.    335.        94 
Cicero  has  already  spoken  o^  knowledge  (chapter  10),  and  ability 
(chapters  11-14). 

527.  plurimum  possit :  is  preeminent. 

528.  Vehementer  .  .  .  ad  .  .  .  quis  ignorat :  who  does  not  know 
that  it  has  very  much  to  do  vnth,  etc. 

531.  ut  contemnant :    to  despise;    construe  w.  commoveri, 

532.  opinione  et  fama :    by  common  opinion  and  report. 

533.  ratione  certa  :  well-founded  reason,  commoveri :  are  in- 
fluenced. 

536.  iudicia  fecistis :  as  shown  in  the  conferring  of  offices 
and  commands.  Pompey  was  consul  in  70  b.c.  An  .  .  .  puta- 
tis :  89,  h. 

537.  quo :  =  ut  60,  that  to  it.  illius  diei :  the  day  when 
Pompey  was  put  in  charge  of  the  war  against  the  pirates,  67  b.c. 

544.  omnium  .  .  .  egregiarum :  of  all  excellence,  sumantur : 
independent  subjv.  of  command ;   187,  b.^ 

545.  qui  quo  die :   on  the  day  that  he. 

546.  vilitas :  prices  feU  because  the  pirates  no  longer  inter- 
fered w.  commerce,     ex :  after;  in  550  (ex  eo),  as  the  result  of. 

548.    ex  .  .  .  agrorum :     conditional,  =  si    ubertas    agrorum        96 
summa  fuisset. 

550.  proelio  :  the  battle  of  Zela. 

551.  paulo  ante  :  in  chapter  9,  1,  308.     invitus  :  adverbial. 

553.  provincia:   Asia.     The  force  of  cum  extends  to  haberet. 

554.  ad  ipsum  discrimen :    at  the  critical  mom-ent. 
559,    inflammatum:  flushed  (with). 

572.  ipso  nomine  ac  rumore  :  by  the  mere  mention  of  his  name. 
The  people  said,  "  The  very  name  of  Pompey  has  terminated  the 
war."  —  Plutarch. 

Chapter  16 

574.    Agevero:   well  then;  cf.  note,  1.  488.     ilia  res  :  that  fact,        ^ 
explained  by  the  quod-clauses. 
584.    Cretensium :  cf .  note  1.  439. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

U 

H. 

HB. 

1  —  368 

335  6 

162,  4,  a 

457 

380,  3 

236 

«  — 768 

439 

275 

*i3 

560 

501.3 

260  NOTES 

PAGE 

97  585.    cum:    concessive,     noster  imperator:    a  commander  of 

ours,  i.e.  Quintus  Metellus. 

589.    ultimas  terras  :  Pamphylia. 

598.    eum  :  subj.  of  iudicari. 

600.  ei  .  .  .  missum :  those  to  whom  it  was  annoying  (Pom- 
pey's  rivals)  that  he  (the  envoy)  was  sent  to  him  (Pompey)  rather 
than  to  any  one  else.  The  incident  is  not  fully  understood.  We 
know  that  Mithridates  was  negotiating  with  Sertorius  (1.  102), 
against  whom  Pompey  and  Metellus  were  fighting.  It  has  been 
suggested  that  "  Pompey  caught  a  spy  of  the  king  in  his  camp 
and  was  led  by  his  vanity  to  believe  that  Mithridates  was 
making  overtures  to  him."  Pompey's  rivals  considered  this  a 
slight  to  Metellus,  who  outranked  him. 

606.  multis  .  .  .  gestis  :  by  many  later  achievements,  iudiciis ; 
of.  note,  1.  536. 

609.  praestare  de  :  guarantee  for. 

610.  meminisse  :  asyndeton,  but  which,  etc. 

611.  aequum  est:  sc.  dicere. 

^^  612.    Maximo:     Q.    Fabius   Maximus,    who    defended    Rome 

against  Hannibal  by  his  policy  of  delay. 

613.  Marcello  :  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  a  brilliant  general,  the 
conqueror  of  Syracuse,  212  b.c,  Scipioni :  either  Scipio  Africanus 
the  Elder,  conqueror  of  Hannibal,  or  more  probably  Scipio 
Aemilianus  the  Younger,  who  destroyed  Carthage  in  146  b.c. 

616.  Fuit :  w.  adiuncta,  has  been  granted,  quaedam  :  as  it  were. 
ad :  for. 

618.    f  ortuna  :  emphatic  by  position. 

621.    videamur :  it  may  he  seen  that  we. 

624.  non  sum  praedicaturus :  one  of  many  instances  of 
praeteritio,  the  figure  by  which  the  orator  emphasizes  what  he 
pretends  to  omit. 

625.  militiae  :   loc,  and  in  the  field  (of  hsittle).     ut :  how. 

626.  voluntatibus :   ind.  obj.  w.  four  following  verbs. 
632.    Quod  ut :  =  et  ut  id. 

634.    sicuti  facitis  :  just  as  you  do  (wish). 

639.  dubitatis  quin  conf eratis :  do  you  hesitate  to  devote  f 
dubito,  hesitate,  usually  takes  an  infinitive  to  complete  it,  but 
may  take  quin  w.  a  subj  v.,  when  a  negative  is  implied,  as 
here. 


THE  MANILIAN  LAW  261 


Chapter  17  p^qb 

644.    erat  deligendus:  would  deserve  to  be  chosen.    Why  indie?        99 
See  198,  note  2.^ 

646.  ut  .  .  .  adsit,  etc. :  appositive  clauses  explaining  oppor- 
tunitas. 

648.  ab  eis  :  i.e.  Lucullus  and  Glabrio ;  see  chapter  9.  acci- 
pere :    sc,  exercitus. 

649.  quid  exspectamus  :  why  do  we  hesitate  ? 
652.    cetera  :  sc.  bella. 

655.  regium:  against  the  kings  Mithridates  and  Tigranes. 
committamus  :    deliberative,  should  we  commit. 

657.  At  enim :  but  indeed,  introducing  an  objection  to  the 
argument  just  given. 

659.  beneficiis :    referring  to  the  offices  of  state. 

660.  adfectus :  honored.  Catulus :  a  man  of  fine  character, 
consul  in  78  b.c,  and  leader  of  the  aristocratic  party. 

664.  Hortensius :  a  famous  orator  and  rival  of  Cicero.  He 
was  an  ex-consul  (hence  honoris),  and  a  man  of  great  wealth 
fortunae).     ratione :    view. 

666.    locis :  occasions. 

670.    re  ac  ratione :   hendiadys,  by  a  consideration  of  the  facts. 

672.  idem  isti :  they  likewise,  isti :  referring  to  the  opponents 
of  the  bill,     at  necessarium,  etc. :    explaining  ea  omnia. 

678.    Hortensi :   the   regular  voc.  ending   for   nouns   in  -ius.       100 
pro  :    in  accordance  with. 

680.  Gabinium:  the  tribune  who  proposed  the  law  giving 
Pompey  command  against  the  pirates,  67  b.c.  graviter  ornate- 
que :  with  weight  and  eloquence,  referring  to  the  thought  and  the 
expression  of  it. 

681.  promulgasset :  a  proposed  law  had  to  be  announced  at 
least  seventeen  days  before  it  was  voted  on. 

685.    vera  causa  :  real  interests. 

689.  commeatu:  from  intercourse;  abl.  of  separation,  ex 
omnibus  provinciis :  with  all  the  provinces,  modifying  commeatu 
(lit.,  a  going  back  and  forth  from  all  the  provinces). 


Btir.  A.  B.  G.  H.  HB. 

*  — 921  517.  c  304.3  597.3  583  582,3 


262 


NOTES 


PAGE 

100 


101 


Chapter  18 

694.  Atheniensium,  etc. :  the  naval  supremacy  of  Athens 
over  the  Aegean  began  with  the  Persian  wars  in  the  fifth  cen- 
tury B.C.  Carthage  held  the  Mediterranean  for  years  before  the 
First  Punic  War.  Rhodes  became  a  maritime  power  after  the 
death  of  Alexander,  and  had  assisted  Rome  with  her  fleet. 
696.    rebus :  resources. 

regionis  :    of  its  territory;   modified  by  maritimae. 
ante  legem  Gabimam :  see  note  1.  680. 
invictum :     Cicero    omits   notable   exceptions,    however, 
permanserit  :   subjv.  in  a  relative  clause   of   concession ; 
6.1     ac :    and  indeed,     parte :    abl.  w.  caruit ;   149.^ 


700 
702 

703 

704 

192, 


706.    Antiochum : 

189   B.C.)   included 


the  war  with  Antiochus  III,  of  Syria  (192- 
two  naval  battles  disastrous  to  the  king. 
Persem  :  the  last  king  of  Macedonia.  After 
his  defeat  at  Pydna  in  168  B.C.,  he  surren- 
dered to  the  Roman  admiral  on  the  island 
of  Samothrace  without  a  naval  battle. 
"  The  final  supremacy  of  Rome  upon  the 
sea  was  all  the  more  remarkable  because 
the  Romans  were  not  naturally  a  nation 
of  sailors.  The  wars  with  Carthage  com- 
pelled them  to  build  and  equip  fleets  and 
learn  how  to  use  them  successfully  against 
the  best  seamen  in  the  world."  —  D'Ooge. 

709.  ei :  we,  repeating  nos,  1.  705.  pares  : 
a  match  (for). 

712.  Deles  :  after  the  fall  of  Corinth  the 
Romans  made  this  sacred  island  an  impor- 
tant commercial  center. 

715.    idem:  referring  to  nos. 
717.    Appia  Via :    the  famous  road  from  Rome  to  Brundisium, 
built  as  far  as  Capua  by  Appius  Claudius,  300  B.C.     carebamus : 
were  losing  control  of,  because  of  the  pirates. 


The  Coin  of  Perseus 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

UB. 

»  — 807 

535.  « 

283 

634 

593 

523 

»  — 528 

409 

214 

405 

458 

425 

THE   MANILIAN  LAW 


263 


719.    exuviis  ornatum : 

the  Rostra  took  its  name 
from  the  "  beaks "  or 
prows,  of  captured  ves- 
sels, with  which  it  was 
adorned. 

Chapter  19 

721.  Bono  animo  :  m^/i 
good  motives,  modifying 
dicere ;  emphatic  by 
position. 

723.  ea  quae  sentie- 
batis :  i.e.  your  senti- 
ments in  regard  to  the 
Gabinian  law.  in  salute  : 
in  (a  matter  affecting)  the 
safety. 

724.  dolori :  feelings, 
of  indignation  against  the 
pirates. 

725.  una  lex  :  the  law 
of  Gabinius ;  cf.  note,  1. 
680.  unus  vir  :  Pompey. 
unus  annus  :  67  b.c. 

729.  indignius  obtrec- 
tatum  esse  :  objection  has 
been  made  the  more  un- 
deservedly. 

730.  dicam :  delibera- 
tive, shall  I  say? 

731.  ne  legaretur  Ga- 
binius :  that  Gabinius 
might  not  be  appointed 
lieutenant.  Lieutenants 
in  the  provinces  were 
chosen  by  the  Senate, 
who  might  consult  the 
preference  of  the  gover- 
nor. Pompey  desired  to 
have    Gabinius    as     his 


PAGE 
101 


A  Rostral  Column 

(Showing  the  beaks  ot  ships,  similar  probably  to 
those  on  the  Rostra) 


264  NOTES 

PAGE 

101  lieutenant  for  this  war.  But  legally  no  man  nor  any  of  his 
relatives  could  be  appointed  to  an  office  created  under  his  own 
statute.  This  applied  to  Gabinius,  for  the  proposed  law  of 
Manilius  only  added  to  the  imperium  that  was  conferred  by  the 
Gabinian  law. 

732.  Utrum  idoneus  .  .  .  impetret :  does  he  not  deserve  to 
obtain?  utrum,  an  (1.  735)  introduce  a  double  direct  question; 
see  89.1 

733.  quem  velit:  descriptive  (a  lieutenant)  whom  he  wishes, 
qui  impetret:    192,  c.^ 

734.  cum :    translate  when,  but  the  clause  is  concessive. 

103  738.    periculo  :  at  his  peril.     The  proposer  of  a  law  was  treated 

as  if  responsible  for  its  results.  Even  at  the  time  when  the  bill 
was  passed  Gabinius  narrowly  escaped  death  at  the  hands  of  the 
senators  who  opposed  it. 

740.  An :  here  =  nonne. 

741.  honoris  causa :  with  respect.  From  the  use  of  this  phrase 
it  is  inferred  that  the  men  were  still  living,     cum  :  although. 

742.  plebi :   a  gen.  used  for  plebis  w.  tribunus. 

743.  in  :  in  the  case  of .  diligentes:  scrupulous.  Cicero  implies 
that  the  opposition  to  Gabinius  was  due  to  his  having  been 
tribune  the  preceding  year ;  but  the  true  reason  was  his  author- 
ship of  the  law  bearing  his  name ;  cf.  notes  on  11.  680  and  731. 

744.  in  (hoc  imperatore) :  under. 
746.    De  :  the  question  of. 

748.  inimicum  edictum:  Cicero  as  praetor  might  bring  a 
matter  before  the  Senate  for  consideration,  unless  forbidden  by 
a  higher  magistrate,  quo  minus  def endam :  from  defending ; 
205,  e.3 

750.  intercessionem :  the  tribunes  had  the  right  to  veto  the 
action  of  any  magistrate. 

751.  minantur :  i.e.  to  exercise  the  power  of  veto. 

752.  quid  liceat :  the  will  of  the  people  would  have  to  be  re- 
spected. 

"  In  fact  Gabinius  did  serve  with  Pompey  under  the  new 
commission,  and  took  advantage  of  the  position  to  amass  a 
fortune."  —  Kelsey. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HK. 

»  — 372 

335 

162 

458 

380 

234 

t— 798 

535 

283 

631 

591 

513 

— 82ff 

558 

205 

519 

56S 

502 

THE  MANILIAN  LAW  265 


Chapter  20  p^^j. 

758.  cum  quaereret:    at  the  time  of  his  address  before  the       103 
assembly  (contio). 

759.  omnia  :  all  your  dependence,  si  quid  factum  esset :  if  any- 
thing should  happen  to  him  (lit.,  should  have  been  done  with  him). 

760.  in  quo :   interrogative. 
762.   in  eo  ipso  :  i.e.  in  Catulus. 

766.  quo  minus,  hoc  magis :  the  less,  the  more;  abl.  of  degree 
of  difference. 

769.  At  enim :  introducing  the  objection  of  Catulus.  ne  quid : 
let  nothing. 

770.  Non  dicam :   what  figure  ?     hoc  loco  :    at  this  point.  104 

771.  consuetudini,  utilitati  paruisse :  followed  custom,  con- 
sulted expediency. 

772.  novorum  consiliorum  rationes  :  new  measures. 

773.  Punicum  :  the  Third  Punic  War. 

774.  uno  imperatore  :  Scipio  Aemilianus  the  Younger.  Prec- 
edent was  violated  in  his  case,  for  he  was  chosen  consul  before 
he  had  been  praetor,  and  later  was  reelected  consul  when  it 
was  illegal  to  hold  that  office  twice. 

777.  nuper :    over  forty  years  before. 

778.  esse  visum :  it  seemed  best.  Marius  was  elected  consul 
several  times  in  succession,  owing  to  the  stress  of  the  Cimbriaa 
War,  though  the  law  then  required  a  lapse  of  ten  years. 

781.  no vi  nihil :  nothing  new. 

782.  summa  voluntate :    with  the  full  approval. 

Chapter  21 

784.  adulescentulum :  cf.  1.  341,  and  note. 

785.  conficere  :  shoidd  raise. 

786.  ductu  suo :  under  his  own  leadership;  cf.  suis  imperils, 
1.  346. 

788.  senatorio  gradu :  the  age  required  for  admission  to  the 
Senate  was  thirty ;  Pompey  was  twenty-four  when  he  was  sent 
to  Sicily  by  Sulla. 

789.  permitti :  should  be  intrusted. 

790.  bellum  administrandum :  the  management  of  the  war  (lit., 
the  war  to  be  managed). 

794.    equitem  triumphare  :  only  men  of  consular  or  praetorian 


266  NOTES 

PAGE 

104  rank  were  entitled  to  triumph.     This  special  privilege  was  con* 
ferred  on  Pompey  by  the  Senate ;    cf .  1.  347  and  note. 

796.    studio  :  with  enthusiasm. 

798.    duo  consules :    Lepidus  and  Brutus  declined  their  right 
to  take  the  command  against  Sertorius. 
801.    non  nemo:  =  nonnuUi. 

105  804.    se  mittere  :    i.e.  that  he  voted  to  send. 

807.  legibus  solutus :  the  legal  age  for  the  consulship  was 
forty-three  ;  Pompey  was  only  thirty-six.  Furthermore  he  had 
not  been  quaestor  or  praetor,  as  was  required  of  candidates  for 
the  consulship.     Hence  the  need  of  a  decree  in  his  favor. 

808.  ante,  quam  :  =  antequam. 

810.  iterum  :  cf.  1.  347  and  note. 

811.  Quae  nova:    the  innovation  which,     in:    in  the  case  of. 
814.    prof  acta   sunt   in :     have   been   conferred  upon    (lit.,  have 

proceeded  to). 

Chapter  22 

817.  videant :  i.e.  Catulus,  Hortensius,  and  other  objectors, 
non  f erendum  :  intolerable. 

818.  illorum :  i.e.  the  optimates,  who  had  conferred  honors 
on  Pompey,  which  were  ratified  by  the  people.  Now,  he  claims, 
the  optimates  in  turn  should  support  the  will  of  the  people. 

819.  vestrum  :  asyndeton,  but  that  your  judgment. 

822.  vel :  even. 

823.  isdem  istis  :  i.e.  Catulus,  etc. 

826.  parum  consuluistis :  had  too  little  regard  for.  studia : 
enthusiasm. 

828.    in  .   .   .  vidistis  :    showed  deeper  political  insight. 

830.    sibi  .   .   .  parendum   esse :     that  they  and  all  the  others 
must  bow.     populi :  w.  auctoritati. 
106  837.    qui:    indef.     pudore  .   .   .  moderatiores :    of  greater  self- 

control  because  of  their  sense  of  honor  and  regard  for  moderation. 

842.  libidines  et  iniurias  :    acts  of  lust  and  injustice. 

843.  nostris  magistratibus :  dat. ;  trans,  in  the  eyes  of,  etc. 
Cicero  said  in  another  address  that  Pompey,  when  he  took 
Jerusalem  in  63  B.C.,  permitted  nothing  in  the  temple  to  be 
touched. 

846.    quibus  .  .  .  inf  eratur :    a  clause  of  purpose. 
851.    Pro  sociis  :  in  defense  of  allies. 


THE   MANILIAN  LAW  267 

PAQB 

852.    hostium  simulatione  :    under  the  pretense  of  acting  against        106 
ihe  enemy. 

854.  sed :  hut  even,  animos  ac  spiritus  capere :  to  satisfy 
the  arrogance  and  insolence. 

Chapter  23 

856.  conlatis  signis :    i.e.  when  the  battle  has  been  joined. 

857.  nisi  erit  idem  qui :  unless  he  is  also  a  man  who.  The 
rel.  clauses  are  descriptive. 

861.  idoneus  qui  mittatur :  the  man  to  he  sent  (lit.,  suitahle 
who  should  he  sent) ;  a  rel.  clause  of  obligation  or  propriety ; 
192,  c.     Cf.  impetret,  1.  733. 

862.  pacatam,  locuples :  the  state  would  not  be  considered 
subdued  as  long  as  plunder  was  possible. 

864.    Ora  maritima  :  of  Asia  Minor. 

866.    Videbat :  the  subj.  is  ora.  107 

868.  eos :  refers  to  imperatores,  not  to  paucos.  classium 
nomine :  with  their  so-called  fleets,  existing  only  in  name.  The 
money  for  the  support  of  these  fleets  had  been  embezzled  by 
the  commanders  ;  see  1.  468. 

869.  maiore  :  greater  than  if  we  had  not  fought,  videremur : 
we  were  seen. 

870.  cupiditate  :  desire  for  gain. 

871.  iacturis  :  expenditures,  in  purchasing  their  appointments. 
873.    Quasi   videamus :    a  conditional  clause   of  comparison 

takes  the  subjv.     non  :  w.  videamus. 

875.  quin  .  .  .  credatis  :  we  should  expect  the  infinitive  here, 
since  dubitare  means  hesitate.     Cf.  note  on  1.  639. 

879.  est  vobis  auctor :    you  have  as  an  authority. 

880.  Servilius  had  fought  against  the  pirates  and  the  Isauri ; 
Curio  (1.  883)  against  the  Thracians  and  Dardanians. 

881.  exstiterunt :  =  fuerunt. 

884.  praeditus :  honored  (beneficiis),  distinguished  (rebus), 
possessing  (ingenio). 

885.  Lentulus  :  consul  72  b.c,  lieutenant  under  Pompey  in  the 
war  with  the  pirates,     pro  :   in  keeping  with. 

888.  auctoritatibus  :   abl.  of  means,     orationi :   argument. 

889.  responderene :  whether,  etc.  We  should  expect  the 
enclitic  -ne  to  be  written  w.  horum  instead  of  respondere. 


268  NOTES 


Chapter  24 

PAGE 

107  892.    auctore  :  with  the  approval  of. 
893.    neve  :  and  not. 

896.    iterum :    the  first  time  was  when  the  bill  of  Gabinius 
was  passed. 

108  897.    quid  est  quod  :    what  reason  is  there  to. 

898.    re :    the    proposal,     perficiendi   facultate :    the    power    to 
carry  it  through. 

900.    beneficio  :  in  electing  him  praetor. 

904.  temple:    not  temple,  but    sacred  spot;  i.e.  the  Rostra. 
The  word  is  applied  to  any  space  marked  off  by  the  augurs. 

905.  ad  .  .  .  adeunt :    enter  the  service  of  the  state. 
907.    neque  quo  :  nor  because. 

909.  honoribus :   what  office  was  still  to  be  sought  by  Cicero  ? 

910.  ut  .   .  .  oportet :  as  one  ought  to  do. 

912.  ab  uno  :  from  any  individual,     hoc  loco  :   where  political 
addresses  were  made. 

913.  f  eret :  permits  it. 

917.    tantum  abest  ut  videar  :    so  far  am  I  from  seeming,     ut 
videar  is  subj.  of  abest;    ut  intellegam  is  a  clause  of  result. 

920.  hoc  honore  :  the  praetorship. 

921.  adfectum  :  the  recipient  of. 

924.   rationibus  :   interests,     praef erre :   me  is  the  subj. 


THE  CITIZENSHIP  OF  ARCHIAS 


INTRODUCTORY   NOTE 

1.  Archias.  —  The  poet,  A.  Licinius  Archias,  was  a  Greek,  bom 
at  Antioch  in  Syria  about  the  year  119  b.c.  In  his  youth  he 
acquired  considerable  fame  among  his  fellow  citizens  for  his 
poetical  ability,  and,  traveling  in  Asia  Minor,  Greece,  and  South- 
ern Italy,  was  received  with  honor  by  men  of  rank.  In  102  b.c, 
he  came  to  Rome,  where  the  LucuUi  in  particular  were  his  pa- 
trons, for  whom  he  took  the  gentile  name  of  Licinius.  Accom- 
panying Marcus  Lucullus,  he  visited  Heraclea  in  Lucania,  where 
he  was  honored  with  citizenship.  Later  he  accompanied  Lucius 
Lucullus  upon  his  Asiatic  campaign. 

In  89  B.C.  the  lex  Plautia-Papiria  gave  the  Roman  franchise 
to  aU  residents  in  Italy  who  were  enrolled  as  citizens  in  any  aUied 
town,  provided  that  they  should  register  before  a  Roman  praetor 
within  sixty  days.  That  same  year  Archias  was  registered  by 
Quintus  MeteUus  Pius  at  Rome,  in  accordance  mth  the  law.  It 
was  not  until  twenty-seven  years  later  (62  b.c.)  that  a  man  named 
Grattius  called  his  citizenship  into  question.  This  he  did  under 
the  lex  Papia,  passed  in  65  b.c,  which  required  the  removal  of  aU 
foreigners  from  Rome.  The  charge  was  aimed  not  so  much  at 
Archias  as  against  his  patron,  Lucius  Lucullus,  who  had  many 
political  enemies,  and  whose  victories  had  been  celebrated  in  verse 
by  the  poet. 

2.  The  Oration.  —  Cicero  undertook  the  defense  of  the  poet, 
partly,  as  he  says,  because  of  his  personal  indebtedness  to  him. 
The  case  was  tried  before  a  jury,  with  Cicero's  own  brother  as 
presiding  judge  (62  b.c).  The  oration  was  irregular  in  the  fact 
that  the  orator  argued  the  case  but  briefly,  discoursing  at  greater 
length  on  the  benefits  of  literature.  *'  Strange  words  these  to 
faU  from  the  pleader's  lips  in  the  dusty  atmosphere  of  the  praetor's 
court !  non  fori,  neque  iudiciali  consuetudine,  says  Cicero  himself, 
In  the  few  words  of  graceful  apology  with  which  the  speech  ends. 

269 


f 


270  NOTES 

But  in  truth,  as  he  well  knew,  he  was  not  speaking  to  the  respect- 
able gentlemen  on  the  benches  before  him.  He  addressed  a  larger 
audience  :  posterity  and  the  civUized  world."  —  MackaiVs  "  Latin 
Literature." 

The  defense  was  undoubtedly  successful,  for  Archias  is  men- 
tioned later  as  a  resident  of  Rome. 

OUTLINE 

L    Exordium  et  propositio  —  The  orator's  reasons  for  defending 

Archias,  Ch.  1,  2. 
II.    Narratio  —  The  early  life  of  Archias  in  Greece  and  his  re- 
moval to  Italy,  Ch.  3,  4  (par.  1). 
III.    Confirmatio  — 

1.  Proof  that  Archias  is  a  Roman  citizen,  Ch.  4-5. 

2.  Proof  that  Archias  ought  in  any  case  to  be  a  Roman  citi- 

zen, Ch.  6-12  (par.  1). 
rV.    Peroratio  —  Archias  should  be  protected  in  his  rights,  Ch. 
12  (par.  2). 

Chapter  1 

PAGE 

110  I.    ingeni :     natural   ability,    talent,     iudices,   judges,    ^^gentle- 

men of  the  jury,''  composing  the  court  over  which  the  praetor 
presided;    cf.  note,  Cat.,  IV,  1.  255.     quod:  =  et  id. 

2.  exiguum :  the  modesty  here  assumed  by  the  orator  was 
intended  to  conciliate  the  jury,  exercitatio  dicendi :  readiness 
of  speech,  derived  from  practice. 

3.  versavum :  best  taken  as  an  adj. 

4.  ratio :  theoretical  knowledge,  of  the  art  of  public  speaking. 
This  is  the  third  requisite  of  an  orator,  the  others  being  in- 
genium  and  exercitatio.  optimarum  artium :  of  the  liberal  arts. 
Cicero  means  that  an  orator  must  have  broad  general  culture. 

5.  prof  acta :  derived  (from),  a  qua:  to  which,  confiteor: 
*'  Roman  juries  looked  on  the  literary  barrister  as  unpractical ; 
hence  the  faltering  way  in  which  Cicero  owns  to  a  knowledge  of 
Greek  literature."  —  Reid.  tempus  :  lit.,  subj.  ace.  of  abhorruisse, 
but  trans,  as  ace.  of  duration. 

6.  abhorruisse  :  (7)  have  been  averse,  earum  rerum  :  i.e.  the 
three  essential  qualities,     vel :   strengthens  in  primis,  especially. 

7.  A.  Licinius :  Cicero  skillfully  assumes  the  Roman  citizen- 
ship of  his  defendant  by  using  only  his  Latin  name. 


THE   CITIZENSHIP  OF  ARCHIAS  271 

PAGB 

8.    quoad  longissime  :  as  far  back  as.  110 

10.  repetens :     looking    back,     mihi    principem :     my    guide. 

11.  suscipiendam :    referring  to  the  resolution,  ingrediendam 

to  the  actual  undertaking.      rationem :  pursuit.  Ill 

12.  exstitisse  :  =  fuisse. 

13.  nonnullis :  to  any.  saluti :  114.^  After  fuit  trans,  de- 
bemus  ferre  .  .  .,  quantum  .  .  .,  huic  .  .  .,  a  quo  .  .  .,  quo 
.  .  .  possemus. 

14.  ceteris,  alios :  others^  some,  quo  .  .  .  possemus :  a 
descriptive  clause. 

15.  quantum  .  .  .  nobis  :    as  far  as  in  me  lies. 

17.  hoc  ita  dici :  i.e.  that  I  am  so  indebted  to  the  poet. 

18.  facultas  ingeni :  natural  ability. 

20.  dediti :  devoted,  fuimus :  used  rather  than  sumus  be- 
cause dediti  has  the  force  of  an  adj. 

21.  humanitatem  :  culture. 

Chapter  2 

24.  quaestione  legitima :  in  a  legal  inquiry,  conducted  in  a 
regular  court,  iudicio  publico :  in  a  state  trial,  one  in  which 
the  state  was  a  party,     cum  agatur  :  though  the  case  is  tried. 

25.  praetorem :  Q.  Cicero,  brother  of  the  orator,  lieutenant 
a  few  years  later  in  Caesar's  army. 

26.  tanto  .  .  .  frequentia :  in  so  crowded  an  assembly;  abl.  of 
attendant  circumstance.     Note  the  hendiadys. 

29.  abhorreat :  differs.  The.  difference  consisted  in  this,  that 
Cicero  proposed  to  speak  in  praise  of  literature,  as  well  as  argue 
the  case. 

30.  vobis  :   (and)  to  you. 

32.  hoc  concursu,  hac  .  .  .  humanitate :  in  this  assembly,  with 
such  culture  on  your  part;   abl.  of  attendant  circumstance. 

33.  hoc  praetore :  Q.  Cicero  wrote  some  poetry  himself,  but 
only  a  few  verses  remain. 

34.  de  studiis  humanitatis  ac  litterarum :  about  the  pursuit  of 
culture  and  the  study  of  literature. 

35.  in  .  .  .  persona  :  in  the  case  of  a  character. 


Bur.     A.         B.         G.        H.        HB. 

»  — 483     382         191         356         433        360 


272  NOTES 

PAGE 

111  36.   persona :  lit.  mask,  a  word  borrowed  from  the  stage,     in 
iudiciis  periculisque  :  in  courts  and  lawsuits. 

39.  perficiam  ut  putetis :  /  will  cause  you  to  think. 

40.  segregandum :  sc.  esse. 

41.  asciscendum  fuisse :  ought  to  have  been;  in  dir.  disc, 
asciscendus  fuit ;    198,  note  2  ;   218.^ 

V     Chapter  3 

112  42.   ut  primum:    as  soon  as.     ex  pueris  excessit:   grew  out  of 
boyhood. 

43.  ab  eis  artibus :  modifies  contulit,  which  is  coordinate  w, 
excessit.     ad  (humanitatem) :  with  a  view  to. 

44.  scribendi :  of  composition,     primum  :  w.  coepit. 

46.  loco  nobili :  of  a  noble  family. 

47,  quondam :  Antioch  had  lost  much  of  its  importance 
because  of  the  Mithridatic  wars  and  the  quarrels  of  the  Seleucidae. 
urbe :   a  noun  in  app.  w.  a  loc,  (Antiochiae)  is  in  the  abl. 

59.    celebrabantur :  the  tense  implies  customary  action. 
61.    exspectatio  :  anticipation  in  regard  to  the  man. 

63.  ipsius  :    of  the  man  himself. 

64.  admiratio  :  the  admiration  he  excited.  Italia :  i.e.  southern 
Italy,  known  as  Magna  Graecia. 

68.    disciplinarum :    sciences,     studia  haec :    i.e.  the  study  of 
poetry. 
118  73-    tranquillitatem :    in  the  interval  between  the   Gracchan 

distiu-bances  (121  b.c.)  and  the  Social  War  (90-88  b.c). 

74.   vehementius  :    with  greater  zeal. 

^6.  aliquid  iudicare :  to  form  any  opinion,  de  ingeniis : 
about  men  of  genius. 

78.  Hac  tanta  celebritate  famae :  because  of  this  fame  so 
widely  spread,     absentibus :    sc.  nobis,  to  us  who  were  far  away. 

79.  Mario,  Catulo :  consuls  in  102  b.c.  consule  is  singular 
because  Marius  was  the  more  famous. 

80.  eos :  such,  quorum  alter :  Marius.  res  maximas :  the 
victory  over  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones. 

81.  alter  :  Catulus,  who  was  a  soldier  and  shared  with  Marius 
the  glory  of  his  victory.  He  was  also  a  man  of  literary  taste : 
hence  studium  et  aures :    appreciation  and  attention. 


Bur.  A.  B.  G.  H.  HB. 

1^921  517  c  304,3  697  582  581 


THE   CITIZENSHIP  OF  ARCHIAS  273 

FAQB 

82.  posset :  subjv.  in  a  descriptive  clause.  Luculli :  a  noble  113 
Roman  family  distinguished  by  Lucius  and  Marcus,  praetexta- 
tus :  a  youth,  properly  applied  to  a  Roman  boy  who  wore  the 
toga  praetexta  until  his  seventeenth  year ;  not  to  be  taken  lit- 
erally here,  for  the  honors  mentioned  would  scarcely  have  been 
given  to  one  so  young. 

84.  hoc :  explained  by  the  noun  clause  ut  .  .  .  senectuti. 
ingeni  ac  litterarum:  an  evidence  of  his  literary  ability;  pred, 
gen. 

87.  illi :  the  well  known.  Numidico :  Metellus  was  so  called 
because  of  his  victories  over  the  Numidians. 

88.  Pio  :  a  surname  given  to  the  younger  Metellus  because 
he  sought  the  recall  of  his  father  from  exile.  Aemilio :  a  great 
sta  esman  and  orator,  vivebat :  associated.  Catulo  et  patre  et 
filio :  the  father  was  the  colleague  of  Marius  (1.  81) ;  the  son 
was  consul  in  78  b.c,  and  was  a  prominent  leader  of  the  aris- 
tocracy. 

89.  L.  Crasso  :  a  famous  orator  about  95  b.c. 

90.  Drusum :  a  political  leader  early  in  the  first  century  b.c, 
assassinated  because  of  his  efforts  at  reform.  Catonem:  prob- 
ably the  father  of  Cato  Uticensis. 

91.  devinctam  consuetudine :    hound  hy  ties  of  friendship. 
93.    eum  colebant :    cultivated  his  acquaintance. 

93.    si  qui :  whoever. 

Chapter  4 

95.  satis  longo  intervallo  :  after  quite  a  long  interval;  the  abl. 
may  be  taken  as  absolute. 

97.  decederet :  was  returning.  Rome  was  still  his  place  of 
residence,  Heraclia :  nothing  remains  to-day  of  this  old  Greek 
city    of    southern    Italy.     Quae    cum:  =  et    cum    (causal)    ea. 

98.  esset  aequissimo  .  .  .  foedere :  enjoyed  very  favorable 
treaty  rights  (with  Rome) ;  abl.  of  description. 

99.  cum:  although,     tum:  yet  especially. 

loi.  civitas :  ritizenshi-p.  lege:  known  as  the  lex  Plautia- 
Papiria  from  the  gentile  names  of  the  tribunes  who  proposed  it 
in  89  B.C. 

loi.  si  qui:  i.e.  (civitas  data  est)  eis  qui.  Note  that  the 
law  is  stated  in  the  form  of  a  quotation ;  hence  the  subjv.  verbs 
which  in  dir.  disc,  would  be  fut.  perf . 


274  NOTES 

PAGE 

113  103.  ferebatur  :  is  parenthetical  and  not  part  of  the  wording 
of  the  law. 

104.  praetorem :  a  praetor;  see  Introd.  34.  essent  professi : 
i.e.  declared  their  intention  to  become  citizens. 

114  109.  causa  dicta  est :  Archias  has  met  the  three  conditions  of 
the  law :  he  was  a  citizen  of  an  allied  town,  Heraclea,  had  long 
been  a  resident  of  Rome,  and  had  made  his  declaration  before  a 
praetor,  Metellus. 

*       no.    Gratti :     voc.     Grattius  was  the  prosecutor  who  claimed 
that  Archias  was  not  a  citizen. 

III.  religione  et  fide  :  scrupulous  honor  and  good  faith,  non  : 
not  that. 

113.  interfuisse :  was  present  (when  it  was  done),  egisse : 
i.e.  by  his  influence. 

114.  huiusiudici:  of  this  trial. 

117.  Italico  belle :  in  the  Social  War  of  90  B.C. 

118.  ad  ea  :  in  reply  to  the  proofs. 

120.  litterarum  memoriam  :  documentary  evidence. 

121.  et:  sc.  est  ridiculum.     amplissimi  viri :  Metellus. 

122.  religionem :  conscientious  testimony,  municipi :  before 
the  Social  War,  Heraclea  was  an  allied  town  without  Roman 
citizenship  (civitas  foederata) ;  afterwards,  a  town  enjoying  full 
citizen  rights  (municipium)  ;  see  Introd.  21. 

124.  quas  idem :  you  yourself.  An :  introducing  a  rhetorical 
question ;  89,  h.  ;  B.  162,  4,  a  ;  Bur.  368 ;  HB.  236 ;  cf.  Cat.,  I, 
1.  20. 

125.  tot  annis  :  Archias  came  to  Rome  in  102,  thirteen  years 
before  citizenship  was  granted  (ante  civitatem  datam). 

128.    collegio  :  board,  consisting  of  eight  praetors. 

Chapter  5 

130.  Appi :  Appius  Claudius  Pulcher,  whose  records  were 
kept  too  carelessly  (neglegentius). 

131.  Gabini :  =  et  Gabini.  quamdiu  .  .  .  fuit :  before  he  was 
tried  (lit.,  as  long  as  he  was  safe).  After  his  praetorship  Gabinius 
was  convicted  of  extortion  practiced  while  he  was  governor  of 
Achaia. 

132.  calamitas :  he  lost  his  civil  rights,  tabularum  fidem: 
confidence  in  his  records. 

133.  Metellus  :  the  third  praetor  mentioned. 


THE   CITIZENSHIP  OF  ARCHIAS  275 

PAGE 

138.    quid  est  quod  dubitetis  :   what  reason  is  therefor  doubting?        116 
The  clause  is  descriptive.     Archias,  therefore,  was  a  citizen  not 
only  of  Heraclea  but  of  other  towns. 

140.  mediocribus  multis  et  praeditis  :  dat.  arte  (1.  143) :  abl. 
of  means. 

142.  credo :  /  suppose,  used  w.  irony.  The  four  towns 
referred  to  were  in  Magna  Graecia,  called  here  Graecia. 

143.  quod:  the  antecedent  is  id  (1.  146).  scaenicis  artifici- 
bus :  the  Romans  of  the  Republic  regarded  acting  on  the  stage 
as  unworthy  of  citizens. 

146.  legem  Papiam :  the  alien  act  of  the  tribune  Papius, 
passed  in  65  b.c,  providing  that  all  foreigners  should  be  ex- 
pelled from  Rome.  It  was  under  this  act  that  Archias  was 
brought  to  trial. 

150.  Scilicet  .  .  .  obscurum  :  of  course,  for  I  suppose  {ironical) 
it  is  not  known. 

151.  proximis  censoribus  :  during  the  time  of  the  last  censors, 
70  B.C.,  and  also  those  of  86  (superioribus)  the  poet  was  absent. 
The  first  censors  (primis)  after  he  became  a  citizen  in  89,  resigned 
without  taking  the  census. 

152.  apud  exercitum :  with  the  army,  as  a  guest  of  the  com- 
mander, cum  eodem  quaestore :  with  the  same  man  (Lucullus) 
when  he  was  quaestor,  under  Sulla. 

156.  ita :  thereby,  pro :  as.  eis  temporibus :  beginning  the 
main  clause  ;  construe  w.  fecit. 

157.  quern:  he  whom. 

158.  et  (omit)  testamentum  fecit,  etc. :  only  citizens  could 
perform  these  acts. 

159.  civium  :  i.e.  bequeathed  by  Romans. 

160.  in  beneficiis  :  among  those  to  be  rewarded.  The  proconsul 
(pro  consul e)  on  returning  from  his  province  would  report  the 
names  of  his  followers  who  were  to  be  rewarded  for  their  ser- 
vices. The  naming  of  Archias  implied  that  Lucullus  regarded 
him  as  a  citizen. 

162.  suo  .  .  .  iudicio  :  the  poet  and  his  friends  have  acted  as 
though  he  were  really  a  citizen. 

Chapter  6 

165.  ubi :  =  id  quo,  the  means  by  which  (lit.,  wherewith);  t.9. 
his  poetry,     ex:    after.     The  clause  is  descriptive. 


?AGE 
116 

UT 


276 


NOTES 


1 66.  convicio  :  the  wrangling  of  the  courts. 

167.  An:  cf.  1.  126,  and  Cat.,  1, 1.  20.  suppetere  .  .  .  posse: 
that  we  could  have  ideas. 

168.  quod  dicamus :  a  purpose  clause,  nisi  excolamus :  the 
subjv.  may  be  due  to  the  indir.  disc,  or  may  be  a  condition 
less  probable  (should  cultivate). 

171.  deditum :  cf.  dediti  sumus,  1.  21.  Ceteros  pudeat :  let 
others  be  ashamed. 

173.  adferre,  prof erre :  either  in  speaking  or  writing  some- 
thing new. 

174.  quid  pudeat:  cf.  Cat.,  I,  1.  314. 


Two  Children  at  Dice-play 
(From  a  Pompeian  wall  painting) 


THE   CITIZENSHIP  OF  ARCHIAS  277 

PAGE 

175.   vivo:    have  lived,     tempore:    needs,  in  court;    time    of       116 

peril. 

178.  quis  reprehendat :   a  potential  question,  or  a  question  of 

"  ideal  certainty."      (Hale.) 

179.  si:  w.  sumpsero,  1.  186.  quantum  temporum  tantum: 
as  much  time  as.     suas  res  obeundas  :   attending  to  their  business. 

182.  tempestivis :  protracted,  beginning  before  the  usual 
hour,  which  was  three  or  four  in  the  afternoon. 

183.  alveole  :  gambling  flourished  notwithstanding  many  laws 
condemning  it.  pilae :  throwing  and  catching  formed  the  basis 
of  the  different  games  of  baU,  but  the  bat  seems  not  to  have 
been  used.     See  Johnston's  The  Private  Life  of  the  Romans. 

185.  eo :  w.  magis,  the  more. 

186.  crescit  oratio  et  facultas :  the  power  of  public  speaking  is 
improved. 

187.  periculis  :  a  term  referring  to  criminal  trials. 

188.  Quae  :  this  ability,  quae  summa  sunt :  the  principles  of 
living,  derived  from  philosophy. 

190.  multis  litteris  :  by  wide  reading. 

191.  magno  opere  :  =  magnopere.     laudem  :  true  merit. 
193.    parvi :  of  little  importance ;  see  110.^ 

196.  impetus :  the  attacks  resulting  from  the  suppression  of 
Catiline's  conspiracy. 

197.  exemplorum :  the  examples  of  men  who  have  practiced 
these  high  principles. 

199.  accederet :  were  thrown  upon  them.  Literature  pre- 
serves the  examples  of  great  men.  imagines,  expressas  :  words 
used  of  the  work  of  a  sculptor  or  painter. 

Chapter  7 

208.  est  .  .  .  respondeam:    it  is  clear  (to  me)  what  answer  I       117 
shall  give.     The  question  is  deliberative  (dir.  what  shall  I  reply  f), 

209.  animo  ac  virtute  :  attributive  w.  homines. 

210.  sine  doctrina :  pred.  phrase  w.  fuisse.  naturae  ...  di- 
vine :  by  an  almost  divine  quality  of  their  very  nature. 

212.    ad  laudem  valuisse  :    has  availed  to  produce  true  merit. 
214.    idem  ego  :  I  further. 

Bur.  A.  B.  G.  H.  HB. 

1  —  424  417  203  380  448  356 


278.  NOTES 

PAGE 

117  215.    ratio  .  .  .  doctrinae :     systematic   training   derived  from, 
instruction. 

216.    nescio  quid :  see  Voeab. 

218.  Africanum :  Scipio  Africanus  the  Younger,  conqueror  of 
Carthage,  a  scholar  and  statesman  as  well  as  soldier.  Scipio, 
Laelius,  and  Furius  were  patrons  of  Greek  culture  at  Rome, 
after  the  conquest  of  Greece  in  146  b.c. 

220.  illis  temporibus :  abl.  of  time,  but  trans,  for  {i.e.  con- 
sidering) those  times. 

221.  Catonem:  Cato,  the  Censor,  who  lived  234-149  b.c, 
was  the  father  of  Latin  prose.  "  He  was  considered  by  men  of 
later  times  as  the  ideal  of  Roman  character." 

222.  ad  percipiendam  :  in  appreciating. 

223.  adiuvarentur  :  were  continually  aided. 

227.  ceterae  :  sc.  animi  remissiones.  This  passage  in  Cicero's 
tribute  to  letters  is  deservedly  famous,  temporum :  gen.  of  pos- 
session. 

Chapter  8 

118  234.    deberemus  :   it  would  be  our  duty. 

236.  Rosci :  Roscius,  the  comic  actor,  died  a  few  months  be- 
fore this  trial.  He  had  been  a  slave,  but  lived  to  realize  a  large 
fortune  by  his  profession,  and  became  the  friend  of  Cicero  and 
other  public  men. 

237.  excellentem  .  .  .  venustatem :  the  excellence  and  charm 
of  his  art. 

240.  animorum  motus :    mental  activity,     celeritatem   ingeni- 

orum :  natural  quickness. 

243.  novo  genera  dicendi :   cf.  1.  27. 

244.  cum  :   concessive,     litteram  nullam  :   not  a  single  word. 

119  246.  quae  agerentur :  which  were  then  going  on;  i.e.  current 
events.  The  subjv.  is  due  to  attraction,  revocatum :  i.e.  en- 
cored. 

247.    eandem  rem  dicere :   treat  the  same  theme. 
249.    sciiptorum :    the  Greek  writers,  of  the  same  country  as 
Archias. 

120  250.    diligam,  etc. :   deliberative  subjv. ;   cf.  1.  176. 

253.  ceterarum  .  .  .  constare :  the  study  of  other  things  (than 
poetry)  is  based  on  theory,  rules,  and  practice. 

254.  poetam :  sc.  sed.  valere :  derives  his  power  (from)c 
Poeta  nascitur,  non  fit  was  a  Latin  proverb. 


THE   CITIZENSHIP  OF  ARCHIAS 


279 


256.    ille :     well-known,  great.     Ennius,  "  the  father  of   Latin 
poetry,"  was  born  in  Calabria  239  b.c,  and  came  to  Rome  in  204. 

260.  Saxa  . . .  bes- 
tiae :  when  Amphi- 
on,  king  of  Thebes, 
was  building  the 
walls  of  his  city,  ac- 
cording to  the  story, 
he  caused  the  stones 
to  take  their  places 
by  the  music  of  his 
lyre.  Orpheus  in  the 
same  way  drew  after 
him  wild  beasts  and 
even  trees. 

266.  pugnant  in- 
ter se :  there  were 
seven  cities  claiming 
the  honor  of  being 
the  birthplace  of 
Homer. 

Chapter  9 

270.  repudiabi- 
mus :  in  questions 
of  deliberation  the 
fut.  ind.  is  some- 
times used  instead  of 
the  pres.  subjv. ; 
Bur.  757;  HB.  572. 

271.  omne  studi- 
um  :  his  utmost  zeal. 

273.  Cimbricas  res 

274.  durior 


PAGE 

120 
121 


ORrHEUS   WITH    HIS    LVKK 
(From  a  Pompeian  wall  painting-) 


the  war  w.  the  Cimbri. 
too  rude.     Marius  boasted  that  the  camp  and 
battle  field  weie  his  only  school. 
275.    aversus  a  :   unfriendly  to. 

277.  Themistoclem :  Themistocles,  the  Athenian  statesman 
and  commander,  the  victor  in  the  battle  of  Salamis,  480  b.c. 
ilium,  ille  (1.  280) ;  cf .  1.  256. 

278.  quaereretur :   impers.    acroama :  performer.    This  Greek 


280  NOTES 

PA.GE 

121  word  (lit.,  thing  heard)  comes  to  mean  an  entertainment,  as  a 
play,  dance,  or  recitation ;  then  the  person  who  gives  the  enter- 
tainment. 

281.  Plotium :  the  first  Roman  teacher  of  rhetoric,  a  friend  of 
Marius. 

284.    ab  hoc  :  i.e.  by  Archias. 

287.    aperuit :   especially  to  Roman  merchants. 

122  289.  natura  et  regione :  hy  natural  situation ;  hendiadys. 
populi  Romani :  note  the  repetition  and  emphatic  position  of 
this  phrase. 

290.  non  maxima  :  no  very  great.  Plutarch  says  that  Lucullus 
had  10,000  men  against  an  army  of  200,000.  Armeniorum  :  the 
allies  of  Mithridates. 

292.  urbem  Cyzicenorum :  Cyzicus  was  an  important  city  on 
the  southern  coast  of  the  Propontis,  friendly  to  Rome,  eiusdem : 
LucuUus. 

293.  ore  ac  faucibus  :    the  open  jaws  (lit.,  mouth  and  jaws). 

294.  nostra  feretur  :   as  ours  (the  battle)  will  he  spoken  of. 
296.    apud  Tenedum  pugna :    the  battle  off  Tenedos,  73  b.c. 

So  it  is  named,  though  really  fought  near  Lemnos. 

298.  Quae  .  .  .  efferuntur :  hy  whose  genius  these  deeds  are 
proclaimed.     In  trans,  begin  w.  the  antecedent  clause  ab  els,  etc. 

299.  Africano  superior! :  the  elder  Scipio. 

300.  is  :  i.e.  his  statue.  In  Cicero's  time,  according  to  Livy, 
there  were  three  statues  at  the  entrance  of  the  tomb  of  the  Scipios, 
one  of  which  was  thought  to  be  that  of  Ennius. 

303.  huius  :  of  the  present  Cato  (Uticensis).  Cato  :  the  Cen- 
sor. His  praises  were  sung  by  Ennius,  who  had  served  as  a  sol- 
dier under  him  in  Sardinia.  It  was  in  Cato's  army  that  Ennius 
first  came  to  Rome  in  204  b.c. 


Chapter  10 

123  307.    haec :    sc.  carmina.     fecerat :    the  word  for  "  poet  "  in 

Greek  means  maker.  Rudinum  hominem :  Ennius,  born  at 
Rudiae  of  Greek  origin,  became  a  Roman  citizen  late  in  life. 

309.    civitatibus  :   dat.  of  agent. 

320.  Graeca  leguntur :  Greek  is  (or  Greek  writings  are)  read. 
Archias  wrote  in  Greek,  Ennius  in  Latin. 

322.    suis  finibus  :   to  its  own  boundaries  (lit.,  by,  etc.).     sane: 


THE   CITIZENSHIP  OF  ARCHIAS  281 

we  must  admit.     Latin  was  spoken  in  Latium  and  in  the  Roman       123 
colonies,  Greek  in  the  whole  civilized  world. 

327.    quo  :  wherever.     The  antecedent  is  eodem. 

329.  pervenerint :  subjv.  in  an  indir.  clause. 

330.  cum  .   .   .  turn :   while  .  .  .  at  the  same  time. 

331.  haec  :   i.e.,  these  poems,     ampla  :   honorable. 

332.  de  :  at  the  risk  of. 

337.  qui  .  .  .  inveneris  :   a  rel.  causal  clause  ;    192,  h^.  124 

338.  vere :   sc.  dixit, 

340.    Magnus  :  a  surname  given  to  Pompey  by  Sulla. 

342.  in  contione  ,  .  ,  donavit :  citizenship  was  of  ten  conferred 
by  generals  in  this  way. 

344.  eiusdem  laudis :  the  same  as  Pompey  received  from 
Theophanes. 

346.  credo  :  ironical. 

347.  perficere  non  potuit :  could  not  have  managed;  198,  note 
2,2 

349.  petentem :  =  si  petisset,  quem :  i.e.  Sulla;  subj.  of 
iubere  (1,  352). 

350.  de  populo :  from  the  common  people,  untrained;  cf. 
Archias  loco  nobili  (1.  46),  ei  subiecisset :  had  handed  up  to  him, 
sitting  upon  the  tribunal  at  the  auction  of  the  goods  of  the  con- 
quered. 

351.  quod  fecisset :  causal,  giving  Sulla's  reason,  in  eum: 
about  him. 

352.  longiusculis  :  the  only  merit  of  the  writing  was  its  verse- 
form,  consisting  of  alternate  lines  of  five  and  six  feet  (elegiac 
couplets), 

355.    huius :   Archias, 

358.    qui  .  .  .  cuperet :   especially  since  he  (Metellus)  so  much 

desired  to  have  his  own  deeds  ivritten  about. 

360.    pingue   .   .   .  peregrinum :    though  uttering  something  dull 

and  provincial. 

Chapter  11 

363.  prae  nobis  ferendum  :    7nust  be  openly  acknowledged. 

364.  optimus  quisque :    all  the  best  men. 


Bur. 

A. 

B. 

G. 

H. 

HK. 

1  —  807 

535 

283 

634 

592 

523 

»  — 921 

308.  c 

304,3 

597 

511 

582,3 

282  NOTES 

PAGE 

124  366.    in  eo  ipso  :  in  the  very  act. 

367.  despiciunt :  express  contempt  for.  praedicari  .  .  .  no- 
minari :    to  be  named  and  praised. 

125  3^9-    amicissimi  sui :  his  own  most  intimate  friend. 

373.  ille  Fulvius :  Fulvius  Nobilior,  who  was  criticised  by 
Cato  the  Censor  for  taking  Ennius  with  him  (comite),  180  b.c. 

374,  Musis :  Fulvius  built  a  temple  in  Rome  to  Hercules  and 
the  Muses. 

376.    prope  armati :  i.e.  before  laying  down  their  arms. 

381.    a  abhorrere  :   to  disregard. 

384.  me  indicabo :  /  will  betray  (accuse)  myself;  said  in  a 
jocular  spirit.  The  phrase  is  generally  used  of  criminals  who 
give  themselves  up  to  the  authorities,  quodam:  here  used  to 
soften  the  following  phrase. 

392.  hie :  Archias.  The  poem  dealing  with  the  suppression 
of  the  conspiracy  was  probably  never  completed. 

393.  res :   subject,  theme. 

397.    quid  est  quod  :   cf .  note,  1.  138. 

401.    nee  tantis :    the  conclusion  begins  here. 

126  403-    Nune  :   as  it  is,  opposed  to  si  nihil  (1.  399). 

404.    Optimo  quoque  :    cf.  1.  364.      virtus  :  a  noble  impulse. 
408.    eum  adaequandam :    must  endure  to;   *'  must  be  made  cch- 
existent  with.''  —  Reid. 

Chapter  12 

412.    videamur:  are  we  to  seem?  Deliberative  subjv. 
416.    eum  :  concessive,    spatium  :  sc.  vitae  :  moment  of  our  lives, 
423.    imagines:     portraits,    molded   or    carved;    perhaps    the 
wax  portrait  masks  of  ancestors  who  had  been  curule  magis- 
trates,    simulaera :    as  representations;   pred.  ace.  in  relation  to 
statuas  et  imagines. 

427.  effigiem :    a  delineation. 

428.  nonne  debemus :  and  ought  we  not?  expressam:  accu^' 
rately  drawn. 

429.  omnia  :  obj.  of  spargere  ae  disseminare. 

127  432.    sapientissimi :  especially  the  Greek  philosophers  Pythag- 
oras, Socrates,  and  Plato,  who  taught  immortality. 

433-    pertinebit :    shall  continue  in  relation. 
435.   pudore,  ingenio  (1.  437),  causa  (with  a  cause,  1.  439)  :  abl, 
of  description. 

437.    vetustate :    by  the  duration  (of  his  friendship). 


1 


THE   CITIZENSHIP  OF  ARCHIAS 


283 


438.  quod  .  .  . 
videatis :  descrip- 
tive, summorum 
.  .  .  ingeniis :  hij 
men  of  the  highest 
genius. 

439.  beneficio  le- 
gis :  the  lex  Plau- 
tia-Papiria. 

443.  ut  eum :  w. 
accipiatis  (1.  449), 
depending  on  peti- 
mus. 

451.  de  causa: 
i.e.  on  the  question 
itself,  chapters  1-5. 

452.  omnibus: 
dat.  of  agent. 

453.  a  aliena  :  at 
variance  with. 

454.  de  studio : 
on  the  pursuit  of  lit- 
erature, chapters  6- 
12. 


PAGE 

127 


Plato 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


PART   I.     INFLECTION 


NOUNS 


FIRST  DECLENSION 


1. 


SINGULAR 

N. 

porta  1 

G. 

portae 

D. 

portae 

Ac, 

portam 

Ab. 

porta 

PLURAL 

portae 

portarum 

portis 

portas 

portis 


SECOND   DECLENSION 


2. 


SINGULAR 

N. 

amTcus 

puer 

ager 

vir 

bellum 

G. 

amTci 

pueri 

agri 

viri 

beUi 

D.  Ab. 

amico 

puero 

agro 

viro 

bello 

Ac. 

amTcum 

puerum 

agrum 

virum 

bellum 

PLURAL 

N. 

amici 

pueri 

agri 

viri 

beUa 

G. 

amicorum 

puerorum 

agrorum 

virorum 

belloru 

D.  Ab. 

amicis 

pueris 

agris 

viris 

bellis 

Ac. 

amicos 

puero  s 

agros 

vir  OS 

beUa 

1  The  base  of  a  noun  is  found,  in  any  declension,  by  dropping  the  end- 
ing of  the  genitive  singular  ;  the  stem,  by  dropping  -rum  of  the  genitive 
plural  in  the  first,  second,  and  fifth  declensions,  -urn  in  the  third  and 
fourth :   base,  port-,  stem,  porta. 

284 


NOUNS 


285 


THIRD   DECLENSION 


3. 


SINGULAR 

N. 

c5nsiil 

mercator 

pater 

legio 

G. 

consul  is 

mercatoris 

patiis 

legionis 

D. 

consul! 

mercatori 

patri 

legion  I 

Ac. 

consulem 

mercatorem 

patrem 

legionem 

Ab. 

consule 

mercatore 

PLURAL 

patre 

legione 

N.  . 

Ac.   consules 

mercatore  s 

patres 

legiones 

O. 

c5nsulum 

mereatorum 

patrum 

legionum 

D. . 

Ab.  consulibus 

mercatoribus 

patribus 

legionibus 

4 

• 

SINGULAR 

N. 

lex 

prmceps 

miles 

civitas 

G. 

legis 

principis 

militis 

civitatis 

D. 

legl 

principi 

mTliti 

civitati 

Ac. 

legem 

principem 

militem 

civitatem 

Ab. 

lege 

prlncipe 

milite 

civitate 

(The  plural  is  regular) 


5. 


SINGULAR 

N.Ac. 

flumen 

opus 

tempus 

caput 

G. 

fluminis 

operis  ^ 

temporis  ^ 

capitis 

D. 

fltimini 

operi 

tempori 

capiti 

Ab. 

flumine 

opera 

PLURAL 

tempore 

capite 

N.Ac. 

fltimina 

opera 

tempora 

capita 

G. 

fluminum 

operum 

temporum 

eapitum 

D.  Ab. 

fluminibus 

operibus 

temporibus 

eapitibus 

*  Many  words  in  -s,  of  all  genders,  change  s  to  r  between  two  vowela : 
aeg,  aeris  ;    mos,  mdris  ;   ius,  iuris. 


286 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


6. 


SINGULAR 

N. 

caedes 

navis 

hostis 

mons 

nox 

G. 

caedis 

navis 

hostis 

montis 

noctis 

D. 

caedi 

navi 

hosti 

monti 

nocti 

Ac. 

caedem 

Tiavim(-i 

em)i  hostem 

montem 

noctem 

Ab. 

caede 

navi(-e) 

2       hoste 

monte 

nocte 

PLURAL 

N.        caedes  naves  hostes  montes  noctes 

G.        caedium  ^     navium  ^     hostium  ^      montium  ^    noctium ' 
D.Ab.  caedibus      navibus      hostibus       montibus      noctibus 
Ac.       caedis (-es)^  navis (-es)^  hostis (-es)^  montis (-es)^  noctis (-es)* 

7. 

PLUR.  SING. 

cubilia  ^  vectigal 

cubilium  ^  vectigalis 

cubilibus  vectigali  ^ 


SING. 

N,  Ac.   cubile 


G. 
D.Ab. 


cubilis 
cubili  ^ 


PLITR 

vectigalia  * 
vectlgalium 
vectigali  bus 


8. 

N. 
G. 
D. 

Ac. 
Ab. 


FOURTH   DECLENSION 


SINGULAR 


inanus 
manus 
manui  (-u) 
manum 
manu 


lacus 
lacus 
lacui  (-li) 
lacum 
lacu 


domus 
domus 
domui 
domum 
domo  (-u) 


Locative  sing,  domi,  at  home. 


cornu 

cornus 

cornii 

cornii 

cornii 


*  Ace.  sing,  in  -im  or  -em  is  found  in  febris,  navis  (usually  -em),  puppis 
(usually  -im),  securis,  sementis,  turris. 

2  Abl.  sing,  -i  or  -e  is  found  in  avis,  civis,  classis,  febris,  finis,  ignis, 
imber,  navis,  orbis,  puppis,  sementis,  turris. 

3  Gen.  plur.  -ium  and  ace.  plur.  -is  or  -es  are  found  in,  — 

a.  Nouns  in  -es  or  -is  (having  the  same  number  of  syllables  in  nom. 

and  gen.). 
h.  Polysyllables  in  -ns  or  -rs,  and  sometimes  -tas  ;  also  proper  names 

in  -as. 

c.  Monosyllables  in  -s  or  -x,  following  a  consonant. 

d.  imber,  linter,  and  nox. 

*  Gen.  plur.  -ium,  nom.  and  ace.  plur.  -ia,  are  found  in  neuters  with 
nom.  in  -e,  -al,  -ar. 

*  Abl.  sing,  -i  is  found  in  neuters  with  nom.  sing,  in  -e,  -al,  -ar. 


NOUNS 


287 


PLURAL 

N. 

inanus 

lacus 

domus 

cornua 

G. 

manuum 

lacuum 

domuum 

cornuum 

D.  Ab. 

manibus 

lacubus  (-ibus) 

domibus 

eornibus 

Ac. 

manus 

lacus 

domos  (-us) 

cornua 

9. 

FIFTH 

DECLENSION 

SING. 

PLUR. 

SING. 

PLUR. 

N. 

dies 

dies 

res 

r6s 

G. 

diei 

dierum 

rei 

rerum 

D. 

diei 

diebus 

rei 

rebus 

Ac. 

diem 

dies 

rem 

les 

Ab. 

die 

diebus 

re 

rebus 

Note.  Other  nouns  of  the  fifth  declension  lack  the  plural 
forms,  though  the  plural  nominative  and  accusative  are  found  in 
acies,  effigies,  species,  spes,  and  a  few  other  words. 


10. 


SPECIAL  NOUNS 


SINGULAR 

N. 

deus 

senex 

vis 

iter 

G. 

dei 

senis 

vis 

itineris 

D. 

deo 

seni 

vi 

itineri 

Ac. 

deum 

senem 

vim 

iter 

Ab. 

deo 

sene 

PLURAL 

vi 

itinere 

N. 

dei,  dii,  di 

senes 

vires 

itinera 

G. 

deorum,  deum 

senum 

virium 

itinerum 

D.  Ab. 

deis,  diis,  dis 

senibus 

viribus 

itineribus 

Ac. 

deos 

senes 

viris  (-es) 

itinera 

11. 

N. 

Archias  ^ 

Perse  s  ^ 

Deles  2 

luppiter 

G. 

Archiae 

Persae 

Deli 

lovis 

D. 

Archiae 

Persae 

Delo 

lovi 

Ac. 

Archian  (-am) 

Persen 

Delon 

lovem 

V. 

Archia 

Perse 

Dele 

luppiter 

Ab. 

Archia 

Perse 

Delo 

love 

1  A  Greek  noun  of  the  first  declension. 

2  A  Greek  noun  of  the  second  declension. 


288 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


12. 


N. 
G. 


13. 


ADJECTIVES 


FIRST   AND   SECOND   DECLENSIONS 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

M, 

F.            N. 

M. 

F.                N. 

N. 

bonus 

bona       bonum 

boni 

bonae        bona 

G. 

boni 

bonae     boni 

bonorum 

bonarum  bonorum 

D. 

bono 

bonae     bono 

bonis 

bonis          bonis 

Ac. 

bonum 

bonam    bonum 

bonds 

bonas         bona 

Ab. 

bono 

bona       bono 

SINGULAR 

bonis 

bonis          bonis 

PLURAL 

M. 

F.            N. 

M. 

F.              N. 

N. 

liber 

libera      liberum  liberi 

liberae       libera 

G. 

liberi 

liberae    liberi 

liberorum  liberarum  liberorum 

etc.  1 

etc.  1 

SINGULAR  PLURAL 

M.  F.  N.  M.  F.  N. 

noster  ^  nostra     nostrum  nostri        nostrae      nostra 
nostri     nostrae  nostri    nostrorum  nostrarum  nostrorum 


etc. 


etc. 


SINGULAR 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

alius 

alia 

aliud 

alter 

altera 

alterum 

G. 

alius 

alius 

alius 

alterius 

alterius 

alterius 

D. 

alii 

alii 

alii 

alteri 

alteri 

alteri 

Ac. 

alium 

aliam 

aliud 

alterum 

alteram 

alterum 

Ab. 

alio 

alia 

alio 

altera 

altera 

altero 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N, 

N. 

neuter  ^ 

neutra 

neutrum 

iinus  * 

tina 

unum 

G. 

neutrius 

neutrius 

neutrius 

tinius 

tinius 

unius 

D. 

neutri 

neutri 

neutri 

tini 

uni 

tini 

Ac. 

neutrum 

neutram 

neutrum 

unum 

linam 

tinum 

Ab. 

neutro 

neutra 

neutro 

lino 

iina 

tino 

^  Other  cases  like  bonus. 
'  So  also  uter. 


2  Possessive  pronoun,  used  as  an  adjectivei 
*  So  also  nuUus,  sdlus,  totus,  uUus. 


ADJECTIVES 


289 


THIRD   DECLENSION 


14. 


Adjectives  of  Three  Endings 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

M. 

F.          N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N.          acer 

acris       acre 

acres 

acres 

acria 

G.           acris 

acris       acris 

acrium 

acrium 

acrium 

D.  Ab.  acri 

acri         acri 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

Ac.         acrem 

acrem     acre 

acris  (-es' 

)  acris  (-es^ 

)  acria 

15. 


Adjectives  of  Two  Endings 


singular 

plurai 

1 

M.  &  F. 

N. 

M.  &  F. 

N. 

N. 

fortis 

forte 

fortes 

fortia 

G. 

fortis 

fortis 

fortium 

fortium 

D.  Ab 

.  forti 

forti 

fortibus 

fortibus 

Ac. 

fortem 

forte 

fortis  (-es) 

fortia 

singular 

plural 

M.  &  F. 

N. 

M,  &  F. 

N. 

N. 

longior 

longius 

longiore  s 

longiora 

G. 

longioris 

longioris 

longiorum 

longiorum 

D. 

longiori 

longiori 

longioribus 

longioribus 

Ac. 

longiorem 

longius 

longiore  s 

longiora 

Ab. 

longiore 

longiore 

longioribus 

longioribus 

16. 


Adjectives  of  One  Ending 


singular 

PLURAL 

M.  &  F.         N. 

M.   &   F. 

N, 

N. 

potens           potens 

potentes 

potentia 

G. 

potentis        potentis 

potentium 

potentium 

D. 

potenti          potent! 

potentibus 

potentibus 

Ac. 

potentem     potens 

potentis  (-es) 

potentia 

Ab. 

potenti  (-e)  potenti  (-e) 

potentibus 

potentibus 

290 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


SINGULAR 

PLURAIi 

M.  &  F.              N. 

M.  &  F. 

N. 

N. 

vetus             vetus 

vetere  s 

Vetera 

G. 

veteris           veteris 

veterum 

veterum 

D. 

veteri            veteri 

veteribus 

veteribus 

Ac. 

veterem        vetus 

vetere s 

Vetera 

Ab. 

vetere  (-i)     vetere  (-i) 

veteribus 

veteribus 

17. 


SPECIAL   ADJECTIVES 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

M.  &  F. 

N. 

M. 

&F.                  N. 

N. 

pliis 

pltire  s                  plura 

G. 

pltiris 

plurium               plurium 

D. 

pltiribus              pliiribus 

Ac. 

plus 

pltire  s                  pliira 

Ab. 

pltire 

pltiribus              pluribus 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M.  &  F.             N. 

N. 

duo 

duae 

duo 

tres                  tria 

G. 

duorum 

duarum 

duorum 

trium               trium 

D.  Ab. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

tribus              tribus 

Ac. 

duos 

duas 

duo 

tris,  tres         tria 

18. 

REGULAR   COMPARISON 

POSITIVE 

COMPARATIVE 

SUPERLATIVE 

latus,  - 

■a,  -um 

latior,  - 

ius 

latissimus,  -a,  -um 

fortis, 

-e 

fortior. 

-ius 

fortissimus,  -a,  -um 

potens 

potenti 

or,  -ius 

potentissimus,  -a,  -um 

velox 

velocior,  -ius 

velocissimus,  -a,  -um 

acer,  acris,  acre 

acrior,  - 

-ius 

acerrimus,  -a  ,-um 

liber,  - 

era,  -erum 

liberior 

,  -ius 

liberrimus,  -a,  -um 

facilis. 

-e 

facilior. 

-ius 

facillimus,  -a,  -um  ^ 

19. 

IRREGULAR   COMPARISON 

bonus, 

-a,  -um 

TTielior, 

melius 

optimus,  -a,  -um 

malus, 

-a,  -um 

peior,  peius 

pessimus,  -a.  -um 

magnus,  -a,  -um 

maior,  i 

maius 

maximus,  -a,  -um 

1  So  also  difficilis,  similis,  dissimilis,  gracilis,  humilis. 


PRONOUNS 


291 


multus,  -a,  -um 
parvus,  -a,  -um 
senex 
iuvenis,  -e 

vetus 

exterus 

inferus 

posterus 

superus 

[cis,  citra] 

[in,  intra] 

[prae,  pro] 

[prope] 

[ultra] 

20. 


,  plus 

minor,  minus 

senior 

itinior 

vetustior,  -ius 

exterior 

inferior 

posterior 

superior 

citerior 

interior 

prior 

propior 

ulterior 


plurimus,  -a,  -uni 

minimus,  -a,  -um. 

maximus  natii 

minimus  natO. 

veterrimus,  -a,  -um 

extremus,  extimus 

infimus,  imus 

postremus,  postumus 

supremus,  summus 

citimus 

intimus 

primus 

proximus 

ultimus 


COMPARISON*  OF   ADVERBS 


POSITIVE 

COMPARATIVE 

SUPERLATIVE 

late 

latius 

latissime 

libere 

liberius 

llberrime 

facile 

facilius 

faeillime 

acriter 

acrius 

acerrime 

fortiter 

fortius 

fortissime 

bene 

meUus 

optime 

male 

peius 

pessime 

magnopere 

magis 

maxime 

multum 

plus 

plurimum 

parum 

minus 

minime 

prope 

propius 

proxime 

diu 

diutius 

dititissime 

saepe 

saepius 

saepissime 

21. 

PRONOUNS 

PERSONAL 

REFLEXIVE 

SING. 

PLU. 

SING 

.  PLTJ. 

SING.      PLU. 

N.     es'o 

nos 

tu 

vos 

G.     mei  nostrum,  -tri 

D.     mihi  nobis 

Ac.   me  nos 

Ab.  me  nobis 


tul  vestrum,  -tri  sui  sui 

tibi  vobis  sibi  sibi 

te  vos  se,  sese  se,  .'ese 

te  vobis  se,  sese  se,  sese 


292 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


22.  POSSESSIVE 

Meus,  tuus,  suus,  noster,  vester,  are  used  and  declined  like 
adjectives. 


23. 


DEMONSTRATIVE 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

M, 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

hio 

haec 

hoc 

hi 

hae 

haec 

O. 

huius 

htiius 

htiius 

horum 

harum 

horum 

D. 

huic 

huic 

huic 

hTs 

his 

his 

Ac. 

hunc 

hanc 

hoc 

hos 

has 

haec 

Ab. 

hoc 

hac 

SINGULAR 

hoc 

his 

his 

PLURAL 

his 

M. 

F. 

N,      ' 

M, 

F. 

N. 

N. 

illei 

ilia 

iUud 

illi 

illae 

ilia 

G. 

illius 

illius 

illius 

illorum 

illarum 

illorum 

D. 

ill! 

illi 

ilh 

ilhs 

illis 

iUis 

Ac. 

ilium 

illam 

iUud 

illos 

illas 

ilia 

Ab. 

iUo 

ilia 

SINGULAR 

iUo 

illis 

ilHs 

PLURAL 

ilhs 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

is 

ea 

id 

ei,  ii 

eae 

ea 

G. 

eius 

eius 

eius 

eorum 

earum 

eorum 

D. 

ei 

ei 

ei 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

Ac. 

eum 

eam 

id 

eos 

eas 

ea 

Ab. 

eo 

ea 

SINGULAR 

e5 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

PLURAL 

eis,  iis 

M. 

F. 

A^. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

idem 

eadem 

idem 

eidem  ^ 

eaedem 

eadem 

G. 

eiusdem   eiusdem 

eiusdem 

eorundem 

earundem 

eorundem 

D. 

eidem 

eldem 

eidem 

elsdem  ^ 

elsdem 

eisdem 

Ac. 

eundem   eandem 

idem 

eosdem 

easdem 

eadem 

Ab. 

eodem 

eadem 

eodem 

eisdem  ^ 

eisdem 

elsdem 

1 

Iste,  ista,  istud,  is  declined  like  ille.           ^  Qr  idem. 

'  Or  isdem. 

PRONOUNS 

29 

24. 

INTENSIVE 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

M, 

F. 

JV. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N,    ipse 

ipsa 

ipsum 

ipsi 

ipsae 

ipsa 

G.     ipsius 

ipsius 

ipsius 

ipsorum 

ipsarum 

ipsorum 

D.     ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 

Ac.  ipsum 

ipsam 

ipsum 

ipsos 

ipsas 

ipsa 

Ab.  ipso 

ipsa 

ipso 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 

26. 

RETiATIVE 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

M, 

F. 

N, 

M, 

F, 

N, 

N.     qui 

quae 

quod 

qui 

quae 

quae 

G.     cuius 

cuius 

ciiius 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

D.    cui 

cui 

cui 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Ac.   quern 

quam 

quod 

quos 

quas 

quae 

^b.  quo 

qua 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

26. 

INTERROGATIVE 

SINGULAR 

M.  &  F. 

N. 

N.       quis 

quid 

G.       cuius 

5 

cuius 

D.      cui 

cui 

Ac.     quern 

quid 

Ab.     quo 

quo 

The  plural  of  the  interrogative  quis  is  like  that  of  the  relative 
qui.  When  used  as  an  adjective,  the  singular  also  is  like  that  of 
the  relative. 


27. 


INDEFINITE    PRONOXINS 


The  indefinite  pronouns  are :  — 

1.  quis  (qui),  quae  (qua),  quid  (quod),  any  (one),  anything. 

2.  aliquis  (-qui),  aliqua,  aliquid  (-quod),  some  (one),  some  thing, 

3.  quispiam,  quaepiam,  quidpiam  (quod-),  any  (one)  at  all. 

4.  quisquam,  quicquam,  any  (one)  at  all  (169), 

5.  quilibet,  quaelibet,  quidlibet  (quod-),  any  (one)  you  please, 

6.  quivis,  quaevis,  quidvis  (quod-),  any  (one)  you  wish. 

7.  quidam,  quaedam,  quiddam  (quod-),  a  certain  (one). 


294 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


8.  quisque,  quaeque,  quidque  (quod-),  each  {one),  every  (one). 

28.  The  indefinite  quis  is  declined  like  the  interrogative  quis 
(26),  but  has  quae  or  qua  in  the  neuter  plural,  and,  when  used  as 
an  adjective,  in  the  feminine  singular.  Aliquis  has  aliqua,  not 
aliquae,  in  the  feminine  singular  and  neuter  plural. 

a.  The  feminine  singular  forms  of  quis,  aliquis,  quispiam,  and 
quisque,  are  not  used  as  pronouns,  but  as  adjectives.  In  all 
words  the  neuter  singular  form  in  quid  is  used  as  a  pronoun,  in 
quod  as  an  adjective. 

h.  Quidam  has  n  instead  of  m  before  d  in  quendam,  quandam, 
quorundam,  quarundam.  Quisquam  has  c  for  d  in  the  neuter 
quicquam. 


29. 


VERBS 


FIRST   CONJUGATION 


-^  _  [laudo,  laudare,  laudavi,  laudatum,  vraise. 

Principal  Parts    ,      ,       ,     j.-i      j-x  r  ■    j 

[laudor,  laudari,  laudatus  sum,  he  'praised. 


ACTIVE 

SINGULAR  PLURAL 

/  praise^  am  praising 

laudo  laudamus 

laudas  laudatis 

laudat  laudant 


Indicative 
Present 


PASSIVE 


SINGULAR  PLURAL 

/  am  praised 

laudor  laudamur 

laudaris  (-re)      laudamini 
laudatur  laudantur 


Imperfect 

I  was  praising  (I  praised)  I  was  praised 

laudabam      laudabamus  laudabar  laudabamur 

laudabas       laudabatis  laudabaris  (-re)  laudabamini 

laudabat       laudabant  laudabatur  laudabantur 


7  shall  praise 

laudabo         laudabimus 
laudabis        laudabitis 
laudabit        laudabunt 


Future 

/  shall  be  praised 

laudabor  laudabimur 

laudaberis  (-re)  laudabimini 
laudabitur  laudabuntur 


VERBS 


295 


Perfect 

/  have  praised,  I  praised  I  have  been  (or  /  was)  praised 

laudavi  laudavimus  laudatus  sum      laudati  sumus 

laudavisti      laudavistis  laudatus  es         laudati  estis 

laudavit         laudaverunt  (-ere)      laudatus  est        laudati  sunt 


/  had  praised 

laudaveram  laudaveramus 
laudaveras    laudaveratis 
laudaverat    laudaverant 


Pluperfect 

/  had  been  praised 

laudatus  eram    laudati  eramus 
laudatus  eras      laudati  eratis 
laudatus  erat      laudati  erant 


Future  Perfect 

/  shall  have  praised  I  shall  have  been  praised 

laudavero     laudaverimus  laudatus  ero       laudati  erimus 

laudaveris     laudaveritis  laudatus  eris       laudati  eritis 

laudaverit     laudaverint  laudatus  erit       laudati  erunt 


30o 


/  may  praise  ^ 

SINGULAR  PLURAL 

laudem  laudemus 

laudes  laudetis 

laudet  laudent 


/  might  praise  ^ 

laudarem      laudaremus 
laudares        laudaretis 
laudaret        laudarent 


I  may  have  praised  ^ 
laudaverim   laudaverimus 
laudaveris     laudaveritis 
laudaverit     laudaverint 


Subjunctive 
Present 


I  may  be  praised 


SINGULAR 

lauder 

lauderis  (-re) 
laudetur 


PLURAL 

laudemur 
laudemini 
laudentur 


Imperfect 

/  might  be  praised  ^ 

laudarer  laudaremur 

laudareris  (-le)  laudaremini' 
laudaretur  laudarentur 

Perfect 

7  may  have  been  praised  ^ 
laudatus  sim       laudati  simus 
laudatus  sis         laudati  sitis 
laudatus  sit         laudati  sint 


*  The  translation  of  the  subjunctive  varies. 


296 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


Pluperfect 


/  should  1  have  praised  2 

laudavissem  laudavissemus 
laudavisses    laudavissetis 
laudavisset    laudavissent 


/  should  3  have  been  praised  ^ 

laudatus  essem  laudati  essemus 
laudatus  esses    laudati  essetis 
laudatus  esset    laudati  essent 


31. 

lauda,  praise  thou 
laudate,  praise  ye 

laudato,  thou  shall  praise 
laudato,  he  shall  praise 
laudatote,  you  shall  praise 
laudanto,  they  shall  praise 

32. 


Imperative 

Present 

laudare,  he  thou  praised 
laudamini,  be  ye  praised 

Future 

laudator,  thou  shall  he  praised 
laudator,  he  shall  be  praised 

laudantor,  they  shall  he  praised 

Infinitive 


Pres.  laudare,  to  praise  laudari,  to  he  praised 

Perf.  laudavisse,       to  have     laudatus     esse,     to     have   been 

praised  praised 

FuT.     laudaturus    esse,  to   be     laudatum  iri,  to  he  about  to  be 

about  to  praise  praised 


33. 

Pres.  laudans,  praising 

FuT.     laudaturus       about 
praise 
34. 

Gerund 

G,  laudandi,  of  praising 

D.  Iaudand5,  for  praising 

Ac.  laudandum,  praising 

Ab.  laudando,  by  praising 


Participles 

Perf.  laudatus,      having      been 
praised 
to     FuT.     laudandus  (Gerundive),  to 
be  praised 


Supine 

Ac.  laudatum,  to  praise 
Ab.  laudatu,  to  praise 


*  You,  he,  they  would  have  praised. 

2  The  translation  of  the  subjunctive  varies. 

3  You,  he,  they  would  have  been  praised. 


VERBS 


297 


36. 


SECOND   CONJUGATION 


_,  T^  moneo,  monere,  monui,  momtum,  advise 

Principal  Parts  .  .  .'  77.7 

[moneor,  monen,  monitus  sum,  be  advised 


ACTIVE  1 

PASSIVE  1 

Indicative 

Subjtmctive 

Indicative 

Subjimctive 

Pres. 

moneo 

moneam 

moneor 

monear 

mones 

moneas 

moneris  (-re) 

monearis  (-re) 

monet 

moneat 

monetur 

moneatur 

monemus 

moneamus 

monemur 

moneamux 

monetis 

moneatis 

monemini 

moneamini 

monent 

moneant 

monentur 

moneantur 

Impf. 

monebam 

monerem 

monebar 

monerer 

FuT.     monebo 
Perf.  monui  monuerim 

Plup.  monueram  monuissem 
F.  P.    monuero 


monebor 

monitus  sum    monitus  sim 
monitus  eram  monitus  essem 
monitus  ero 


Imperative 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

SINGULAR                 PLURAL 

Pres. 

mone  ^ 

monete 

monere  2            monemini 

FuT. 

moneto 

monetote 

monetor 

moneto 

monento 

Infinitive 

monetor             monentor 

Pres. 

monere  ^ 

moneri 

Perf. 

monuisse 

monitus  esse 

FuT. 

moniturus 

esse 

Participles 

momtum  iri 

Pres. 

monens 

Perf. 

monitus 

FuT. 

moniturus 

FuT. 

monendus   (Gerundive) 

Gerimd  Supine 

monendl,  etc.       monitum,  -u 

^  Omitted  forms  and  meanings  are  like  those  of  laado. 
2  The  meanings  are  as  given  in  31  and  32. 


298 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


36. 


THIRD    CONJUGATION 


Principal  Parts  I  ""^^'  '^^^!^  I'T'  '''^'''^'  '""^^ 

[regor,  regi,  rectus  sum,  be  ruled 


ACTIVE 

PASSIVE 

Indicative 

Subjunctive 

Indicative 

Subjunctive 

PRES. 

rego 

regam 

regor 

regar 

regis 

regas 

regeris  (-re) 

regaris  (-re) 

regit 

regat 

regitur 

regatur 

regimus 

regamus 

regimur 

regamur 

regitis 

regatis 

regimini 

regamini 

regunt 

regant 

reguntur 

regantur 

Impp. 

regebam 

regerem 

regebar 

regerer 

FUT. 

regam 
reges 
reget,  etc. 

regar 

regeris  (-re) 
regetur,  etc. 

Perf. 

rexi 

rexerim 

rectus  sum 

rectus  sim 

Plup. 

rexeram 

rexissem 

rectus  eram 

rectus  essem 

P.P. 

rexero 

rectus  ero 

Imperative 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

pRES. 

rege 

regite 

regere 

regimini 

FuT. 

regito 

regitote 

regitor 

regito 

regunto 

regitor 

reguntor 

Infinitive 

Pres. 

regere 

regi 

Perf. 

rexisse 

rectus  esse 

* 

FuT. 

recturus  esse 

rectum  iri 

Participles 

Pres. 

regens 

Perf 

.  rectus 

FuT. 

recturus 

FuT. 

regendus  (G 

'erundive) 

Gerund 

Supine 

regendi,  etc.          rectum,  -u 

VERBS 


299 


37. 


THIRD   CONJUGATION    IN   -10 


^  _.  fcapio,  capere,  cepi,  cap  turn,  take 

Principal  Parts  \        .  .  .  i    .  i 

[capior,  capi,  captus  sum,  be  taken 

The  perfect  and  supine  systems  are  regular;    see  rego. 


ACTIVE 
Indicative        Subjunctive 


PASSIVE 
Indicative  Subjunctive 


Pres. 

capi  6 

capiam 

capior               capiar 

capis 

capias 

caperis  (-re)    capiaris  (-re) 

capit 

capiat 

capitur              capiatur 

capimus 

capiamus 

capimur            capiamur 

capitis 

capiatis 

capimini           capiamini 

capiunt 

capiant 

capiuntur         capiantur 

Impf. 

capiebam 

caperem 

capiebar           caperer 

FUT. 

capiam 

capiar 

capies 

capieris  (-re) 

capiat,  etc. 

capietur,  etc. 

Imperative 

Pres. 

cape 

capite 

capere         capimini 

FuT. 

capito 

capitate 

capitor 

capito 

capiunto 

capitor        capiuntor 

Infinitive 

Pres. 

capere 

capi 

Participl* 

ss 

Pres. 

capiens 

FuT.  capiendus  (Gerundive) 

Gerund 

capiendi,  etc. 

38. 


Principal 


FOURTH   CONJUGATION 


Par  5,  f^udio,  audire,  audivi,  auditum,  hear 
[audior,  audiri,  auditus  sum,  be  hean 


300 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


ACTIVE 

PASSIVE 

Indicative 

Subjunctive 

Indicative 

Subjunctive 

PRES. 

audio 

audiam 

audior 

audiar 

audis 

audias 

audiris  (-re) 

audiaris  (-re) 

audit 

audiat 

auditur 

audiatur 

audimus 

audiamus 

audimur 

audiamur 

auditis 

audiatis 

audimini 

audiamini 

audiunt 

audiant 

audiuntur 

audiantur 

Impf. 

audiebam 

audirem 

audiebar 

audirer 

Put. 

audiam 
audies 
audiet,  etc. 

audiar 

audieris  (-re) 
audietur,  etc. 

Perf. 

audivi 

audiverim 

auditus  sum 

auditus  sim 

Plup. 

audiveram 

audivissem 

audltus  eram 

auditus  essem 

P.P. 

audivero 

auditus  ero 

Imperative 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

Pres. 

audi 

audite 

audire 

audimini 

Put. 

audito 

auditote 

auditor 

audito 

audiunto 

auditor 

audiuntor 

Infinitive 

• 

Pres. 

audire 

audiri 

Perf. 

audivisse 

auditus  esse 

Put. 

auditurus  ( 

esse 

auditum  iri 

Participles 

Pres. 

audiens 

Perf.  auditus 

Put. 

auditurus 

Put.     audiendus  {Gerundive) 

Gerund  Supine 

audiendi,  etc.       auditum,  -u 


VERBS 


301 


39.      ACTIVE   PERIPHRASTIC   CONJUGATION 

Subjunctive 
Pres.  laudaturus  sim 

Impf.  laudaturus  essem 

Perf.  laudaturus  fuerim 
Plup.  laudaturus  fuissem 


Infinitive 

Pres.  laudaturus  esse 
Perf.  laudaturus  fuisse 

40.        PASSIVE   PERIPHRASTIC   CONJUGATION 


Indicative 

Pres. 

laudaturus  sum,  /  am  about 

to  praise 

Impf. 

laudaturus  eram 

FUT. 

laudaturus  ero 

Perf. 

laudaturus  fui 

Plup. 

laudaturus  fueram 

P.P. 

laudaturus  fuero 

Indicative 

Pres.   laudandus  sum,  I  am  to   he 

praised,  I  have  to  he  praised 
Impf.   laudandus  eram 
FuT.     laudandus  ero 
Perf.  laudandus  fui 
Plup.  laudandus  fueram 
P.  P.    laudandus  fuero 


Pres. 


Subjunctive 
laudandus  sim 


Impf.    laudandus  essem 

Perf.    laudandus  fuerim 
Plup.    laudandus  fuissem 


Infinitive 

Pres.  laudandus  esse 
Perf.  laudandus  fuisse 


41. 


DEPONENT   VERBS 


CONJ.  I. 

CONJ.  II. 

CoNJ.  III. 

CoNJ.  IV. 


Examples 

liortor,  hortari,  hortatus  sum,  exhort 
vereor,  vereri,  veritus  sum,  fear 
sequor,  sequi,  sectitus  sum,  follow  ^ 
potior,  potiri,  potitus  sum,  become  master  of 


*  Pres.    indie. :     sequor,    sequeris,    sequitur,     sequimur,    sequimini, 
■equuntur. 


302 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


In  the  indicative,  subjunctive,  and  imperative,  these  verbs 
are  conjugated  Uke  the  passive  of  regular  verbs.  All  the  forms, 
except  the  gerundive,  are  active  in  meaning. 


Imperative 

RES 

•<.     hortare 

verere               sequere 

potire 

UT. 

hortator 

veretor             sequitor 

potitor 

Infinitive 

Pres.  hortari  vereri  sequi  potiri 

Perf.  hortatus  esse     veritus  esse      sectitus  esse      potitus  esse 
FuT.     hortaturus  esse  veriturus  esse  secuttirus  esse  potlturus  esse 


Participles 


Pres.  hortans 
FuT.     hortaturus 
Perf.  hortatus 
Ger.    hortandus 


hortandi 


verens 
veriturus 
veritus 
verendus 


sequens 
secuttirus 
secutus 
sequendus 


potiens 
potitiirus 
potitus 
potiendus 


Gerund 
verendi  sequendi  potiendi 


hortatum 


Supine 
veritum  secutum 


potitum 


42.  There  are  four  semi-deponent  verbs,  having  the  active 
form  in  the  present  system,  but  the  passive  in  the  perfect  system, 
with  the  active  meaning  throughout:  audeo,  audere,  ausus  sum, 
dare;  gaudeo,  gaudere,  gavisus  sum,  rejoice;  soleo,  solere,  soli- 
tus  sum,  be  accustomed;   fido,  fidere,  fisus  sum,  trust. 

43.  IRREGULAR   VERBS 

Principal  Parts:  sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus 

Indicative  Subjunctive 

Present  Present 

/  am  I  may  he  ^ 


The  translation  of  the  subjunctive  varies. 


VERBS 


303 


SINGULAR                      PLURAL 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

sum                       sumus 

sim 

simus 

es                          estis 

sis 

sitis 

est                         sunt 

sit 

sint 

iMPERif'iJCT 

Imperfect 

I  was 

/  might 

be^ 

eram "                    eramus 

essem 

essemus 

eras                        eratis 

esses 

essetis 

erat                        erant 

esset 

essent 

Future 

/  shall  be 

ero                         erimus 

eris                        eritis 

erit                        erunt 

Perfect 
I  have  been,  I  was 
fui  fuimus 


Perfect 
I  may  have  been  ^ 
fuerjm  fuerimus 


fuisti                     fuistis 

fueris                   fueritis 

fuit                        fuerunt  (-ere) 

fuerit                   fuerint 

• 

Pluperfeci" 

Pluperfect 

I  had  been 

I  should  have  been  ^ 

fueram                  fueramus 

fuissem                fuissemus 

fueras                    fueratis 

fuisses                  fuissetis 

fuerat                    fuerant 

fuisset                 fuissent 

Future  Perfect 
/  shall  have  been 


fuero 
fueris 
fuerit 


fuerimus 

fueritis 

fuerint 


*  The  translation  of  the  subjunctive  varies. 


304 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


Imperative 


Infinitive 


SINGULAR 

Pees,     es,  he  thou 

FuT.     esto,  thou  shalt 
he 
esto,  he  shall 
be 


PLURAL  Pres.  esse,  to  he 

este,  he  ye  Perf.  fuisse,     to    have 

heen 
estote,  ye  shall      Fut.     futiirus  esse,   to 
he  he  ahout  to  he 

sunto,  they  shall 
he 


44. 


Participle 

futiirus,  ahout  to  he 

Principal  Parts:  possum,  posse,  potui,  he  able. 


Indicative 


Pres.   possum,  potes,  potest 
possumus,      potestis, 

possunt 
Impf.   poteram 
Fut.     potero 
Perf.  potui 
Plup.  potueram 
F.  P.    potuero 

Infinitive 
Pres.   posse 
Perf.  potuisse 


Subjunctive 
Pres.   possim,  possis,  etc, 

Impf.   possem,  posses,  etc, 

Perf.  potuerim 
Plup.  potuissem 

Participle 

Pres.   potens  (adj.) 


45.     Principal  Parts:   fio,  fieri,  f actus  sum,  be  made,  be  done. 


Indicative 

Pres.  fio,  fis,  fit 

fimus,  fitis,  fiunt 
Impf.   fiebam 
Fut.     fiam,  fies,  etc. 
Perf,  factus  sum 
Plup.  factus  eram 
F.  P.    factus  ero 

Imperative 
Pres.  fi,  fite 


Subjunctive 

Pres.   fiam,  fias,  etc. 

Impf.   fierem 

Perf.  factus  sim 
Plup.  factus  essem 

Participles 

Perf.  factus 

Fut.     faciendus  (Gerundive) 


VERBS 


305 


Infinitive 
Pres.   fieri  Perf.   factus  esse  Fut.  factum  in 

46.     Principal  Parts  :  eo,  ire,  ii  (ivi),  itum,  go. 


Indicative 

Pres.   e5,  is,  it, 

imus,  itis,  eunt 
Impf.   ibam 
Fut.     ibo 
Perf.  ii,  isti,  iit  (it) 

iimus,  istis,  ierunt  (-re) 
Plup.  ieram 
F.  P.    iero 

Imperative 

Pres.  i,  ite 
Fut.     ito,  itote 
ito,  eunto 

Infinitive 

Pres.    ire 

Perf.  isse 

Fut.     ittirus  esse 


Subjunctive 
Pres.   earn 

Impf.   irem 

Perf.  ierim 

Plup.  issem 

Participles 

Pres.   lens  {Gen.  euntis) 
Fut.     itiirus 


eundi,  etc. 


itum  -u 


Gerund 


Supine 


47.     Principal   Parts 


f  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  hear 
Iferor,  ferri,  latus  sum,  he  home 


ACTIVE 

PASSIVE 

Indicative 

Subjunctive 

Indicative 

Subjunctive 

Pres. 

fero 

feram 

feror 

ferar 

fers 

feras 

ferris 

feraris  (-re) 

fert 

ferat 

fertur 

feratur 

ferimus 

feram  us 

f  erimur 

feramur 

fertis 

feratis 

ferimini 

feramini 

ferunt 

ferant 

feruntur 

ferantur 

Impf. 

ferebam 

ferrem 

ferebar 

ferrer 

Fut. 

feram 

ferar 

Perf. 

tuli 

tulerim 

latus  sum 

latus  sim 

Plup. 

tuleram 

tulissem 

latus  eram 

latus  essem 

F.  P. 

tulero 

latus  ero 

306 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


Imperative 

PRES. 

fer,  ferte 

ferre,  ferimini 

Put. 

ferto,  fer  tote 

fertor 

fer  to,  ferunto 

fertor,  feruntor 
Infinitive 

pRES. 

ferre 

ferri 

Perf. 

tulisse 

latus  esse 

Put. 

laturus  esse 

latum  iri 

Pres.   ferens 
Put.     laturus 

Gerund 
ferendi,  etc. 


Participles 

Perf.  latus 

Put.     ferendus  {Gerundive) 


Supine 
latum,  -u 


48.     Principal  Parts 


volo,  velle,  volui,  he  willing^  wish. 
nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  he  unwilling. 
malo,  malle,  malui,  prefer. 


Pres. 

volo 

Indicative 
nolo 

malo 

VIS 

non  VIS 

mavis 

vult  (volt) 

non  vult 

mavult 

volumus 

nolumus 

malumus 

vultis  (voltis) 

non  vultis 

ma  vultis 

volunt 

nolunt 

malunt 

Impf. 

volebam 

nolebam 

malebam 

Put. 

volam,  voles,  etc. 

nolam 

malam 

Perf. 

volui 

nolui 

malui 

Plup. 

volueram 

nolueram 

malueram 

P.  P. 

voluero 

noluero 
Subjunctive 

maluero 

Pres. 

velim,  veils,  etc. 

nolim 

malim 

Impf. 

vellem,  velles,  etc. 

nollem 

mallem 

Perf. 

voluerim 

noluerim 

maluerim 

Plup. 

voluissem 

noluissem 

maluissem 

VERBS 


307 


Imperative 

Pres. 

noli 

1 

nolite 

FUT. 

nollto 
nolito 

Infinitive 

ndlitote 
nolunto 

Pres. 

velle 

nolle 

malle 

Perf. 

voluisse 

noluisse 
Participle 

maluisse 

Pres. 

volens 

nolens 

49.  do,  dare,  dedi,  datum,  give,  is  conjugated  like  the  verbs 
of  the  first  conjugation,  but  the  stem  vowel  a  is  short  in  all 
forms  except  the  second  person  singular  of  the  present  active 
indicative  and  imperative  (das,  da),  and  the  nominative  singular 
of  the  present  participle  (dans). 


60. 


DEFECTIVE   VERBS 
Indicative 


Perf.  coepi,  I  began     memini,  /  remem- 
ber 

Plup.  coeperam  memineram,  I  remem- 

bered 

F.  P.    coepero  meminero,  /  shall  re- 

member 


odi,  I  hate 
oderam,  /  hated 


odero,  /  shall  hate 


Subjunctive 

Perf. 

coeperim 

meminerim 

5derim 

Plup. 

coepissem 

meminissem 
Imperative 

odissem 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

memento 

Infinitive 

memento  te 

Perf. 

coepisse 

meminisse 

odisse 

FuT. 

coep.turus  esse 

osiirus  esse 

308 


GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 


Participles 

Perf. 

coeptus,  begun 

osus 

FUT. 

coepttirus 

osurus 

51.  The  defective  verb  inquam,  say,  is  used  with  direct  quota- 
tions. It  has  the  following  forms,  but  only  the  first  three  are  in 
common  use. 

Indicative 

Pres.  inquam  inquis  inquit  inquimus  inquitis  inquiunt 

Imp.      inquiebat  

FuT.      inquies  inquiet  

Perf.  inquii  inquisti  inquit  

Imperative 
Pres.  inque       Fut.  inquito 


62. 


IMPERSONAL  VERBS 


Principal  Parts:   licet,  licere,  licuit  (licitum  est)  it  is  allowed. 
Indicative  Subjunctive 


Pres.  licet 

Impf.  licebat 

Fut.  licebit 

Perf.  licuit  (licitum  est) 

Plup.  licuerat  (licitum  erat) 

F.  P.  licuerit  (licitum  erit) 


liceat 
liceret 

licuerit  (licitum  sit) 
licuisset  (licitum  esset) 


Infinitive 
licere,  licuisse,  hciturum  esse 


PART   II.     THE   FORMATION   OF    WORDS 

53.  Root.  —  A  root  is  a  monosyllable  which  contains  the  funda- 
mental meaning  of  a  word.  Thus  due-  implies  the  idea  of  lead- 
ing in  the  noun  dux  and  in  the  verb  duco.  A  root  may  vary  in 
quantity  or  in  spelling,  as  diic-,  due-  (in  duco,  dux)  ;  teg-,  tog- 
(in  tego,  toga). 

54.  Stem.  —  A  stem  is  a  fixed  part  of  an  inflected  word.  In 
some  words  it  is  the  same  as  the  root,  as  in  dux  (duc-s),  in  which 


NOUNS.    PRIMARY  DERIVATIVES  309 

the  stem  and  the  root  are  both  due-.  In  others  the  stem  is  the 
root  with  one  or  more  added  letters,  as  in  duc-e-,  the  stem  of 
duco,  and  in  flu-min-,  the  stem  of  flumen. 

55.  Suffix.  —  A  suffix  is  one  or  more  letters  added  to  a  root 
or  to  a  stem,  to  modify  the  meaning.  Thus  -tor  is  the  suffix 
added  to  the  root  due-,  to  make  duetor,  a  leader;  but  added  to  the 
stem  audi-,  to  make  auditor,  a  hearer. 

56.  Prefix.  —  A  prefix  is  one  or  more  letters  joined  to  the 
beginning  of  a  word  to  modify  its  meaning  :  ab-dueo,  /  lead  away. 

57.  Word  Formation.  —  Word  formation  treats  of  the  deriva- 
tion of  words  from  roots  or  stems  by  the  use  of  suffixes  and  pre- 
fixes. 

58.  Derivative  Words.  —  A  word  formed  from  a  root  or  a  verb- 
stem  is  called  a  primary  derivative  :  vie-tor,  victor.  A  word  de- 
rived from  a  noun-stem  or  an  adjective-stem  is  called  a  second" 
ary  derivative  :  vietor-ia,  victory. 

NOUNS:    PRIMARY  DERIVATIVES  i 

59.  The  suffixes  -tor,  -sor,  form  nouns  denoting  the  agent  or 
doer:  orator,  one  who  speaks  (oro)  ;  defen-sor,  one  who  defends 
(defendo). 

(a)  gladia-tor,  one  who  uses  the  sword,  is  probably  from  the  stem 
of  an  obsolete  verb. 

(6)  Other  suffixes  denoting  agency  are  seen  in  serib-a,  eol-onus 
pa-ter  (one  who  protects). 

60.  The  suffixes  -io,  -sio,  -tio,  -sus,  -tus  (gen.  us),  -tura, 
-ina,  -ium  form  nouns  denoting  action  or,  concretely,  the  result 
of  action :  leg-io,  a  levying,  a  legion  (lego)  ;  ineen-sio,  a  setting 
fire  to  (ineendo)  ;  ora-tio,  a  speaking  (oro)  ;  vi-sus,  a  looking,  act 
of  seeing  (video)  ;  adven-tus,  a  coming  to,  approach  (advenio)  ; 
iac-tura,  a  throwing  (iacio)  ;  rap-ina,  act  of  robbery  (rapio)  ; 
gaud-ium,  yo?/  (gaudeo). 

Note.  —  In  general,  nouns  denoting  action  are  primarily  ab- 
stract, but  often  become  concrete,  that  is,  they  lose  the  idea  of 
action  and  come  to  denote  the  result,  the  means,  or  the  place  of 
action. 

61.  The  suffixes  -men,  -mentum,  -monia,  -monium  form 
nouns  denoting  action,  the  means,  or  the  result  of  action  :  ag-men, 
that  which  is  led  (ago)  ;  flu-men,  a  flowing  (fluo)  ;  orna-mentum, 

^  Some  of  the  less  common  suffixes  are  omitted. 


310  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

that  which  adorns  (orno)  ;  detri-mentum,  that  which  is  worn  away^ 
loss  (detero)' ;  queri-monia,  a  complaining  (queror)  ;  testi- 
monium, evidence  (tester). 

62.  The  suffixes  -brum,  -crum,  -trum,  -ulum,  -bulum,  -culum, 
-bra,  -ula,  -bula,  etc.,  form  nouns  denoting  the  means,  the  instru- 
ment, or  the  place :  delu-brum,  a  place  of  cleansing,  a  temple 
(deluo)  ;  simula-crum,  a  likeness  (simulo)  ;  vinc-ulum,  a  bond 
(vincio)  ;  pa-bulum,  that  which  nourishes  (pa-,  nourish)  ;  guber- 
na-culum,  a  helm  (guberno)  ;  late-bra,  a  hiding-place  (lateo). 

63.  The  suffix  -or  forms  masculine  abstract  nouns  denoting  a 
mental  state:  am-or,  love  (amo)  ;   tim-or, /ear  (timeo). 

NOUNS;     SECONDARY   DERIVATIVES 

64.  The  suffixes  -lus,  -la,  -lum,  -ulus,  -cuius,  etc.,  form  nouns 
called  diminutives.  These  words  follow  the  gender  of  the  words 
from  which  they  are  derived  :  libel-lus,  little  hook  (liber)  ;  tabel-la, 
small  board,  tablet  (tabula)  ;   lect-ulus,  little  couch  (lectus). 

65.  The  suffixes  -tas,  -tus,  -tudo,  -ia,  -tia,  -ium,  -tium  form 
abstract  nouns  denoting  quality  or  condition :  boni-tas,  goodness 
(bonus)  ;  vir-tus,  manliness  (vir)  ;  audac-ia,  boldness  (audax)  ; 
amici-tisi,  friendship  (amicus)  ;   servi-tium,  slavery  (servus). 

66.  The  suffix  -ium  is  much  used  in  both  primary  (60)  and 
secondary  (65)  derivatives.  The  following  secondary  derivatives 
denote  action :  auspic-ium,  augury  (auspex)  ;  remig-ium,  rowing 
(remex). 

67.  The  suffix  -arius  added  to  a  noun-stem  denotes  a  dealer  or 
maker;  -arium,  the  place  where  things  are  kept :  falc-arius,  scythe- 
maker  (falx)  ;  tabul-arium,  record-office  (tabula). 

68.  The  suffixes  -6,  -lis,  -nus  (gen.,  -i)  added  to  a  noun-stem 
may  denote  the  person  concerned,  frequently  an  officer  :  cen- 
turi-o,  commander  of  a  century  (centuria)  ;  aedi-lis,  commissioner 
of  buildings  (aedes)  ;  tribu-nus,  head  of  a  tribe  (tribus). 

69.  The  suffixes  -atus,  -ura,  added  to  the  stem  of  a  personal 
name,  denote  office ;  -Ina,  an  art :  consul-atus,  office  of  consul 
(consul)  ;  praefect-ura,  office  of  commander  (praefectus)  ; 
medic-ina,  the  healing  art  (medicus). 

ADJECTIVES:    PRIMARY   DERIVATIVES 

70.  The  suffixes  -ax,  -icus,  -idus,  -ulus  form  adjectives,  chiefly 
with   the   meaning   of   the   present   participle;     aud-ax,    daring 


DERIVATION   OF   VERBS  311 

(audeo)  ;     am-Icus,    loving,  friendly   (an^o)  5     tim-idus,   fearfult 
timid  (timed)  ;   cred-ulus,  quick  to  believe  (credo). 

71.  The  suffixes  -ilis,  -bilis,  -tivus  form  adjectives,  chiefly  with 
a  passive  meaning,  sometimes  denoting  capability:  fac-ilis,  that 
may  be  done,  easy  (facio)  ;  credi-bilis,  that  may  be  believed  (credo)  ; 
cap-tivus,  captured  (capio). 

ADJECTIVES:     SECONDARY  DERIVATIVES 

72.  Adjectives  meaning  belonging  to,  relating  to,  derived  from^ 
are  formed  with  the  following  suffixes :  -cus,  -icus,  -ticus ;  -ius, 
-icius  ;  -nus,  -anus,  -enus,  -inus  ;  -alis,  -elis,  -ilis,  -ulis  ;  -aris, 
-arius ;  -ivus,  -timus ;  -ensis ;  -cer,  -cris,  -ter,  -tris,  -ester, 
-estris,  -estis :  bell-icus,  of  war  (bellum)  ;  frater-nus,  of  a 
brother  (frater)  ;  reg-alis,  of  a  king  (rex)  ;  consul-aris,  of  a  con- 
sul (consul)  ;  mari-timus,  of  the  sea  (mare)  ;  agr-estis,  of  the 
field  (ager). 

73.  The  suffixes  -osus,  -lentus,  -tus  form  adjectives  meaning 
full  of,  provided  with:  pericul-osus,  full  of  -danger,  dangerous 
(periculum)  ;  turbu-lentus,  disorderly  (turba)  ;  hones-tus, 
honorable  (honor)  ;   ius-tus,  just  (ius). 

74.  The  suffix  -eus  forms  adjectives  denoting  material; 
idus,  denoting  state  or  condition :  argent-eus,  made  of  silver 
(argentum)  ;   luc-idus,  bright  (lux). 

75.  The  suffixes  -anus,  -enus,  -inus,  -icus,  -ius,  -ensis,  form 
adjectives  denoting  place  of  origin  :  Rom-anus,  of  Rome  (Roma)  ; 
Ital-icus,  Italian  (Italia)  ;    Athen-i-ensis,  of  Athens  (Athenae). 

76.  The  suffixes  -ernus,  -urnus,  -tinus  form  adjectives  from 
nouns  or  adverbs  denoting  time:  hodi-ernus,  of  this  day  (hodie)  ; 
noct-urnus,  at  night  (nox)  ;   cras-tinus,  of  to-morrow  (eras). 

DERIVATION   OF   VERBS 

77.  Primary  Verbs.  —  Some  verbs  are  derived  from  roots, 
either  directly  or  by  the  addition  of  a  vowel.  In  this  class  are 
most  verbs  of  the  third  conjugation  and  irregular  verbs  :  reg-e-re, 
es-se,  i-re,  fer-re,  vel-le,  da-re.  Others  are  formed  from  nouns, 
adjectives,  or  other  verbs. 

78.  Denominative  Verbs. —  Verbs  derived  from  nouns  or 
adjectives  are  called  denominative :  liber-6,  set  free  (liber) ; 
nomin-o,  name  (nomen)  ;  flor-eo,  bloom  (flos,  flower)  ;  met-ud 
fear  (metus)  ;  fin-io,  put  an  end  to  (finis). 


312  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

79.  Verbs  Derived  from  Verbs.  —  These  include : 

(a)  Frequentative  or  intensive  verbs,  denoting  repeated  or 
intense  action.  They  are  of  the  first  conjugation,  and  end  in 
-to,  -so,  -ito,  -tito,  -sito :  iac-to,  toss  (iacio)  ;  ag-ito,  move  vio' 
lently  (ago)  ;   cur-so,  run  about  (curro). 

(6)  Inceptive  or  inchoative  verbs,  denoting  the  beginning  of  an 
action.  These  end  in  -sco,  and  are  added  to  present  stems : 
hebe-sco,  grow  dull  (hebeo,  be  dull). 

Note.  —  Some  verbs  of  this  class  apparently  come  from  nouns 
or  adjectives :  advesperascit,  evening  approaches  (vesper)  ; 
inveterasco,  grow  old  (vetus). 

(c)  Causative  verbs,  signifying  a  causing  to  act :  caedo,  cause 
to  fall  (cado,  fall)  ;  fugo,  put  to  flight  (fugio,  flee)  ;  sisto,  cause  to 
stand  (sto,  stand). 

DERIVATION   OF  ADVERBS 

80.  Adverbs  are  derived  chiefly  from  adjectives,  nouns,  or 
pronouns. 

81.  Adverbs  in  -e  are  formed  from  adjectives  of  the  second 
declension  :  late,  widely  (latus).     In  bene  and  male,  -e  is  short. 

82.  Adverbs  in  -ter  (-iter)  are  formed  chiefly  from  adjectives 
of  the  third  declension  :  gravi-ter,  heavily  (gravis). 

83.  Adverbs  in  -am,  -em,  -im,  -um,  and  some  in  -e  are  the 
accusative  singular  of  nouns  or  adjectives  ;  those  in  -a,  -as  are 
the  accusative  plural :  quam,  vicem,  partim,  multum,  facile,  cet- 
era, alias. 

84.  Adverbs  in  -a,  -6,  -6,  and  some  in  -e,  -e,  are  the  ablative 
singular  of  adjectives,  nouns,  or  pronouns :  recta,  primo,  modo, 
forte,  hodie. 

85.  Adverbs  in  -tus  (-itus)  are  formed  from  nouns  or  adjec- 
tives and  denote  source  or  time :  antiquitus,  anciently  (antiquus) ; 
divinitus,  by  divine  favor  (divinus). 

COMPOUND  WORDS 

86.  Compound  words  are  formed  by  the  union  of  simple 
words. 

(a)  Nouns:  agri-cola.,  tiller  of  a  field,  farmer;  arti-f  ex,  master  of 
an  art  (ars,  facio)  ;  bene-volentia,  good-will ;  inter-regnum,  in- 
terval  between  two  reigns;  res-publica,  commonwealth. 


SYNTAX 


313 


(5)  Adjectives:  omni-potens,  almighty;  parti-ceps,  partaking^ 
sharing  (pars,  capio)  ;   vene-ficus,  poisoning  (venenum,  facio). 

(c)  Verbs:  ab-eo,  go  away;  anim-ad-verto,  turn  attention  to, 
observe;  prae-dico,  foretell;  satis-facio,  make  amends  (do  enough 
for)  ;  ven-eo,  go  to  sale,  he  sold  (venum,  eo). 

(d)  Adverbs  :  ad-huc,  hitherto;  postri-die,  the  next  day. 

87.  Prefixes.  —  The  prefixes  of  compound  words  are  the  fol- 
lowing : 


a,  ab,  abs,  away,  off,  without. 

ad,  to,  toward,  near. 

ambi-,  around. 

ante,  before. 

circum,  around,  about. 

com-,  con-,  co-,  together, 

de,  away. 

dis-,  di-,  apart. 

e,  ex,  out,  without. 

in,  in,  into,  against;  not, 

inter,  between. 

intro,  within. 


ob,  before,  against. 

per,  through,  thoroughly, 

post,  after,  behind. 

prae,  before. 

praeter,  beside. 

pro,  pro,  -por,  forth,  before^  for, 

re-,  red-,  hack. 

se-,  sed-,  apart. 

sub,  under. 

subter,  beneath. 

super,  supra,  over, 

trans,  across. 


PART   III.     SYNTAX 

88.  Questions.  —  Questions,  in  Latin,  may  be  introduced  by 
an  interrogative  pronoun,  interrogative  adjective,  or  interroga- 
tive adverb,  especially  -ne,  nonne,  num.  Nonne  implies  the 
answer  yes;  num,  the  answer  no:  -ne  is  an  enclitic,  attached  to 
the  first  word  of  the  question,  and  implies  nothing  about  the 
answer. 

1.  quis  te  salutavit  ?  who  saluted  you?  Cat.  I.  7. 

2.  quanta  in  voluptate  bacchabere  ?  in  what  pleasure  will  you 
revel?     Cat.  I.  10. 

3.  quid  taces  ?  why  are  you  silent?  Cat.  I.  4. 

4.  mosne  maiorum  (te  impedit)  ?  does  the  custom  of  our  an^ 
cestors  hinder  you?     Cat.  I.  11. 

5.  nonne  hunc  in  vincula  duci  imperabis  ?  will  you  not  order 
him  to  be  put  into  prison?     Cat.  I.  11. 

6.  num  negare  audes  ?  you  dare  not  deny,  do  you  ?  Cat.  1.  4. 


314  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

a.  -ne  is  sometimes  used  for  nonne  or  num,  when  the  answer 
is  understood :  potestne  tibi  haec  lux  esse  iucunda  ?  can  this 
light  of  day  he  pleasant  to  you?  Cat.  I.  6  (answer  "  no  "). 

b.  Tandem  or  the  enclitic  -nam  are  sometimes  used  to  empha- 
size a  question:   quo  usque  tandem?   how  far,  pray?   Cat.  I.  1. 

c.  Questions  are  sometimes  expressed  without  an  interroga- 
tive word :  patere  tua  consilia  non  sentis  ?  do  you  not  see  that 
your  plots  are  exposed?   Cat.  I.  1. 

d.  For  indicative  questions  see  184  ;  for  subjunctive  questions 
see  201 ;  for  questions  in  indirect  discourse  see  215,  d. 

89.  Alternative  or  Double  Questions.  —  These  inquire  which 
of  two  or  more  suppositions  is  true.  The  first  member  begins 
with  utrum,  -ne,  whether,  or  without  an  introductory  word  ;  the 
second  member  begins  with  an,  or,  negative  annon,  or  not: 
utrum  is  clemens  an  inhumanissimus  esse  videatur,  whether  he 
would  appear  to  be  mild  or  most  inhuman;  Cat.  IV.  6. 

a.  Necne,  or  not,  may  be  used  instead  of  an  non  in  the  second 
member  of  a  double  indirect  question  (202)  :  quaesivi  in  conventu 
fuisset  necne,  /  asked  whether  he  had  been  at  the  meeting  or  not; 
Cat.  II.  6. 

5.  An  may  introduce  a  single  question,  being  equivalent  to  -ne, 
nonne,  or  num,  with  added  surprise  or  emphasis  upon  a  preceding 
statement :  an  Scipio  Gracchum  interfecit  ?  did  not  Scipio  kill 
Gracchus?  Cat.  I.  1.. 

90.  Rhetorical  Question.  —  A  rhetorical  question  is  one  whose 
answer  is  self-evident,  and  is  put  by  way  of  emphasis  for  a 
declarative  statement:  quis  dubitat  ?  who  doubts?  (=  nobody 
doubts). 

91.  Answers.  —  The  answer  "  yes  "  is  expressed  by  repeating 
the  verb  or  another  emphatic  word,  or  by  vero,  etiam,  ita,  certe, 
etc.  The  answer  "  no  "  is  expressed  by  repeating  the  verb  with 
non,  or  by  non  minime,  etc.,  without  a  verb. 

NOUNS 

92.  Agreement.  —  A  noun  used  as  an  appositive  or  predicate  of 
another  noun  or  pronoun  agrees  with  it  in  case  :  Opimius,  consul, 
Opimius  the  consid ;  Cat.  I.  2  ;  viro  forti,  coUegae  meo,  to  a 
brave  many  my  colleague;  Cat.  III.  6. 


NOUNS  315 

Nominative  Case 

A  noun  in  the  nominative  case  may  be  used  as  follows  :  — 

93.  Subject  of  a  finite  verb  :  senatus  haec  intellegit,  the  Senate 
knows  these  things;  Cat.  I.  1. 

94.  Subject  of  an  "  historical "  infinitive  (213) :  Caesar 
frumentum  flagitare,  Caesar  kept  demanding  grain. 

95.  Predicate  nominative,  after 

a.  The  intransitive  verbs  be,  become,  seem,  etc. :  patria,  quae 
est  parens  omnium,  our  country,  which  is  the  parent  of  all;  Cat.  I.  7. 

6.  The  passive  verbs  be  made,  be  called,  be  chosen,  etc.  :  habea- 
tur  vir  egregius  Paulus,  let  Paulus  be  regarded  as  an  extraordinary 
man;  Cat.  IV.  10. 

Vocative  Case 

96.  The  name  of  the  person  or  thing  addressed  is  put  in  the 
vocative  case.  This  is  spelled  like  the  nominative  except  in  the 
singular  of  -us  nouns  of  the  second  declension,  which  have  the 
vocative  in  -e :  quo  usque  abutere,  Catilina,  patientia  nostra? 
how  long,  Catiline,  will  you  abuse  our  patience?  Cat.  I.  1. 

a.  Filius  and  proper  names  in  -ius  form  the  vocative  singular 
in  -i :  fili,  son;  Marce  Tulli,  quid  agis?  Marcus  Tullius,  what  are 
you  doing?  Cat.  I.  11. 

Genitive  Case 
The  genitive  case  is  used  with  nouns,  adjectives,  and  verbs. 

A.  Genitive  with   Nouns 

97.  Possessive  genitive,  denoting  the  possessor:  ex  aedibus 
Cethegi,  from  the  house  of  Cethegus ;  Cat.  III.  3. 

98.  Subjective  genitive,  denoting  the  agent  or  subject  of  an 
action  or  feeling  implied  by  another  noun :  deorum  erga  vos 
amore,  with  the  love  of  the  gods  for  you;  Cat.  III.  1. 

99.  Objective  genitive,  denoting  the  object  of  an  action  or  feel- 
ing implied  by  another  noun :  invidiae  metus,  the  fear  of  unpopv^ 
larity ;  Cat.  I.  11. 

100.  Descriptive  genitive,  used  to  describe  another  noun.  In 
this  use  the  genitive  is  modified  by  an  adjective  or  pronoun : 
huius  modi  consultum,  a  decree  of  this  kind;  Cat.  I.  2. 

101.  Genitive  of  material,  denoting  the  material  of  which  some- 
thing consists  ;  talentum  auri,  a  talent  of  gold. 


316  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

102.  Appositional  genitive,  having  the  force  of  an  appositive : 
hoc  poetae  nomen,  this  name  of  poet ;  Ar.  8. 

103.  Genitive  of  the  whole,  depending  on  a  word  denoting  a 
part.  The  word  denoting  the  part  may  be  a  noun,  a  pronoun 
(indefinite  or  interrogative),  an  adjective  (numeral,  comparative, 
or  superlative),  or  an  adverb  (denoting  quantity  or  place) : 
quid  consili  ?  what  plan  f  Cat.  I.  1  ;  ubinam  gentium  ?  where 
in  the  world?  Cat.  I.  4. 

a.  The  ablative  with  de  or  ex  may  be  used  instead  of  the 
genitive  of  the  whole,  especially  after  cardinal  numerals  :  unus  ex 
istis,  the  only  one  of  these;  Cat.  III.  7. 

B.  Genitive  with  Adjectives 

104.  The  objective  genitive  is  used  with  adjectives  denoting 
desire,  knowledge,  memory,  fullness,  participation,  or  their  oppo- 
site :  plenissimum  navium,  very  full  of  ships  ;  P.  12. 

a.  For  the  genitive  with  proprius,  similis,  see  119  a,  6. 

C.  Genitive  with   Verbs 

105.  With  verbs  of  accusing,  acquitting,  condemning,  a  genitive 
is  used  to  denote  the  charge :  me  inertiae  condemno,  /  fnd 
myself  guilty  of  inactivity  ;  Cat.  I.  2. 

106.  The  impersonal  verbs  of  feeling,  miseret,  paenitet,  piget, 
pudet,  and  taedet,  take  an  accusative  of  the  person  concerned, 
and  a  genitive  of  that  which  causes  the  feeling  :  me  meorum  f ac- 
torum  paenitebit,  /  shall  repent  of  my  deeds  (lit.  it  will  repent 
me  of)  ;  Cat.  IV.  10. 

107.  Interest  and  refert  take  the  genitive  of  the  person  or 
thing  concerned,  if  expressed  by  a  noun,  but  the  ablative  feminine 
singular  of  the  possessive,  if  expressed  by  a  personal  pronoun. 
The  degree  of  interest  is  expressed  by  a  genitive  of  value,  a  neu- 
ter accusative,  or  an  adverb  :  parvi  refert,  it  matters  little;  P.  7. 
mea  quid  interest,  what  is  for  my  interest;  Cat.  IV.  5. 

108.  Verbs  of  memory,  memini,  obliviscor,  reminiscor,  take 
the  genitive  or  accusative.  If  the  object  is  a  person,  obliviscor 
takes  the  genitive  only,  and  reminiscor  the  accusative  only : 
obliviscere  caedis,  forget  murder;  Cat.  I.  3. 

109.  The  genitive  is  sometimes  used  with  potior  (147)  ;  rerum 
potiri,  to  get  control  of  affairs  ;  Cat.  II.  9. 


NOUNS  317 

110.  With  est  and  verbs  of  value,  the  genitive  adjectives 
magni,  parvi,  tanti,  quanti,  pluris,  plurimi,  denote  indefinite 
value  :  est  tanti,  it  is  of  such  value,  it  is  worth  while;  Cat.  I.  9. 

111.  Predicate  Genitive.  —  A  possessive  or  descriptive  geni- 
tive may  be  used  in  the  predicate :  unum  genus  est  eorum,  one 
class  consists  of  those  men;  Cat.  II.  8  ;  est  sapientiae,  it  is  the 
part  of  (belongs  to)  wisdom;  P.  7. 

Dative  Case 

The  uses  of  the  dative  case  are  as  follows :  — 

112.  Dative  of  indirect  object, 

a.  With  transitive  verbs :  (tabellas)  ostendimus  Cethego,  we 
showed  the  tablets  to  Cethegus;  Cat.  III.  5. 

b.  With  intransitive  verbs  meaning  favor,  help,  please,  trusty 
and  their  opposites  ;  believe,  persuade,  command,  obey,  serve^ 
resist;  envy,  threaten,  pardon,  spare:  huic  urbi  minitantem, 
threatening  this  city;  Cat.  II.  1.  mihi  credite,  believe  me,  Cat. 
II.  7. 

Note  1 .  —  Some  verbs  of  these  meanings  are  transitive  and 
govern  the  accusative,  as  delecto,  iubeo,  iuvo,  laedo. 

Note  2,  —  In  the  passive  these  verbs  are  used  only  imper- 
sonally (172,  b)  :  mihi  nihil  noceri  potest,  in  no  way  can  harm  be 
done  to  me;  Cat.  III.  12. 

c.  With  some  verbs  compounded  with  ad,  ante,  con,  de,  in, 
inter,  ob,  post,  prae,  pro,  sub,  super :  cui  adulescentulo  facem 
praetulisti,  before  what  young  man  have  you  carried  a  torch? 
Cat.  I.  6. 

d.  With  verbs  accompanied  by  satis,  bene,  and  male : 
satis  facere  rei  publicae,  to  satisfy  (do  enough  for)  the  state; 
Cat.  I.  1. 

113.  Dative  of  separation,  with  verbs  meaning  take  away, 
used  of  words  denoting  persons :  hunc  mihi  timorem  eripe,  take 
away  this  fear  from  me;  Cat.  I.  7. 

114.  Dative  of  purpose  or  tendency,  denoting  the  purpose  for 
which  anything  is  done,  or  the  object  toward  which  anything 
tends  :  eos  qui  fructui  sunt,  those  who  are  (for)  a  source  of  income; 
P.  6. 

o.  The  dative  of  purpose  is  often  used  in  connection  with  the 
dative  of  reference  (115)  :  eos  qui  vobis  fructui  sunt,  those  who 
are  (for)  a  source  of  income  to  you;  P.  6. 


318  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

115.  Dative  of  reference,  denoting  the  person  or  thing  con- 
cerned by  the  action :  tibi  uni  vexatio  sociorum  impunita  fuit 
(for)  in  the  case  of  you  alone  the  harassing  of  our  allies  has  been 
unpunished;   Cat.  I.  7. 

a.  The  dative  of  reference  may  be  equivalent  to  a  possessive 
genitive  or  adjective  :  tibi  de  manibus,  from  your  hands;  Cat.  I.  6. 

b.  The  dative  of  personal  pronouns,  mihi,  tibi,  etc.,  may  be 
used  with  expressions  of  emotion,  interest,  surprise,  or  derision. 
This  is  called  the  ethical  dative  or  dative  of  feeling.  It  is  in 
reality  a  dative  of  reference :  Tongilium  mihi  eduxit,  bless  me, 
he  did  take  along  Tongilius;  Cat.  II.  2. 

116.  Dative  of  the  agent,  used  with  a  passive  periphrastic  form, 
or  with  a  perfect  participle :  erit  verendum  mihi,  /  shall  have  to 
fear;  Cat.  I.  2.  tibi  constituti  fuerunt,  they  have  been  designated 
by  you;  Cat.  I.  7. 

117.  Dative  of  the  possessor,  used  with  forms  of  sum:  est 
vobis  auctor,  you  have  (as)  an  authority;  P.  23. 

118.  Dative  with  personal  nouns,  instead  of  the  genitive: 
nuUus  est  portis  custos,  there  is  no  guard  for  the  gates;  Cat.  II.  12. 

119.  Dative  with  adjectives  meaning  near,  like,  fit,  sujfficientj 
acceptable,  friendly:  proximi  Germanis,  next  to  the  Germans; 
B.G.  I.  1.  i 

a.  Similis  may  take  the  genitive  instead  of  the  dative,  espe- 
cially of  words  denoting  persons  :  tui  similis,  like  you  (the  like  of 
you)  ;  Cat.  I.  2. 

b.  Proprius   may   take  a   possessive  genitive  instead   of   the 
dative :    huius  imperi  proprium,  characteristic  of  this  authority;  | 
v/at.  X.  o. 

Accusative  Case 

The  uses  of  the  accusative  case  are  as  follows :  — 

120.  Direct  object  of  a  transitive  verb  :  ducem  hostium  vide- 
mus,  we  see  the  leader  of  the  enemy;  Cat.  I.  2. 

121.  Secondary  Object.  —  Some  verbs  meaning  ask,  demand^ 
teach,  or  conceal,  may  take  two  objects,  one  of  the  person  (direct 
object),  the  other  of  the  thing  (secondary  object)  :  hos  sententiam 
rogo,  /  ask  them  their  opinion;  Cat.  I.  4.  id  quod  nos  Mithri- 
dates  docuit,  what  Mithridates  taught  us;  P.  7.  In  the  passive 
construction  these  verbs  retain  the  secondary  object  in  the 
accusative. 

Note.  —  The  verbs  so  used  are    oro,  posco,  rogo,  interrogo. 


NOUNS  319 

flagito,  doceo,  celo.  Peto  and  postulo  take  ab  with  the  abla- 
tive of  the  person  asked  ;  quaero  takes  ab,  de,  or  ex;  pcsco  and 
flagito  may  take  ab.  Interrogo  and  quaero  may  take  de  with 
the  ablative  of  the  thing  asked  about,  instead  of  a  direct  ac- 
cusative. 

122.  Predicate  Accusative.  —  The  verbs  make,  call,  choose^ 
regard,  show,  etc.,  may  take  two  accusatives,  one  of  the  direct 
object,  the  other  a  predicate  accusative  :  quem  Statorem  nomi- 
namus,  whom  we  call  protector;  Cat.  I.  13.  In  the  passive  these 
verbs  take  a  predicate  nominative  (95),  instead  of  the  predicate 
accusative  of  the  active  construction. 

a.  Certain  infinitives  like  esse,  with  a  subject  accusative,  may 
take  a  predicate  accusative  in  agreement  mth  the  subject : 
quem  esse  hostem  comperisti,  whom  you  have  learned  to  he  an 
enemy;  Cat.  I.  11. 

123.  Subject  of  an  Infinitive.  —  The  accusative  is  used  as  the 
subject  of  any  infinitive  except  an  historical  infinitive  (213)  : 
si  te  interfici  iussero,  if  I  shall  order  you  to  be  put  to  death;  Cat.  I.  5. 

124.  Object  of  Certain  Prepositions.  —  For  these  prepositions 
see  231. 

125.  An  accusative  may  follow  the  adjectives  propior,  proxi- 
mus,  and  the  adverbs  propius,  proxime,  pridie  :  pridie  Kalendas, 
the  day  before  the  Calends;  Cat.  I.  6. 

126.  Accusative  of  place  to  which,  with  ad,  in,  or  sub  :  ut  te  ad 
portas  prosequantur,  to  follow  you  to  the  gates;  Cat.  I.  8. 

a.  A  preposition  is  not  used  with  the  accusative  of  the  names 
of  towns,  small  islands,  domus,  or  rus,  but  names  of  towns  may 
take  ad  when  it  means  towards,  or  near  to :  se  Massiliam  conf  eret, 
he  will  go  to  Massilia;  Cat.  II.  6. 

127.  Accusative  denoting  duration  of  time  or  extent  of  space : 
domicilium  Romae  multos  annos  habuit,  he  had  a  residence  at 
Rome  many  years;    (Ar.)  4. 

a.  The  preposition  per  is  sometimes  used  with  the  accusative 
of  duration  :   per  decem  dies  ;   Cat.  III.  8. 

128.  Cognate  Accusative.  —  A  verb  may  take  the  accusative  of 
a  noun  having  a  meaning  similar  to  its  own.  Such  an  accusative 
is  called  cognate;  cum  trldui  viam  processisset,  when  he  had  gone 
forward  a  three  days'  journey;  B.  G.  I.  38. 

129.  Adverbial  Accusative.  —  An  accusative,  chiefly  of  neuter 
pronouns  and  adjectives,  may  be  used  as  an  adverb :  quid 
taces,  why  are  you  silent  ?  Cat.  I.  4. 


320  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

130.  Accusative  of  Exclamation.  —  The  accusative  is  used  in 
exclamations  :  O  tempora !     0  the  times!     Cat.  I.  1. 

Ablative  Case 

131.  The  with-case  was  originally  the  instrumental,  thein-case 
was  the  locative,  and  the  /rom-case  was  the  ablative.  As  the 
instrumental  and  the  locative  passed  out  of  use,  the  ablative 
absorbed  their  functions. 

The  uses  of  the  ablative  are  as  follows  :  — 

132.  As  the  object  of  certain  prepositions.  For  these  preposi- 
tions see  231. 

133.  Ablative  of  separation,  with  or  without  ab,  de,  or  ex. 
A  preposition  is  generally  used  with  words  denoting  persons.  A 
preposition  is  generally  omitted  with  verbs  of  figurative  separa- 
tion,/ree,  relieve,  deprive:^  cura  relevatus,  relieved  of  care;  Cat.  I. 
13  ;  dum  modo  a  vobis  periculum  depellatur,  provided  the  danger 
be  removed  from  you;  Cat.  II.  7. 

a.  This  includes  the  ablative  of  place  from  which,  generally 
used  with  ab,  de,  or  ex :  exire  ex  urbe,  to  go  out  of  the  city;  Cat.  I. 
5. 

b.  With  the  ablative  of  the  names  of  towns,  small  islands, 
domus,  and  rus,  the  preposition  is  not  used,  except  in  the  mean- 
ing from  the  neighborhood  of:  Roma  prof ectus  est,  he  went  away 
from  Rome;  Cat.  II.  7.  a  Brundisio,  from  (the  port  of)  Brun- 
disium;  P.  12. 

134.  Ablative  of  source  or  parentage.  Ex  or  ab  is  sometimes 
used,  especially  with  pronouns :  summo  nati  loco,  born  of  the 
highest  rank;  Cat.  IV.  8. 

a.  Ablative  of  material,  with  ex  or  de :  exercitum  coUectum 
ex  senibus,  an  army  composed  of  old  men,  Cat.  II.  3. 

135.  Ablative  of  agent,  with  ab,  denoting  the  person  hy  whom 
the  action  of  a  passive  verb  is  done :  dictae  sunt  a  principibus 
sententiae,  opinions  were  expressed  by  the  chief  men;  Cat.  III.  6. 

136.  Ablative  of  accordance,  denoting  that  in  accordance  with 
which  something  is  done.  The  preposition,  if  used,  is  de  or  ex : 
iudicio  senatus,  according  to  the  decision  of  the  senate,  Cat.  III.  6. 

137.  Ablative  of  comparison,  following  a  comparative  adjec- 
tive or  adverb  when  quam,  than,  is  not  used :  patria  mihi  vita 
mea  carior,  my  country,  dearer  to  me  than  my  life;  Cat.  I.  11. 

*  abdico,  exuo,  levo,  libero,  privo,  solvo,  spclio. 


NOUNS  321 

a.  Quam  is  used  when  the  first  of  the  words  compared  is  in  the 
genitive,  dative,  or  ablative,  and  may  be  used  when  the  first  is  in 
the  nominative  or  accusative.  If  quam  is  used,  the  two  words 
compared  are  in  the  same  case. 

b.  Amplius,  longius,  plus,  or  minus,  may  be  used  without 
affecting:  the  case  of  the  following  noun :  amplius  pedum  mille 
sexcentorum,  of  more  than  1600  feet;  B.G.  I.  38. 

138.  Ablative  of  accompaniment,  with  cum :  occlsus  est  cum 
liberis  Fulvius,  Fulvius  was  killed  together  with  his  children;  Cat. 
1.2. 

a.  Cum  may  be  omitted  in  military  phrases,  when  the  noun  is 
modified  by  any  adjective  except  a  numeral :  pedestribus 
copiis,  with  the  infantry;  B.  G.  III.  11. 

139.  Ablative  of  manner,  with  or  without  cum :  magno  cum 
strepitu  egressi,  having  gone  out  with  great  uproar;  B.  G.  II.  11  ; 
aequo  animo  moriar,  /  shall  die  with  a  calm  mind;  Cat.  IV.  2. 

140.  Ablative  of  attendant  circumstance,  expressing  the  situa- 
tion or  circumstance  of  an  action.  The  preposition,  if  used,  is 
cum :  hisce  ominibus,  with  these  omens;  cum  summa  salute,  to 
(with)  the  highest  welfare;  Cat.  I.  13. 

141.  Ablative  of  means  or  instrument,  without  a  preposition: 
nox  tenebris  obscurare  non  potest,  7iight  with  its  darkness  cannot 
conceal;  Cat.  I.  3. 

142.  Ablative  of  cause  or  reason,  generally  without  a  preposition : 
confessionibus  suis,  because  of  his  own  confessions ;  Cat.  III.  6. 

143.  Ablative  of  description,  denoting  quality  or  characteristic. 
This  ablative  is  always  modified  by  an  adjective  or  genitive: 
litterae  eadem  ratione,  letters  of  the  same  character.  Cat.  III.  5. 

144.  Ablative  of  specification,  denoting  that  in  respect  to 
which  anything  is  or  is  done :  impudentia,  qua  superabat  omnes, 
his  impudence,  in  which  he  surpassed  all  men;  Cat.  III.  5. 

145.  Ablative  of  degree  of  difference,  used  {a)  with  compara- 
tives and  words  implying  comparison  ;  (&)  vnth.  absum,  con- 
sido,  etc.,  to  denote  the  interval  of  space :  multo  carior,  much 
dearer;  Cat.  I.  11. 

146.  Ablative  of  the  route  taken,  denoting  the  way  or  route 
by  which,  without  a  preposition :  Aurelia  via  profectus  est,  he 
has  gone  by  the  Aurelian  road;  Cat.  II.  4. 

147.  The  ablative  is  used  with  utor,  fruor,  fungor,  potior, 
vescor,  and  their  compounds :  quo  usque  abutere  patientia 
nostra?  how  far  will  you  abuse  our  patience?    Cat.  I.  1. 


322  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

a.  Potior  may  take  the  genitive  (109). 

148.  The  ablative  is  used  with  opus  est  and  usus  est,  there  is 
need :  si  opus  facto  esset,  if  there  should  be  need  of  action;  B.G.  I.  42. 

149.  The  ablative  of  plenty  or  want,  used  with  some  adjectives 
and  verbs  :  ^  carere  aspectu,  to  be  without  the  sight;  Cat.  I.  7. 

150.  The  ablative  is  used  with  dignus,  indignus,  contentus, 
and  fretus  :  dignum  custodia,  deserving  of  custody;  Cat.  I.  8. 
mea  prudentia  fretus,  relying  on  my  own  wisdom;  Cat.  II.  13. 

151.  Ablative  absolute.  —  An  ablative  absolute  is  a  phrase 
consisting  of  a  noun  or  pronoun  in  the  ablative,  and  a  participle, 
an  adjective,  or  another  noun  in  agreement  with  it. 

a.  An  ablative  absolute  may  express  time,  cause,  condition, 
concession,  manner,  means,  situation.  It  may  be  best  rendered 
by  a  clause  beginning  with  when,  because,  if,  although,  etc. 
vivis  nobis,  while  we  are  alive;  Cat.  II.  7.  hoc  interfecto,  if 
this  man  were  put  to  death;  Cat.  I.  12.  recitatis  litteris,  by  the 
reading  of  the  letters ;  Cat.  III.  5. 

6.  The  phrase  is  often  to  be  translated  by  an  active  participle 
with  the  noun  as  object,  when  the  agent  is  the  same  as  the  subject 
of  the  main  verb  :  eo  opera  perfect©  praesidia  disponit,  having 
completed  this  work,  he  stationed  guards;  B.G.  I.  8. 

152.  Ablative  denoting  time  when  or  within  which,  without  a 
preposition :  quid  proxima  nocte  egeris,  what  you  did  last  night; 
Cat.  I.  1. 

153.  Ablative  of  place  where  ("  locative  ablative  "),  with  in  or 
sub  :  in  Italia,  iii  Italy;  Cat.  I.  2. 

a.  The  preposition  may  be  omitted  with  such  words  as  loco, 
parte,  parietibus,  and  with  any  noun  modified  by  totus,  medius, 
ciinctus,  and  the  like  :  tota  Italia,  in  all  Italy;  Cat.  II.  4. 

b.  Plural  names  of  towns  express  place  where  by  the  ablative 
without  a  preposition:   Athenis,  at  Athens. 

Locative  Case 

154.  The  locative  case,  denoting  place  where,  is  used  instead 
of  the  ablative  in  the  singular  of  names  of  towns  and  small 
islands  of  the  first,  second,  and  sometimes  the  third  declension ; 
also  in  domi,  at  home;  militiae,  in  military  service;  ruri,  in  the 
country.  The  ending  of  the  locative  is  -ae  in  the  first  declension, 
-i  in  the  second  and  third :  qui  Romae  remanent,  who  stay  in 
Rome;   Cat.  II.  8. 

1  conf ertus,  inanis,  opimus,  ref ertus ;    abundo,  careo,  compleo,  egeo. 


ADJECTIVES,  PRONOUNS  323 

ADJECTIVES 

155.  An  adjective  is  attributive  when  it  describes  a  noun  di- 
rectly ;  predicate,  when  it  forms  part  of  the  predicate  with  sum, 
or  with  a  passive  verb  like  be  named,  be  called,  be  chosen  (95). 

156.  Agreement.  —  An  adjective  or  participle  (220),  whether 
attributive  or  predicate,  agrees  with  its  noun  in  gender,  number, 
and  case :  fortes  viri,  brave  men;  res  publica  (commonwealth), 
the  state. 

a.  With  two  or  more  nouns  connected  by  et,  -que,  or  atque, 
the  adjective  or  participle  is  usually  plural,  but  it  may  be  singu- 
lar if  the  nearest  noun  is  singular :  signum  et  manum  suam,  his 
seal  and  hand;  Cat.  III.  5. 

b.  With  two  or  more  nouns  of  different  genders  an  attributive 
adjective  takes  the  gender  of  the  nearest ;  a  predicate  adjective 
or  participle  is  generally  masculine  if  one  or  more  of  the  nouns 
denote  living  things,  neuter  if  they  denote  things  without  life : 
vitam,  bona,  fortunas,  coniuges,  liberosque  vestros,  your  lives, 
property,  etc.  ;   Cat.  III.  1. 

Uses  of  Adjectives 

157.  An  adjective  may  be  used  as  a  noun,  chiefly  in  the  plural : 
boni,  good  citizens;  omnia,  all  things. 

158.  An  adjective  may  be  used  with  the  force  of  an  adverb : 
inviti,  unwillingly;  frequens,  in  great  numbers. 

159.  Some  adjectives  may  denote  a  part  of  an  object,  as  extre- 
mus,  the  end  of,  infimus,  the  bottom  of,  summus  the  top  of:  extrema 
pueritia,  at  the  end  (close)  of  his  boyhood;  P.  10. 

160.  A  superlative  adjective  or  adverb  may  be  best  translated 
by  very;  a  comparative,  by  too,  rather,  unusually  :  serius,  too  late; 
superbius,  somewhat  arrogantly. 

a.  A  superlative  with  quam  or  quam  possum  is  translated  as 

,  .  .  as  possible :    quam  maximis  potest  itineribus,  by  as  long 

marches  as  possible. 

PRONOUNS 

161.  When  pronouns  are  used  as  nouns,  the  rules  for  the  cases 
of  nouns  apply  ;  when  used  as  adjectives,  they  follow  the  rules 
for  the  agreement  of  adjectives  (156). 

162.  Personal  Pronouns.  —  There  is  no  special  pronoun  of  the 
third  person,  but  a  demonstrative  pronoun  may  be  so  used : 
SI  eos  placare  non  posses,  if  you  could  not  pacify  them;  Cat.  I.  7. 


324  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

a.  Tke  nominatives  ego,  tu,  nos,  vos,  are  used  for  emphasis: 
pestem,  quam  tu  machinaris,  the  ruin  which  you  plot;  Cat.  I.  1 ; 
nos  consules  desumus,  we,  the  consuls,  are  at  fault;  Cat.  I.  1. 

6.  The  genitives  nostri,  vestri,  are  objective  (99)  ;  nostrum 
and  vestrum,  as  a  rule,  are  genitives  of  the  whole  (103) :  quern 
nostrum,  ivhat  man  of  us?  Cat.  I.  1.  ducem  memorem  vestri,  a 
leader  mindful  of  you;  Cat.  IV.  9. 

c.  The  plural  of  the  pronoun  of  the  first  person  is  sometimes 
used  for  the  singular  :  vides  nos  multa  conari,  you  see  that  I  (we) 
attempt  majiy  things;  Orator,  30. 

163.  Reflexive  Pronouns.  —  The  reflexive  se  and  the  posses- 
sive suus  may  refer  to  the  subject  of  the  clause  in  which  they 
stand  (direct  reflexive) :  se  suaque  dediderunt,  they  surrendered 
themselves  and  their  property;  B.  G.  II.  15. 

a.  Se  or  suus  in  a  subordinate  clause  may  refer  to  the  sub- 
ject of  the  verb  upon  which  the  clause  depends,  if  the  clause 
expresses  the  thought  of  that  subject  (indirect  reflexive) :  his 
mandavit  ut  ad  se  referrent,  he  ordered  them  to  report  to  him; 
B.  G.  I.  47. 

6.  Se  or  suus  may  refer  to  a  person  mentioned  in  the  sentence, 
not  the  subject :  desinant  insidiari  domi  suae  consuli,  let  them 
cease  to  plot  against  the  consul  in  his  own  house;  Cat.  I.  13. 

c.  The  personal  pronouns  of  the  first  and  second  persons  may  be 
used  in  a  refiexive  sense,  that  is,  they  may  denote  the  same  person 
as  the  subject :  me  condemn©,  I  find  myself  guilty ;  Cat.  I.  2. 

164.  Possessive  Pronouns.  —  Possessive  pronouns  agree  in 
gender,  number,  and  case,  with  the  word  with  which  they  are 
used,  not  with  the  word  denoting  the  possessor  :  quis  te  ex  tot  tuis 
amicis  salutavit?  who  of  so  many  friends  of  yours  saluted  youf 
Cat.  I.  7. 

a.  The  possessive  pronoun  suus  is  used  reflexively,  that  is,  it 
refers  to  the  subject  of  the  sentence  (163).  When  some  other 
person  or  thing  is  meant,  his,  her,  its,  or  their  is  expressed  by 
the  genitive  of  a  demonstrative,  eius,  eorum,  etc. :  eius  socios, 
his  allies;  Cat.  II.  2.  illorum  responsis,  according  to  their 
answers;  Cat.  III.  8. 

b.  A  possessive  pronoun  may  be  used  in  place  of  the  genitive 
of  a  personal  pronoun  :  nostra  (=  nostri)  caede,  with  the  slaughter 
of  us;  Cat.  I.  3. 

165.  Demonstrative  Pronouns.  —  Demonstrative  pronouns, 
when  not  used  as  adjectives,  take  the  gender  and  number  of  the 


PRONOUNS  325 

noun  to  which  they  refer:    quis  eum  senator  appellavit?    what 
senator  called  him  by  name?  Cat.  II,  6. 

a.  Hie,  this,  refers  to  what  is  near  the  speaker  in  place,  time,  or 
thought ;  iste,  that  (of  yours),  to  something  near  the  person 
spoken  to  ;  ille  {that)  to  what  is  remote  :  hie  tamen  vivit,  yet  this 
man  lives;  Cat.  I.  1.  ista  subsellia,  the  benches  near  you;  Cat.  I. 
7  ;  aquilam  illam  argenteam,  that  silver  eagle;  Cat.  I.  9. 

b.  Hie  .  .  .  ille  may  mean  the  latter  .  .  .  the  former:  hie  cum 
auxilium  ferret,  ilium  eripuit,  when  the  latter  brought  help,  he 
rescued  him  (the  former)  ;  B.  G.  IV.  12. 

c.  Iste  may  be  used  to  express  contempt,  especially  when 
addressing  opponents  :  istius  furorem,  the  frenzy  of  that  scoundrel; 
Cat.  I.  1. 

d.  Ille  may  mean  that  famous:  M.  Catonem,  ilium  senem, 
Marcus  Cato,  that  (famous)  old  man;  Ar.  7. 

e.  Is,  this,  that,  is  frequently  used  as  the  antecedent  of  qui,  or  in 
agreement  with  the  antecedent :  is  qui  banc  urbem  servavit,  he 
who  saved  this  city;  Cat.  III.  1. 

166.  Intensive  Pronoun.  —  The  pronoun  ipse  emphasizes  the 
word  to  which  it  refers :  Catilina  ipse  profugit,  Catiline  himself 
has  fled;  Cat.  II.  3  ;  erat  seriptum  ipsius  manu,  it  had  been  written 
in  his  own  hand;  Cat.  III.  5. 

a.  Ipse  may  mean  very,  exactly,  of  one''s  own  accord;  Catilinam 
ipsum  egredientem,  Catiline  departing  of  his  own  accord;  Cat.  II.  1. 

b.  Ipse  may  be  used  as  a  reflexive  pronoun :  si  quid  ipsi 
(=  sibi)  opus  esset :  if  he  needed  anything  (lit.  if  any  need  was  to 
himself)  ;  B.G.I.  34. 

167.  RelaJve  Pronoun.  —  The  relative  pronoun  agrees  with 
its  antecedent  in  gender,  number,  and  person  ;  its  case  depends 
upon  the  structure  of  the  clause  in  which  it  stands :  me  quid 
pudeat,  qui  vivo  ?  why  should  I  be  ashamed  who  live  ?  Ar.  6. 

a.  With  two  or  more  antecedents  a  relative  pronoun  may 
agree  with  the  nearest  or  follow  the  rule  for  a  predicate  adjective 
(156)  :  otium  atque  divitiae,  quae  prima  mortales  putant, 
leisure  and  wealth  which  men  consider  of  the  first  importance; 
Sail.  Cat.  36. 

6.  The  relative  may  not  agree  "^dth  its  antecedent,  but  with 
an  appositive  or  predicate  noun  in  its  own  clause :   gladiatores, 
quam  maniun  certissimam  fore  putavit,  the  gladiators,  a  band  which 
he  thought  would  be  most  faithful ;  Cat.  II.  12. 

c.  The  antecedent  may  stand  in  the  relative  clause :  ut,  quam 


326  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

urbem  pulcherrimam  esse  voluerunt,  banc  defendant,  that  the^ 
may  defend  this  city,  which  they  wished  to  be  the  fairest;  Cat.  II.  13. 

d.  The  antecedent  may  be  repeated,  standing  in  both  clauses : 
quae  religio  .  .  .  ea  religione  ;   Cat.  III.  6. 

e.  The  antecedent  may  be  omitted,  especially  if  it  is  indefinite  : 
sunt  qui  dicant,  there  are  those  who  say;  Cat.  II.  6. 

/.  The  relative  pronoun  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  or 
clause  may  be  equivalent  to  a  demonstrative  or  a  personal  pro- 
noun, with  or  without  a  preceding  conjunction  (et,  nam,  sed) : 
qui  cum  respondissent,  and  when  they  had  replied;  Cat.  III.  5. 

168.  Interrogative  Pronouns.  —  The  masculine  singular  of  the 
interrogative  pronoun,  as  a  rule,  is  quis,  who,  and  of  the  corre- 
sponding adjective  is  qui,  what?  of  what  sort?  But  qui  may  be 
used  as  a  pronoun  and  quis  as  an  adjective:  quis  te  salutavit? 
who  greeted  you?  Cat.  I.  7;  quis  eum  senator  appellavit?  what 
senator  addressed  himf-  Cat.  II.  6. 

169.  Indefinite  Pronouns.  —  There  are  eight  indefinite  pro- 
nouns, as  given  with  their  meanings  in  27.  Quis,  any  one,  is 
used  chiefly  after  si,  nisi,  ne,  num  ;  quisquam,  any  one  at  all,  is 
used  chiefly  in  negative  sentences,  and  in  questions  implying  a 
negative :  si  quid  his  accidat,  if  anything  should  happen  to  them; 
B.  G.  III.  22.  neque  quisquam  est  tarn  aversus  a  Musis,  nor  is 
any  one  so  hostile  to  the  Muses;  Ar.  9. 

a.  Nescio  quis  (lit.  I  don't  know  who)  is  used  with  the  force  of 
aliquis,  some  {one)  or  other,  and  in  this  sense  does  not  require  the 
subjunctive :   nescio  quo  pacto,  in  some  way  or  other;   Cat.  I.  13. 

h.  With  superlatives  quisque  denotes  a  class  :  optimus  quisque, 
all  the  best  men  (lit.  each  best  man). 

170.  Alius  and  alter.  Alius  and  alter  may  be  adjectives  or 
pronouns. 

a.  Alter  .  .  .  alter  mean  the  one  .  .  .  the  other,  alius  .  .  . 
alius,  one  .  .  .  another,  alii  .  .  .  alii,  some  .  .  .  others:  harum 
altera  occisa,  altera  capta  est,  one  of  these  was  killed,  the  other 
taken  prisoner;  B.  G.  I.  53. 

b.  Two  different  cases  of  alius  may  be  used  in  the  same  clauses 
with  the  meaning  one  (some)  .  .  .  one,  another  (others)  .  .  . 
another:  aliud  alii  natura  iter  ostendit,  nature  points  out  one  road 
to  one  man  J  another  to  another;  Sail.  Cat.  2. 


VERBS  327 

VERBS 

171.  Agreement.  —  A  finite  verb  agrees  with  its  subject  in 
number  and  person  :  haec  consul  videt,  the  consul  sees  these  things; 

Cat.  I.  1. 

a.  If  there  are  two  or  more  subjects,  connected  by  et,  -que,  or 
atque,  the  verb  may  agree  with  the  nearest  or  be  plural :  Asia 
atque  Mithridates  nos  docuit,  Asia  and   Mithridates  taught  us; 

P.  7, 

h.  If  singular  subjects  are  connected  by  words  meaning  either^ 
neither,  the  verb  is  usually  singular :  neque  agri  cultura  nee  ratio 
atque  usus  belli  intermittitur,  neither  the  cultivation  of  the  land 
nor  the  theory  and  practice  of  war  is  interrupted;  B.  G.  IV.  1. 

c.  If  two  singular  subjects  form  one  idea,  the  verb  is  singular : 
Matrona  et  Sequana  dividit,  the  Marne  and  Seine  separate; 
B.  G.  I.  1. 

d.  A  collective  noun  generally  takes  a  singular  verb,  but  may 
take  a  plural :  cum  tanta  multitud5  tela  conicerent,  when  so  great  a 
crowd  threw  spears;  B.  G.  II.  6. 

e.  If  two  or  more  subjects  are  of  different  persons,  the  first 
person  is  preferred  to  the  other  two,  and  the  second  to  the  third : 
SI  tu  et  Tullia  valetis,  ego  et  Cicero  valemus,  if  you  and  Tullia 
are  well,  Cicero  and  I  are  well;  Cic.  Epist. 

172.  Impersonal  Verbs.  —  Some  verbs  are  used  only  in  the 
indicative  and  subjunctive,  third  person  singular,  and  in  the 
infinitive,  without  a  personal  subject.     To  this  class  belong ;  — 

a.  Verbs  meaning  it  happens,  it  is  permitted,  it  is  necessary,  etc. 
Such  verbs  take  a  phrase  or  a  clause  as  the  subject :  quae  licet 
recognoscas,  and  these  things  you  may  recall  (lit.  it  is  permitted 
that  you  recall)  ;   Cat.  I.  3. 

h.  The  passive  of  some  intransitive  verbs,  including  verbs 
which  in  the  active  are  construed  with  the  dative  (112,  Note  2) ; 
quocumque  ventum  sit,  wherever  they  came  (lit.  it  was  come)  ;  P.  13. 

c.  Verbs  of  feeling  :  me  paenitebit,  /  shall  repent  Qit.  it  will  *e- 
pent  me)  ;  Cat.  IV.  10. 

d.  A  neuter  gerundive  may  be  used  impersonally  in  the  pas- 
sive periphrastic  conjugation  :  erit  verendum  mihi,  /  shall  have  to 
fear;  Cat.  I.  2. 

Tenses  of  the  Indicative 

173.  Present  Indicative.  —  The  present  indicative  represents 
action  as  taking  place  at  the  time  of  speaking  or  writing  :  uxbis 


328  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

tecta  defendunt,  they  are  defending  the  houses  of  the  city;  Cat.  II. 
13. 

a.  The  present  is  often  used  instead  of  a  past  tense  to  de- 
scribe an  action  more  vividly.  It  is  then  called  the  historical 
present :  litteras  proferri  iubet,  he  orders  the  letter  to  be  produced; 
Cat.  III.  5. 

6.  The  historical  present  may  be  used  with  dum,  while  (195,  d). 

c.  With  diu,  iam,  iam  diu,  iam  dudum,  the  present  is  used  of  au 
action  beginning  in  the  past  and  continuing  in  the  present :  ni- 
mium  diu  te  castra  desiderant,  the  camp  has  too  long  been  missing 
you;  Cat.  I.  5. 

174.  Imperfect  Indicative.  —  The  imperfect  indicative  repre- 
sents action  as  going  on  in  past  time :  putabam,  /  was  thinking; 
Cat.  III.  2. 

a.  The  imperfect  may  be  used  in  descriptions,  erant  duo 
itinera,  there  were  two  ways;  B.  G.  I.  6. 

b.  The  imperfect  may  represent  an  action  as  customary  or 
attempted  :  classem  hostium  videbatis,  you  used  to  see  the  enemy's 
fleet ;  P.  12.  quod  faciebas,  which  you  were  preparing  to  do; 
Cat.  I.  5. 

c.  The  imperfect  with  iam,  iam  diu,  iam  dudum,  iam  pridem,  is 
used  instead  of  a  progressive  perfect  or  pluperfect :  iam  pridem 
rapiebat,  has  long  been  hurrying;  Cat.  I.  10. 

175.  Future  Indicative.  —  The  future  indicative  represents 
action  as  taking  place  in  time  to  come :  me  metu  liberabis,  you 
will  free  me  from  fear;  Cat.  I.  5. 

176.  Perfect  Indicative.  —  The  perfect  indicative  has  two  uses  : 

a.  The  present  perfect  (translated  by  have),  representing  an  ac- 
tion  as  completed  in  the  present  time  :  audivi,  I  have  heard. 

b.  The  historical  perfect  (English  past),  representing  the  action 
as  an  historical  fact.  This  is  the  tense  of  narration,  as  the 
imperfect  is  the  tense  of  description :  ad  praetorem  venisti,  you 
went  to  the  praetor;  Cat.  I.  8. 

177.  Pluperfect  Indicative.  —  The  pluperfect  indicative  repre- 
sents action  as  completed  before  some  other  past  action :  qui 
convenerant,  ivho  had  assembled;  Cat.  III.  3^ 

178.  Future  Perfect.  —  The  future  perfect  represents  action 
which  is  to  be  completed  before  some  other  future  action :  si 
te  interfici  iussero,  residebit  coniuratorum  manus,  if  I  order 
(shall  have  ordered)  you  to  be  killed,  there  will  remain  a  band  of 
conspirators;  Cat.  I.  5. 


VERBS  329 

179.  In  some  verbs  a  perfect,  pluperfect,  or  future  perfect 
have  the  force  of  a  present,  past,  or  future  :  memini,  /  remember; 
memineram,  /  remembered. 

180.  Epistolary  Tenses.  —  In  letters  a  writer  often  takes  the 
position  of  the  receiver  and  uses  the  imperfect  or  historical  perfect 
for  a  present,  and  a  pluperfect  for  a  present  perfect :  haec  ego 
scribebam,  /  am  writing  this  (lit.  was  writing). 

181.  Primary  and  Secondary  Tenses.  —  The  present,  future, 
and  future  perfect  indicative,  and  the  present  and  perfect  sub- 
junctive are  primary  tenses.  The  imperfect,  perfect,  and  plu- 
perfect indicative,  and  the  imperfect  and  pluperfect  subjunctive 
are  secondary  tenses. 

Tenses  of  the  Subjunctive 

182.  The  four  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  may  denote  the  same 
time  as  the  corresponding  tenses  of  the  indicative,  or  each  tense 
may  have  a  future  force. 

a.  In  subordinate  clauses  future  time  may  be  expressed  by  the 
present  subjunctive  after  a  primary  tense  ;  by  the  imperfect  after 
a  secondary  tense :  venit  ut  videat,  he  comes  that  he  may  see; 
venit  ut  videret,  he  came  that  he  might  see. 

b.  In  subordinate  clauses  future  perfect  time  may  be  expressed 
by  the  perfect  subjunctive  after  a  primary  tense  ;  by  the  plu- 
perfect after  a  secondary  tense  :  he  says  that  if  he  goes  (shall  have 
gone,  dicit  si  ierit ;  he  said  that  if  he  should  go  (should  have  gone)j 
dixit  si  isset. 

c.  In  both  clauses  of  conditional  sentences  the  present  sub- 
junctive may  denote  future  time,  and  the  imperfect  may  denote 
present  time  (198). 

183.  Sequence  of  Tenses.  —  In  subordinate  clauses  the  tense 
of  the  subjunctive  depends  on  the  foUomng  general  rule :  The 
present  (or  perfect)  subjunctive  is  used  after  a  primary  tense  ; 
the  imperfect  (or  pluperfect)  subjunctive  is  used  after  a  second- 
ary :  venit  ut  videat,  he  comes  to  see;  rogabo  quid  feceris,  /  shall 
ask  what  you  did;  venit  ut  videret,  he  came  to  see. 

a.  The  historical  present  may  be  regarded  as  either  primary  or 
secondary,  and  hence  may  take  either  sequence. 

6.  The  present  perfect,  though  properly  a  primary  tense,  often 
takes  the  secondary  sequence :  mihi  ut  satis  esset  praesidi 
provisum  est,  /  have  arranged  that  there  should  be  ample  protection; 
Cat.  II.  12. 


330  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

Uses  of  the  Indicative 

184.  In  principal  clauses  the  indicative  is  used  to  express  direct 
statements  of  fact  and  questions  of  fact.  The  negative  is  non : 
decrevit  quondam  senatus,  the  Senate  once  decreed;  Cat.  I.  2. 
meministine  me  dicere,  do  you  remember  that  I  said?  Cat.  I.  3. 

185.  The  indicative  is  used  in  the  following  subordinate  clauses : 
a.  Noun  clauses  with  quod,  that:    quid  quod  te  in  custodiam 

dedisti?   what  of  the  fact  that  you  gave  yourself  into  custody?   Cat. 
I.  8. 

6.  Parenthetical  clauses  with  ut,  as:  ut  saepe  dixi,  as  I  have 
often  said;  Cat.  I.  9. 

c.  Clauses  of  comparison  with  ut  .  .  .  sic,  as  .  .  .  so:  ut 
saepe  homines  ...  sic  hie  morbus  .  .  .  ;  Cat.  I.  13. 

d.  Certain  types  of  relative  (191),  temporal  (195),  causal  (196), 
concessive  (197),  conditional  (198)  clauses. 

The  Subjunctive  in  Principal  Clauses 

186.  The  subjunctive  expresses  action  as  willed,  desired,  or 
possible.     Accordingly  we  distinguish  :  — 

a.  The  subjunctive  of  will,  or  volitive  subjunctive. 

h.  The  subjunctive  of  desire,  or  optative  subjunctive. 

c.   The  subjunctive  of  possibility,  or  potential  subjunctive. 

187.  In  principal  clauses  the  volitive  subjunctive  may  express  : 

a.  An  exhortation,  in  the  first  person  plural  of  the  present  tense 
(negative,  ne)  :  optemus,  let  us  wish;  Cat.  II.  7. 

b.  A  command,  in  the  third  person  of  the  present  tense  (nega- 
tive, ne) :  secedant  improbi,  let  the  ill-disposed  begone;  Cat.  I.  13. 
ne  patiantur,  let  them  7iot  allow;  Cat.  II.  4. 

188.  In  principal  clauses  the  subjunctive  of  wish  or  desire 
(optative  subjunctive)  takes  the  present  tense  to  imply  that  the 
desire  may  be  realized  ;  the  imperfect  to  imply  that  the  desire  is 
not  now  realized  ;  the  pluperfect  to  imply  that  the  desire  was  not 
realized.  Utinam  may  be  used  with  the  present,  and  generally  is 
used  with  the  other  tenses.  The  negative  regularly  is  ne  :  utinam 
di  immortales  duint,  O  that  the  gods  may  give;  Cat.  I.  9  ;  utinam 
suas  copias  eduxisset,  0  that  he  had  taken  his  forces  ;   Cat.  II.  2. 

189.  In  principal  clauses  the  subjunctive  may  express  action 
as  possible  or  conditional  (potential  subjunctive),  and  is  trans- 
lated by  may,  might,  can,  could,  should,  would.  The  negative  is 
non  :   dicat  aliquis,  some  one  may  say. 


VERBS  331 

The  Subjunctive  in  Subordinate  Clauses 

190.  The  subjunctive  is  used  in  the  following  subordinate 
clauses :  — 

a.  Purpose  clauses  (193). 

b.  Result  clauses  (194). 

c.  Clauses  of  proviso  (199). 

d.  Indirect  questions  (202). 

e.  Certain  types  of:  relative  clauses  (192),  temporal  clauses 
(195),  causal  clauses  (196),  concessive  clauses  (197),  conditional 
clauses  (198),  noun  clauses  (203),  direct  questions  (201). 

Relative  Clauses 

191.  The  indicative  is  used  in  the  following  relative  clauses  :  — 
n.  Clauses  that  state  what  person  or  thing  the  antecedent  is 

(determinative  clauses)  :  hos,  qui  exercitum  deseruerunt,  those 
men  who  have  deserted  the  army;  Cat.  II.  3. 

Note.  —  Determinative  clauses  are  used  as  pronouns,  and  must 
be  distinguished  from  descriptive  clauses  which  are  used  as 
adjectives  (192). 

6.  Clauses  that  state  a  fact  parenthetically,  or  that  add  a  fact 
not  necessary  to  the  main  statement  (parenthetical  clauses) : 
Santonum  fines,  qui  non  longe  a  Tolosatium  finibus  absunt,  the 
country  of  the  Santones,  which  is  not  far  from  the  country  of  the 
Tolosates;  B.  G.  I.  10. 

192.  Relative  clauses  that  state  what  kind  of  person  or  thing 
the  antecedent  is,  are  called  descriptive  or  characteristic  clauses. 
The  subjunctive  is  used  in  descriptive  clauses,  if  they  are  essen- 
tial to  the  completeness  of  the  sentence  ;  otherwise,  the  indicative 
is  used  (191,  6).  The  preceding  independent  clause  often  con- 
tains a  statement  of  existence  like  est  qui,  sunt  qui:  sunt  qui 
dicant,  there  are  some  who  say;  Cat.  II.  6  ;  quam  diu  quisquam 
erit,  qui  te  defendere  audeat,  as  long  as  there  will  he  a  man  who 
dares  to  defend  you;  Cat.  I.  2. 

a.  The  subjunctive  is  used  in  relative  clauses  to  denote  pur- 
pose or  result  (193,  194)  :  ut  praesto  esset  ille,  qui  fugientes 
exciperet,  that  he  might  be  on  hand  to  cut  off  the  fugitives ;  Cat.  III. 
4  ;  nemo  tam  improbus,  qui  non  fateatur,  no  one  so  depraved  as 
not  to  admit;  Cat.  I.  2. 

6.  The  subjunctive  is  used  in  relative  clauses  to  denote  cause, 
concession,  or  condition:    qui     (=  cum  ego)   magno    in   periculo 


332  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

essem,  since  I  was  in  great  peril;  Cat.  I.  8  ;  Cethegus,  qui  (=  cum 
is)  respondisset,  Cethegus  who  (although  he)  had  replied;  Cat. 
III.  5  ;  mihi  ferreus,  qui  (=  si  is)  non  suum  dolorem  lenierit,  to 
me  (he  would  seem)  hard-hearted,  who  {if  he)  did  not  soothe  his 
grief;   Cat.  IV.  6. 

c.  The  subjunctive  is  used  in  relative  clauses  to  denote  ohli- 
gation,  after  dignus,  indignus,  idoneus:  dignos,  quorum  salutem 
commendetis,  worthy  to  have  you  entrust  their  safety  (lit.  whose 
safety  you  should  entrust)  ;  P.  5. 

Purpose  Clauses 

193.  The  subjunctive  with  ut,  ne,  or  a  relative  may  express 
purpose:  ut  timere  desinam,  that  I  may  cease  to  fear;  Cat.  I.  7  ; 
ac  ne  longum  sit,  and  not  to  be  tedious;  Cat.  III.  5  ;  praetorem 
misi,  qui  efiferret,  /  sent  a  praetor  to  bring;  Cat.  III.  3. 

a.  In  clauses  containing  a  comparative,  quo  ( =  ut  eo)  is  used 
instead  of  ut  to  express  purpose :  quo  facilius  prohibere  possit, 
that  he  may  be  able  to  prevent  more  easily;  B.  G.  I.  8. 

6.  Purpose  may  be  expressed  also  by  a  gerund  (227),  a  gerun- 
dive (226),  or  by  a  supine  (229). 

Result  Clauses 

194.  The  subjunctive  with  ut,  ut  non,  or  a  relative  may  express 
result:  mons  impendebat,  ut  prohibere  possent,  a  mountain  was 
overhanging,  so  that  they  could  prevent;  B.  G.  I.  6. 

a.  There  is  often  in  the  principal  clause  a  correlative  word 

meaning  so,  such,  so  great,  as  ita,  sic,  tam,  talis,  tantus,  is,  iste : 

tam  improbus,  qui  non  fateatur,  so  depraved  that  he  does  not  admit; 

Cat.  I.  2. 

Temporal  Clauses 

195.  In  temporal  clauses  :  — 

a.  Ubi,  ut  (when),  postquam,  posteaquam,  cum  primum, 
simul  atque,  take  the  indicative,  usually  the  perfect,  sometimes 
the  historical  present :  ubi  se  paratos  esse  arbitrati  sunt,  oppida 
sua  incendunt,  when  they  thought  they  were  ready,  they  burned 
their  towns;  B.  G.  I.  5. 

b.  Cum  (when)  takes  the  indicative  to  define  the  time  of  the 
action  of  the  main  verb  ;  the  imperfect  or  pluperfect  subjunctive 
to  describe  the  circumstances  of  the  main  action :  tum,  cum  ex 
urbe  eiciebam,  at  the  time  when  I  drove  him  from  the  city;    Cat. 


VERBS  333 

III.  2 ;  cum  haesitaret,   quaeslvi,   when  he    hesitated,   I   asked; 
Cat.  II.  6. 

Note.  —  Cum  may  denote  cause  or  concession  in  connection 
with  time. 

c.  Cum,  whenever,  introducing  repeated  action,  generally  takes 
the  indicative,  but  may  take  the  subjunctive :  cum  aliquid 
mandarat,  whenever  he  had  given  a  commission ;  Cat.  III.  7. 

d.  Dum,  meaning  while,  generally  takes  the  indicative  histori- 
cal present  (173,  b) :  dum  moratur,  while  he  delayed  (lit.  delays)  ; 
B.  G.  I.  39. 

e.  Dum,  quoad,  or  quam  diu,  meaning  as  long  as,  take  the 
indicative :  quam  diu  quisquam  erit,  as  long  as  there  shall  he  any 
one;   Cat.  I.  2. 

/.  Dum,  donee,  or  quoad,  meaning  until,  take  the  indicative 
of  an  actual  event,  but  the  subjunctive  of  an  expected  event : 
quoad  potuit,  restitit,  he  resisted  as  long  as  he  could;  B.  G.  IV.  12  ; 
dum  naves  eo  convenirent  exspectavit,  he  waited  until  the  ships 
should  arrive;  B.  G.  IV.  23. 

g.  Antequam  and  priusquam  take  the  indicative  to  denote  an 
actual  event,  but  the  subjunctive  to  denote  an  expected  event : 
priusquam  pervenerunt,  before  they  arrived;  B.  G.  I.  53.  prius- 
quam   quicquam    conaretur,    before   he   should   attempt   anything; 

B.  G.  I.  19. 

Causal  Clauses 

196.  In  causal  clauses  :  — 

a.  Quod,  quia,  quoniam,  and  quando  take  the  indicative  when  the 
speaker  or  writer  gives  his  own  reason,  but  the  subjunctive  when 
he  gives  another's  reason,  or  a  reason  not  surely  known  by  him- 
self :  quod  stantem  urbem  reliquit,  quanto  ilium  maerore  esse 
adflictum  putatis,  because  he  left  the  city  standing,  with  what 
sorrow  do  you  think  he  has  been  filled?  Cat.  II.  1  ;  urbs  mihi 
laetari  videtur,  quod  tantam  pestem  proiecerit,  the  city  seems  to 
me  to  rejoice,  because  {as  she  says)  she  has  cast  out  so  great  an  evil; 
Cat.  II.  1. 

6.  Cum,  meaning  since  or  because,  and  qui  (=  cum  is)  take  the 
subjunctive  :  quae  cum  ita  sint,  since  these  things  are  so;  Cat.  I.  5. 

Concessive  Clauses 

197.  Concessive  clauses  grant  or  concede  something.  They 
%re  formed  as  f oUows :  — 


334  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

a.  Quamquam,  although,  takes  the  indicative :  quamquam 
sunt  hostes,  although  they  are  enemies;  Cat.  II.  12. 

h.  Etsi,  etiamsi,  tametsi,  even  if,  although,  generally  take  the 
indicative,  but  may  take  the  subjunctive  like  conditional  si 
(198) :  etsi  prope  exacta  aestas  erat,  although  summer  was  almost 
over;  B.  G.  III.  28. 

c.  Cum,  quamvis,  and  qui  (=  cum  is),  although,  take  the  sub- 
junctive :  cum  id  posset  infitiari,  although  he  could  have  denied  it; 
Cat.  III.  11  ;  Cethegus,  qui  respondisset,  Cethegus,  who  (aZ- 
though  he)  had  replied;  Cat.  III.  10. 


Conditional  Sentences 

198.  Conditional  sentences  are  complex  sentences,  one  clause 
of  which  expresses  a  condition,  the  other  a  conclusion.  The  con- 
nective may  be  si,  sin,  nisi,  or  a  relative.  The  negative  is  non. 
The  condition  may  be  of  the  following  kinds  :  — 

a.  Present  condition  :  — 

1.  Stated  as  a  fact ;  present  indicative  :  si  vincit,  bene  est,  if 
he  is  conquering,  it  is  well. 

2.  Contrary  to  fact ;  imperfect  subjunctive  :  si  vinceret,  bene 
esset,  if  he  were  conquering,  it  would  be  well. 

h.  Past  condition  :  — 

1.  Stated  as  a  fact ;  a  past  indicative :  si  vicit,  bene  fuit,  if  he 
conquered,  it  was  well. 

2.  Contrary  to  fact ;  pluperfect  subjunctive  :  si  vicisset,  bene 
fuisset,  if  he  had  conquered,  it  would  have  been  well. 

c.  Future  condition  :  — 

1.  More  probable  (shall,  will)  ;  future  or  future  perfect :  si 
vincet,  bene  erit,  if  he  conquers  (shall  conquer),  it  will  be  well. 

2.  Less  probable  (should,  would)  ;  present  or  perfect  subjunc- 
tive :  si  vincat,  bene  sit,  if  he  should  conquer,  it  would  be  well. 

Note  1.  —  The  verb  in  the  conclusion  may  differ  in  form  from 
the  verb  of  the  condition,  as,  for  example,  when  command,  wish, 
or  exhortation  is  to  be  expressed. 

Note  2.  —  In  the  conclusion  of  a  condition  contrary  to  fact,  the 
verb  may  be  in  the  indicative  (the  past  tenses) :  — 

a.  In  expressions  of  ability,  duty,  or  necessity. 

b.  With  either  of  the  periphrastic  conjugations :  (si  tabernae 
incensae  essent),  quid  futiirum  fuit?   what  would  have  happened? 


VERBS  335 

Cat.  rV.  8  ;  si  privatus  esset,  erat  deligendus,  if  he  were  a  private 
citizen,  he  would  deserve  to  he  chosen;  P.  17. 

Note  3.  —  For  conditional  sentences  in  indirect  discourse,  see 
218. 

Clauses  of  Proviso 

199.  The  subjunctive  is  used  with  modo,  dum,  dummodo,  i) 
only,  provided,  so  long  as,  to  express  a  proviso.  The  negative  is 
ne :  dum  modo  periculum  depellatur,  if  only  the  danger  he  re- 
moved; Cat.  II.  7. 

Subjunctive  by  Attraction 

200.  In  clauses  depending  on  a  subjunctive  or  on  an  infinitive, 
the  verb  may  be  put  in  the  subjunctive  **  by  attraction,"  as 
potuisset  in  the  following  :  cum  exercitus,  quibuscumque  ex  gen- 
tibus  potuisset,  comparasset ;  P.  4. 

Subjunctive  in  Questions 

201.  The  subjunctive  is  used  in  direct  questions  expressing 
deliberation  or  perplexity,  surprise  or  indignation,  possibility, 
obligation,  propriety.  The  negative  is  non :  quid  te  invitem? 
why  should  I  invite  you?  Cat.  I.  9  ;  quis  possit?  who  would  he 
able?  Cat.  II.  5  ;  tu  agris  ornatus  sis?  can  you  be  rich  in  lands? 
Cat.  II.  8. 

202.  The  subjunctive  is  used  in  indirect  questions  :  video  quis 
habeat  Etruriam,  /  see  who  holds  Etruria,  Cat.  II.  3. 

Noun  Clauses 

203.  A  clause  may  be  used  as  the  subject  or  object  of  a  verb^ 
or  in  some  other  case  relation.  It  is  then  called  a  noun  clause 
or  substantive  clause.  Noun  clauses  may  have  the  verb  in  the 
indicative,  subjunctive,  or  infinitive. 

204.  Indicative  Noun  Clauses.  —  A  noun  clause  beginning  mth 
the  conjunction  quod,  that,  takes  the  indicative :  res  quod  omnes 
se  dediderunt,  the  fact  that  all  surrendered;  P.  16. 

205.  Subjunctive  Noun  Clauses.  —  Noun  clauses  beginning 
with  ut,  ne,  quin,  quominus,  or  an  interrogative  word  take  the 
subjunctive,  as  follows : 

a.  Noun  clauses  with  ut  or  ne  are  used  after  verbs  meaning- 


336  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

advise,  command,^  determine,  decree;  induce,  permit,^  persuade^ 
request,  urge,  desire,  wish :  ^  decrevit  senatus  ut  consul  videret  ne 
quid  res  publica  detrimenti  caperet,  the  Senate  decreed  that  the 
consul  should  see  to  it  that  the  republic  suffered  no  harm;  Cat.  I.  2. 

Note.  —  After  verbs  meaning  advise,  command,  etc.,  the  sub- 
junctive may  be  used  without  ut.  The  subjunctive  may  then  be 
a  quoted  imperative  (215,  c). 

b.  Noun  clauses  with  ut  or  ne  are  used  after  verbs  meaning /ear. 
Here  ne  means  lest  or  that ,  ut  means  that  .  .  .  not :  vereri  ut 
habeam  satis  praesidi,  to  fear,  that  I  may  not  have  enough  protec" 
Hon;  Cat.  IV.  7. 

c.  Noun  clauses  with  ut  are  used  after  verbs  meaning  accom- 
plish, cause,  and  the  like  ;  also  after  verbs  meaning  expect,  wait 
for:  vestra  admurmuratio  facit  ut  agnoscere  videamini,  your 
murmuring  makes  it  clear  that  you  recognize;  P.  13. 

d.  Noun  clauses  with  ut  are  used  with  verb  phrases  and  imper- 
sonal verbs  meaning  it  happens,  it  remains,  it  is  permitted,  it  is 
necessary,  customary,  advantageous:  accidit  ut  esset  luna  plena,  it 
happened  that  there  was  full  moon;  B.  G.  IV.  29. 

Note.  —  Sometimes  without  ut :  licet  recognoscas,  you  may 
recall  (lit.  it  is  permitted  that  you  recall)  ;  Cat.  I.  3. 

e.  Noun  clauses  with  ne,  quin,  or  quominus  are  used  after  verbs 
meaning  hinder,  prevent,  refuse;  and  with  quin,  if  a  negative  is 
expressed  or  implied,  after  words  meaning  doubt,  be  ignorant,^ 
and  sometimes  hesitate:  neque  me  impediet  quominus  defendam, 
nor  will  it  prevent  me  from  defending;  P.  19.  nemini  dubium 
est  quin  plurimum  imperator  possit,  it  is  doubtful  to  no  one  that 
the  general  is  preeminent;  P.  15. 

/.  Noun  clauses  beginning  with  an  interrogative  word  are  in- 
direct questions  (202). 

206.  Infinitive  Noun  Clauses.  —  An  infinitive  with  subject 
accusative  may  be  used  in  a  noun  clause  after  verbs  meaning 
say,  think,  etc.  (212). 

Use  of  the  Imperative 

207.  The  imperative  is  used  to  express  command,  in  the 
second  person  of  the  present  tense,  and  in  the  second  and  third 

'  Except  iube5,  which  takes  the  infinitive  (212). 

*  With  verbs  meaning  permit  or  wish  the  infinitive  may  be  used  (212). 

•  Used  affirmatively,  these  verbs  take  the  infinitive  (213). 


VERBS  337 

persons  of  the  future :    proficlscere  ;    educ  omnes  tuos,  depart; 
take  out  all  your  companions ;   Cat.  I.  5. 

208.  Negative  command  (prohibition)  in  the  second  person 
may  be  expressed  by  noli  (nolite)  +  a  present  infinitive:  nolite 
dubitare,  do  not  hesitate;  P.  23. 

Tenses  of  the  Infinitive 

209.  The  present  infinitive  denotes  the  same  time  as  that  of  the 
principal  verb  ;  the  perfect,  time  before;  the  future,  time  after 
that  of  the  principal  verb  ;  that  is,  the  time  denoted  is  relative : 
dicit  se  audire,  he  says  that  he  hears,  dicit  se  auditurum  esse,  he 
says  that  he  will  hear,  dixit  se  audire,  he  said  he  was  hearing; 
dixit  se  audivisse,  he  said  that  he  had  heard. 

a.  Periphrastic  Future  Infinitive.  —  As  a  substitute  for  a 
future  infinitive,  fore  or  f uturum  esse  with  ut  and  the  subjunctive 
of  the  given  verb  may  be  used.  This  construction  is  necessary 
when  the  verb  has  no  future  participle :  videbamus  fore  ut  nemd 
eis  resisteret,  we  saw  that  no  one  would  resist  them. 

b.  A  past  tense  of  debeo,  oportet,  or  possum  is  often  used  with 
a  present  infinitive  to  express  ought  to  have,  might  (could)  have: 
te  duci  oportebat,  you  ought  to  have  been  led;  Cat.  I.  1. 

Uses  of  the  Infinitive 

210.  The  infinitive  with  or  without  a  subject  may  be  used  as 
the  subject  of  a  verb,  as  a  predicate  nominative,  or  in  apposition : 
est  mihi  tanti  subire,  it  is  worth  while  for  me  to  undergo;  Cat.  II.  7. 

211.  The  infinitive  T\athout  a  subject  may  be  used  as  the  object 
of  transitive  verbs,  or  the  complement  of  verbs  meaning  can,  dare^ 
begin,  ought,  seem,  hesitate,  etc. :  qui  defendere  audeat,  who  dares 
to  defsnd;  Cat.  I.  2  ;  vastare  cupientem,  desiring  to  devastate; 
Cat.  I.  1. 

*  212.  The  infinitive  with  subject  accusative  may  be  used  after 
verbs  meaning  say,  think,  know,  perceive,  etc.  ;  also  with  iubeo  ;  ^ 
veto,  decerno,  prohibeo,  sino,  cogo  (compel),  cupio,  patior,  volo  : 
tabellas  proferri  iussimus,  we  ordered  the  tablets  to  be  produced; 
Cat.  III.  5. 

213.  Historical  Infinitive.  — The  infinitive  may  be  used  with  a 
subject  nominative  in  lively  narration.      It  is  then  called  the 

^  For  the  subjunctive  with  impero  see  205,  a. 


338  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

historical  infinitive,  and  is  equivalent  to  an  imperfect  or  perfect 
indicative :  Caesar  Haeduos  frumentum  flagitare,  Caesar  was 
demanding  grain  of  the  H aeduans ;  B.  G.  I.  16. 

Indirect  Discourse 

214.  When  a  sentence  is  quoted  in  dependence  upon  a  verb  of 
saying,  knowing,  or  the  like,  the  quotation  is  said  to  be  an  indirect 
statement  or  indirect  discourse :  direct,  ibimus,  we  shall  go; 
indirect,  (dixerunt  se)  ituros  esse,  they  said  they  would  go;  B.  G. 
I.  13. 

215.  Moods  in  Indirect  Discourse.  —  In  indirect  discourse,  a 
principal  verb  is  generally  in  the  infinitive,  standing  for  a  direct 
indicative  ;  a  subordinate  verb  is  in  the  subjunctive,  standing  for 
a  direct  indicative  or  subjunctive.  In  other  words,  when  direct 
discourse  is  made  indirect :  — 

a.  A  principal  declarative  verb  in  the  indicative  becomes 
infinitive :  direct,  meriti  sumus,  we  have  deserved;  indirect,  dixe- 
runt se  meritos  esse,  they  said  they  had  deserved;  B.  G.  I.  11. 

h.  A  subordinate  verb,  if  indicative,  becomes  subjunctive  ;  if 
subjunctive,  remains  so :  direct,  id  si  fiet,  if  this  happens  {shall 
happen)  ;  indirect,  intellegebat  id  si  fieret,  he  knew  that  if  this 
should  happen;  B.  G.  I.  10. 

c.  An  imperative  verb  becomes  subjunctive :  direct,  rever- 
timini  (imperative),  return;  indirect,  (dixit)  reverterentur,  he 
said  they  should  return;  B.  G.  I.  7. 

d.  Most  interrogative  verbs  become  subjunctive,  but  those  in 
rhetorical  questions  (90)  become  infinitive  with  subject  accusa- 
tive :  direct,  quid  venitis,  why  do  you  come  ?  indirect,  quid 
venirent,  why  did  they  come?  B.  G.  I,  47  ;  direct,  num  memoriam 
deponere  possum?  can  I  forget  (lit.  blot  out  memory)?  indirect, 
num  .   .   .  posse?   coidd  he  forget  ?   B.  G.  I.  14. 

216.  Tenses  in  Indirect  Discourse.  —  The  tenses  of  the  infini- 
tive are  used  according  to  209  ;  those  of  the  subjunctive,  accord- 
ing to  the  rule  for  sequence  (183). 

a.  A  future  tense  in  a  direct  subordinate  clause  becomes  present 
subjunctive  in  indirect  discourse,  if  it  depends  on  a  verb  in  the 
present ;  imperfect,  if  it  depends  on  a  verb  in  a  past  tense : 
direct,  si  conabimini,  if  you  (shall)  attempt;  indirect,  si  conentur, 
if  they  attempt,  B.  G.  I.  8  ;  direct,  si  pacem  populus  faciet,  if  the 
people  (shall)  make  peace;  indirect,  si  .  .  .  faceret,  if  the  peovle 
should  make  peace,  B.  G.  I.  13. 


VERBS  339 

b.  A  future  perfect  tense  in  a  direct  subordinate  clause  becomes 
perfect  subjunctive,  if  it  depends  on  a  verb  in  the  present ; 
pluperfect,  if  it  depends  on  a  verb  in  a  past  tense :  intellego  si 
iste  pervenerit,  /  know  that  if  he  goes  (shall  have  gone,  in  dir. 
disc.)  ;  Cat.  I.  12  ;  eos,  qui  restitissent,  infirmos  fore  putabam,  / 
was  thinking  that  those  who  should  remain  (restiterint  in  dir.  disc), 
would  be  powerless;  Cat.  III.  2. 

217.  Pronouns  in  Indirect  Discourse.  —  In  changing  from  the 
first  to  the  third,  ego  becomes  se  ;  meus  or  noster  becomes  suus. 
In  changing  from  the  second  person  to  the  third,  tu  becomes  ille 
or  is  ;  tuus  or  vester  becomes  suus  or  the  genitive  of  is :  mihi 
minus  dubitationis  datur,  /  feel  less  hesitation,  becomes  sibi 
minus  dubitationis  dari ;  B.  G.  I.  14. 

218.  Conditions  in  Indirect  Discourse.  —  The  verb  of  the  con- 
ditional clause  in  indirect  discourse  is  always  in  the  subjunctive 
(215,  6),  the  tense  depending  on  the  rule  for  sequence  (183). 
The  verb  of  the  conclusion,  being  a  principal  verb,  is  generally 
in  the  infinitive  (215)  ;  in  the  conclusion  of  a  less  probable  condi- 
tion (198,  c)  the  future  infinitive  is  used. 

In  conditions  contrary  to  fact  (198)  note  the  following  :  — 
a.  The  verb  of  the  conditional  clause  remains  unchanged. 
6.  The  conclusion,  if  active,  is  expressed  by  an  infinitive  con- 
sisting of  the  participle  in  -urus  +  fuisse  :    direct,  venissem,  / 
would  have  gone;    indirect,  sese  venturum  fuisse,  he  would  have 
gone;  B.  G.  I.  34. 

c.  The  conclusion,  if  passive,  is  expressed  by  futurum  fuisse  ut 
with  an  imperfect  subjunctive :  direct,  si  pugnavissent,  victi 
essent ;  indirect,  si  pugnavissent,  futurum  fuisse  ut  vincerentur, 
if  they  had  fought,  they  would  have  conquered. 

d.  Theconclusion,  if  indicative  (198,  note  2),  is  expressed  in  indir. 
disc,  by  the  perfect  infinitive  :  direct,  si  non  esset  (civis),  asciscen- 
dus  fuit ;  indirect  .  .  .  asciscendum  fuisse,  if  he  were  not  {a  citizen), 
he  ought  to  have  been  received  (as  one)  ;  Ar.  2. 

219.  Informal  Indirect  Discourse.  —  When  a  quotation  de- 
pends on  a  verb  of  saying  not  expressed  but  implied  in  the  sen- 
tence, the  indirect  discourse  is  said  to  be  informal :  si  dicere  vellet, 
feci  potestatem,  if  he  wished  to  speak,  I  gave  him  permission; 
Cat.  III.  5. 


340  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

Participles 

220.  Participles  are  verbal  adjectives,  and  agree  with  nouns  in 
gender,  number,  and  case  (156).  The  active  participles  are  the 
present  and  the  future  ;  the  passive  are  the  perfect  and  the 
future  (or  gerundive).     The  negative  is  non. 

a.  Deponent  and  semi-deponent  verbs  have  four  participles, 
all  active  in  meaning,  except  the  gerundive,  which  is  always 
passive. 

221.  The  present  participle  denotes  the  same  time  as  the  main 
verb  of  the  clause  or  sentence  in  which  it  stands :  videor  videre 
hanc  urbem  concidentem,  /  seem  to  see  this  city  falling. 

222.  The  perfect  participle  denotes  time  before  that  of  the  main 
verb.  It  may  be  used  to  modify  a  noun  directly,  as  an  adjective, 
or  to  form  the  compound  tenses  of  the  passive  voice :  his  rebus 
cognitis  discessit,  having  learned  of  these  things,  he  departed. 

a.  The  perfect  participle  of  deponent  verbs  is  sometimes  used 
as  if  present :  isdem  ducibus  usus,  employing  the  same  men  as 
guides;  B.  G.  II.  7. 

223.  The  present  and  the  perfect  participle  are  sometimes  to  be 
translated  by  a  relative  clause,  or  by  a  clause  expressing  time, 
cause,  condition,  concession  :  Pompeio  postulanti,  to  Pompey  who 
demands;  P.  19.  te  non  sentientem,  though  you  do  not  notice 
(them)  ;  Cat.  I.  2. 

224.  The  future  active  participle  is  used  with  the  verb  sum 
to  form  the  active  periphrastic  conjugation,  and  denotes  future 
or  intended  action:  cum  sit  habiturus,  since  he  is  going  to  have; 
Cat.  II.  11. 

225.  The  future  passive  participle  is  used  with  sum  to  form 
the  passive  periphrastic  conjugation,  and  denotes  necessity  or 
obligation:  magna  gratia  habenda  est,  great  gratitude  {must  be 
felt)  is  due  ;  Cat.  I.  5. 

a.  The  passive  periphrastic  forms  of  intransitive  verbs  are 
often  used  impersonally :  mihi  vivendum  esse,  that  I  must  live; 
Cat.  II.  12. 

226.  The  Gerundive.  —  The  future  passive  participle  (220) 
when  used  in  direct  (attributive)  agreement  with  a  noun,  is  called 
the  gerundive.  It  is  so  used  in  the  following  cases,  singular  and 
plural :  — 

a.  Genitive :  condicionem  conservandae  rei  publicae,  the  task 
of  saving  the  republic;  Cat.  II.  7. 


VERBS  341 

b.  Dative :  rare  in  Cicero. 

c.  Accusative :  ad  deponendam  audaciam,  to  lay  aside  your 
boldness;  Cat.  I.  2. 

d.  Ablative :  supplicio  levando,  by  alleviating  the  penalty; 
Cat.  IV.  5. 

Note.  —  A  gerundive  in  the  accusative  with  ad,  or  in  the  geni- 
tive with  causa,  may  express  purpose :  vitandae  suspicionis 
causa,  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  suspicion;  Cat.  I.  8. 

The  Gerund 

227.  The  gerund  is  a  verbal  noun,  found  in  the  genitive,  dative, 
accusative,  and  ablative  singular.  The  present  infinitive  is  used 
for  the  nominative. 

a.  Genitive :  dicendi  exercitatio,  skill  in  (of)  speaking;  Cat. 
III.  5. 

b.  Dative  :  rare  in  classical  Latin. 

c.  Accusative :  tempestivo  ad  navigandum  marl,  the  sea  being 
at  for  sailing;  P.  12. 

d.  Ablative  :  non  credendo,  by  not  believing;  Cat.  I.  12. 

Note.  —  A  gerund  in  the  accusative  with  ad,  or  in  the  genitive 
with  causa,  may  express  purpose :  praedandi  causa,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  plundering ;    B.  G.  II.  17. 

228.  In  the  genitive  or  ablativo  a  traiLsiti^^e  gerund  may  take 
an  object,  but  the  gerundive  is  more  common.  If  the  object  is 
a  neuter  adjective  or  a  neuter  pronoun,  only  the  gerund  is  used : 
artem  vera  ac  falsa  diiudicandi,  the  art  of  distinguishing  the  true 
from  the  false.  After  prepositions  the  gerundive  is  regularly  used 
(226,  c). 

The  Supine 

229.  The  supine  is  a  verbal  noun  found  in  the  accusative 
and  ablative  cases. 

a.  The  supine  in  -um  is  used  with  verbs  of  motion  to  express 
purpose :  quos  tu  ad  me  salutatum  miseras,  whom  you  had  sent 
to  greet  me;  Cat.  I.  4. 

b.  The  supine  in  -u  is  used  to  denote  specification,  especially 
with  adjectives  meaning  easy,  good,  strange,  or  the  opposite: 
optimum  factu,  the  best  thing  to  do;  Cat.  I.  12. 


\ 


342  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

ADVERBS 

230.  Adverbs  modify  verbs,  adjectives,  or  other  adverbs. 
They  may  express  time,  manner,  degree,  place,  etc. 

a.  Ne  is  the  negative  adverb  for  commands  and  expressions  of 
will  or  desire  ;  non  is  used  in  statements  and  questions  of  fact, 
and  with  infinitives,  participles,  and  gerunds. 

h.  Two  negatives  generally  make  an  affirmative  :  non  neminem, 
some  one,  more  than  one;  Cat.  IV.  5. 

PREPOSITIONS 

231.  A  preposition  shows  a  relation  between  a  word  in  the 
accusative  or  ablative  case  and  some  other  word. 

a.  The  prepositions  used  with  the  accusative  are  ad,  adversus, 
ante,  apud,  circa,  circum,  circiter,  cis,  citra,  contra,  erga,  extra, 
in,  infra,  inter,  intra,  iuxta,  ob,  penes,  per,  post,  praeter,  prope, 
propter,  secundum,  sub,  supra,  trans,  ultra,  versus. 

h.  The  prepositions  used  with  the  ablative  are  a,  ab,  abs,  cum, 
de,  e,  ex,  in,  prae,  pro,  sine,  sub, 

c.  With  the  accusative,  in  and  sub  denote  motion  to  a  place, 
with  the  ablative,  rest  in  a  place. 

CONJUNCTIONS 

232.  Conjunctions  connect  words,  phrases,  or  clauses  of  equal 
rank,  or  principal  with  subordinate  clauses. 

a.  Coordinate  conjunctions  (connecting  expressions  of  equal 
rank) :  et,  -que,  ac,  atque,  etiam,  quoque  ;  aut,  sive,  vel ;  nee, 
neque  ;   at,  autem,  enim,  nam,  sed,  tamen. 

h.  Subordinate  conjunctions  (connecting  subordinate  with 
principal  constructions)  :  (1)  Temporal,  denoting  time :  cum, 
ubi ;  dum,  donee,  quoad ;  antequam,  priusquam ;  postquam, 
posteaquam,  simul.  (2)  Causal,  denoting  cause :  cum  ;  quod, 
quia,  quoniam,  quando.  (3)  Conditional,  denoting  condition: 
si,  sin,  nisi,  (4)  Concessive,  granting  something :  cum,  etsi, 
tametsi,  quamquam,  quamvis.  (5)  Comparative,  denoting  com- 
parison :  ac,  atque,  quam,  ut.  (6)  Final,  denoting  purpose :  ut 
(uti),  quo,  ne.     (7)  Consecutive,  denoting  result :  ut. 


WORD  ORDER  343 

WORD  ORDER 

233.  There  is  no  fixed  rule  for  the  order  of  words  in  a  Latin 
sentence.  A  eonunon  order  is  (1)  the  subject  with  its  modifiers, 
(2)  the  modifiers  of  the  verb,  (3)  the  verb. 

a.  To  produce  emphasis,  a  word  may  stand  out  of  its  normal 
position :  patere  tua  consilia  non  sentis  ?  do  you  not  see  the 
exposure  of  your  plots  f   Cat.  I.  1. 

h.  Nouns  in  the  genitive  usually  follow  the  words  they  modify, 
but  precede  causa,  for  the  sake,  gratia,  on  account  of:  ex  faucibus 
fati ;  pads  causa. 

c.  A  vocative  generally  stands  after  one  or  more  words  of  the 
sentence  :  quae  tecum,  Catilina,  sic  agit ;  Cat.  T.  7. 

d.  Demonstrative  and  intensive  pronouns  and  adjectives  of 
quantity  usually  precede  their  nouns  ;  other  adjectives  precede 
or  follow,  according  to  the  emphasis  intended  :  in  hac  urbe. 
The  adjective  Romauus  regularly  follows  its  noun ;  populus 
Romanus. 

e.  An  adjective  modifier  may  be  separated  from  its  noun  by  a 
preposition  :    summa  cum  laude,  vdth  the  highest  praise. 

f.  Relative  pronouns  and  interrogative  words  generally  stand 
first  in  their  clauses,  unless  governed  by  prepositions. 

g.  A  preposition  generally  stands  before  its  object,  but  cum 
is  an  enclitic  with  personal,  reflexive,  and  relative  pronouns : 
tecum,  quibuscum,  secum. 

h.  The  conjunctions  autem,  enim,  and  vero  do  not  stand  first 
in  a  sentence,  but  second  or  third,  igitur  usually  second.  With 
ne  .  .  .  quidem  the  emphatic  word  comes  between. 

i.  Inquam  and  inquit  stand  after  one  or  more  words  of  a  direct 
quotation:   "  refer,"  inquis,  "  ad  senatum." 

j.  Adverbs  regularly  stand  before  the  words  they  modify. 
But  fere,  paene,  prope,  usually  follow. 

234.  Period.  —  A  period  is  a  sentence  in  which  the  subordinate 
phrases  or  clauses  all  stand  before  the  main  verb,  the  thought 
thus  being  suspended  till  the  end  of  the  sentence.  The  periodic 
style  is  common  in  Latin  ;  see  Cat.  Ill-  lines  1-7. 


344  GRAMMATICAL  APPENDIX 

FIGURES    OF   SPEECH 

235.  Anaphora  is  the  repetition  of  a  word  at  the  beginning  of 
successive  clauses  or  sentences :  intus  insidiae  sunt,  intus  peri- 
culum  est,  intus  est  hostis,  within  are  snares;  within,  the  danger ; 
within,  the  enemy;  Cat.  II.  5. 

236.  Antithesis  is  the  placing  of  words  in  contrast  or  opposi- 
tion :  non  alienis  praeceptis,  sed  suis  imperils,  not  by  the  precepts 
of  others,  but  by  his  own  command;  P.  10. 

237.  Asyndeton  is  the  omission  of  a  connective :  frigus, 
sitim,  famem  ferre  poterat,  he  could  bear  cold,  thirst,  hunger; 
Cat.  III.  7. 

238.  Chiasmus.  —  When  two  similar  phrases  have  the  order 
of  words  reversed,  the  figure  is  called  chiasmus  :  pacis  ornamenta, 
subsidia  belli ;  P.  2. 

239.  Climax  ("  ladder  " )  is  a  series  of  phrases  or  clauses  arranged 
with  increasing  force :  nihil  agis,  nihil  moliris,  nihil  cogitas,  you 
do  nothing,  plan  nothing,  think  of  nothing;  Cat.  I.  3. 

240.  Hendiadys  ("  one  through  two  ")  is  a  figure  in  which  two 
nouns  of  the  same  case  are  connected  by  a  conjunction,  when 
we  should  expect  one  noun  to  modify  the  other :  declinatione  et 
corpora,  by  a  turning  aside  of  the  body;  Cat.  I.  6. 

241.  Irony  is  saying  the  opposite  of  what  is  meant,  when  the 
falsity  is  evident :  credo,  erit  verendum  mihi,  /  suppose  I  shall 
have  to  fear;   Cat.  I.  2. 

242.  Litotes  is  a  negative  statement  used  instead  of  the  equiva- 
lent affirmative  :  non  multa,  few  ;  Cat.  I.  6. 

243.  Metaphor  is  an  implied  resemblance :  sentina  rei  publi- 
cae,  the  dregs  of  the  state;  Cat.  I.  5. 

244.  Metonymy  is  the  use  of  one  name  for  another  suggested  by 
it :   duodecim  secures,  for  duo  praetores  ;  see  note  P.  1.  402. 

245.  Polysyndeton  is  the  repetition  of  a  connective,  as  et,  with 
several  words  or  clauses :  turpem  et  infirmam  et  abiectam,  base 
and  weak  and  downcast;   Cat.  IV.  10. 

246.  Preterition  is  a  figure  by  which  one  pretends  to  omit  what 
he  really  inserts  and  emphasizes :  non  dicam  duo  bella  esse 
co^fecta,  I  will  not  say  that  two  wars  were  ended;  P.  20. 

247.  Zeugma  is  a  connection  of  two  words  with  a  verb  which 
strictly  applies  to  only  one  of  them :  hie  locus  acervis  corporum 
et  sanguine  redundavit,  this  place  was  filled  with  heaps  of  bodies, 
and  flowed  with  blood;  Cat.  III.  10. 


ROMAN   CALENDAR,   ROMAN  NAMES  345 

ROMAN  CALENDAR 

248.  The  Roman  year  was  designated  by  the  names  of  the 
two  consuls  holding  office  for  that  year,  as  if  we  should  say, 
"  during  the  presidency  of  Washington."  The  names  were  in 
the  ablative  case  wdth  consulibus,  forming  an  ablative  absolute : 
Lepido  et  Tullo  consulibus  Cat.  I.  6. 

a.  The  Romans  did  not  number  the  days  of  the  month,  as  we 
do,  but  called  the  first  day  the  Calends  (Kalendae),  the  fifth 
(seventh  of  March,  May,  July,  and  Oct.)  the  Nones  (Nonae), 
and  the  thirteenth  (fifteenth  of  March,  May,  July,  and  October) 
the  Ides  (Idus). 

The  days  between  the  Calends  and  the  Nones  were  reckoned 
as  so  many  days  each  before  the  Nones  ;  the  days  between  the 
Nones  and  the  Ides  as  so  many  days  each  before  the  Ides  ;  the 
days  after  the  Ides  as  so  many  days  each  before  the  Calends  of 
the  next  month.  But  they  counted  both  the  day  from  which 
and  the  day  to  which  they  reckoned.  Therefore,  to  determine  a 
date  falling  before  the  Calends,  add  two  to  the  number  of  days 
in  the  current  month  before  subtracting  the  given  ordinal. 

Thus,  the  phrase  ante  diem  duodecimum  Kalendas  Novembris 
means  Oct.  21,  for  31+  2  -  12  =  21. 

6.  A  phrase  like  ante  diem  quintum  Kal.  Apr.  is  idiomatic,  for 
which  we  should  expect  dies  quintus  (or  die  quinto)  ante  Kal.  Apr. 

ROMAN  NAMES  OF  PERSONS 

249.  It  was  customary  for  Romans  to  have  three  names :  a 
praenomen  (individual  name),  a  nomen  (name  of  the  gens  or 
tribe),  and  a  cognomen  (family  name) :   Marcus  Tullius  Cicero. 

a.  There  were  less  than  twenty  praenomina,  such  as  Gains, 
Gnaeus,  Marcus,  Publius,  etc.  The  nomen  ended  in  -ius.  The 
cognomen  often  originated  as  a  nickname  :   Cicero,  chickpea. 

h.  Women  had  no  personal  names,  but  were  given  the  feminine 
form  of  the  tribe  name  :   TuUia,  a  daughter  of  Cicero. 


LATIN   PROSE   COMPOSITION 

BASED   ON  CICERO 

Introductory  Note.  —  The  following  thirty  lessons  in 
prose  composition  are  intended  to  furnish  a  general  review 
of  the  principles  of  syntax,  as  found  in  the  orations  read. 
Questions,  commands,  conditions,  and  the  independent 
uses  of  the  subjunctive,  are  treated  in  the  first  seven  les- 
sons, because  of  their  importance  and  early  use  in  Cicero. 
Other  topics  are  presented  in  the  usual  order  of  the  gram- 
mars. The  vocabulary,  with  few  exceptions,  is  confined 
to  the  orations  read.  In  the  connected  passages  at  the 
end  of  each  lesson,  the  pupil  should  consult  the  text  upon 
which  it  is  based,  rather  than  the  general  vocabulary. 
The  references  to  grammars  are  explained  on  p.  181. 

LESSON  I 

Indicative   Questions 

1.  Direct  questions:  88 ;i  Bur.  363;  A.  330;  B.  162; 
G.  450;H.  378;HB.  231. 

2.  Alternative  or  double  questions :  89 ;  Bur.  372 ; 
A.  334;  B.  162,  4;  G.  458;  H.  380,  1 ;  HB.  234. 

3.  Answers:  91;  Bur.  370;  A.  336;  B.  162,  5;  G.  471 ; 
H.  379 ;  HB.  232. 

4.  Word  order:  233;  Bur.  1055;  A.  600;  B.  351;  G. 
684;  H.  685;  HB.  630. 

^See  Grammatical  Appendix. 
346 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  347 

Note  1.  —  The  connectives  in  double  questions  may  be:  — 

I.  utrum.  ...  an 
II.       -ne  ...  an 
III.         —  ...  an 
Note  2.  —  In  the  second  member  or  not  is  expressed  by  annon, 
or  necne.     The  latter  is  used  rarely  in  direct  questions,  but  often 
in  indirect. 

Exercise  1  (Cat.  I.  Chapters  1,  2) 

1.  Who  delivered  the  orations  against  Catiline?  2. 
Where  was  the  first  oration  delivered?  3.  How-many 
orations  were  delivered  against  the  same  conspirators  ?  4. 
Into  what  strongly-fortified  place  were  the  senators  called 
together?  5.  Why  were  all  good  citizens  afraid?  6. 
Have  you  not  heard  the  decree  of  the  Senate  and  the  plan 
of  the  consul?  7.  Will  the  number  of  the  enemy  increase? 
8.  Does  not  the  consul  condemn  himself  for  (of)  ^  inactiv- 
ity? He  does  (he  condemns).  9.  Patriots  will  not  plot 
the  ruin  of  the  republic,  will  they?  10.  Do  we  seem  to  be 
doing  enough  for  the  republic,  or  not?  11.  By  whom  was 
Gains  Gracchus  killed?  12.  Gains  Gracchus  was  the  son 
of  Cornelia,  was  he  not?  13.  Were  the  Gracchi  patriots, 
or  did  they  desire  to  devastate  Italy  with  fire  and  sword 
(slaughter)  ?  14.  Will  Catiline  see  the  eyes  of  many  who 
are  watching  him?  No  (he  will  not  see).  15.  To  whom 
shall  we  intrust  [the  welfare  of]  ^  the  republic  ? 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  I.  1,  2) 

Catiline  has  too  long  abused  the  patience  of  the  people. 
His  boldness  has  been  unbridled.  But  he  will  not  carry 
out  (perficio)  his  designs,  if  the  consul  does  (fut.  tense) 
his  duty  by  (enough  for)  the  republic.  For  the  Senate  has 
intrusted  to  Cicero   [the  welfare  of]  the  republic.     Once 

1  Words  in  parentheses  (  )  are  explanatory  or  to  be  used  in  transla- 
tion ;  words  in  brackets  [  ]  are  not  to  be  translated. 


348  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

citizens  were  put  to  death  because  of  a  suspicion  of  insur- 
rection. And  so  the  consul  has  ordered  (iubeo)  CatiUne 
to  be  arrested,  and  will  do  what  ought  (oportet)  to  be  done. 

LESSON   II 

Commands 

1.  The  imperative:  207;  Bur.  931;  A.  448;  B.  281; 
G.  266 ;  H.  560 ;  HB.  495. 

2.  The  subjunctive  of  command:  187,  h;  Bur.  768; 
A.  439;  B.  275;  G.  263;  H.  559;  HB.  501. 

3.  Negative  command  (prohibition)  :  208 ;  Bur.  934 ; 
A.  450 ;  B.  276 ;  G.  271 ;  H.  561 ;  HB.  501. 

4.  The  vocative:  96;  Bur.  398;  A.  340;  B.  171;  G. 
201;  H.  402;  HB.  400. 

Note  1.  —  Die,  due,  and  fac  are  used  for  dice,  duee,  faee. 
Note  2.  —  In  commands  of  the  third  person,  the  negative  is  ne. 
Compare  the  following  :  — 

"•Positive  Negative 

2  pers.     scribe,  seribite,  write.      noli  (nolite)  scribere,  do  not  write, 

3  pers.     scribat,  let  him  write.        ne  scribat,  let  him  not  write. 

scribant,  let  them  write,    ne  seribant,  let  them  not  write. 
Note  3.  —  Distinguish  between  let  used  in  translating  the  sub- 
junctive of  command  and  let  meaning  allow,  which  requires  a 
separate  Latin  word :   sine  {let,  allow)  eos  scribere. 

Exercise  1  (Cat.  I.  3,  4) 

1.  Send  two  Roman^  knights  to  the  consul  before  day- 
break (light).  2.  Call  all  patriots  together  and  encourage 
them.  3.  Fortify  and  strengthen  your  homes,  citizens,  with 
stronger  (greater)  guards.  4.  Let  them  not  condemn  the 
consul  tor  (of)  inactivity.  5.  Let  Catiline  be  arrested  and 
put  to  death.  6.  Let  all  good  men  say  [that]  it  was  done 
too  late.  7.  Marcus  Tullius,  will  you  allow  (patior)  the  ene- 
mies of  the  republic  to  live  ?     8.  Don't  change  your  mind. 

1  The  adjective  Romanus  regularly  follows  its  noun. 


LATEST  PROSE  COMPOSITION  349 

9.  Be  not  lax  in  [the  midst  of]  these  dangers.  10.  Lead 
out  all  the  forces  of  the  state  and  free  us  from  danger. 
11.  Fear  the  guards  of  the  city,  Catiline,  and  lay  no  plots 
(plot  nothing)  in  your  camp  in  Etruria.  12.  Who  will 
defend  you,  Catiline?  13.  Were  you  not  hemmed-in 
on-all-sides?  14.  Were  your  plans  not  clearer  to  me  than 
day  (light)  ?  15.  Was  your  conspiracy  confined  within 
(by)  the  walls  of  a  private  house  or  the  walls  of  the  city  ? 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  I.  3,  4) 

Were  you  not  at  the  house  (domi)  of  Laeca,  Catiline? 
The  walls  of  that  private  house  have  not  contained  the 
voices  of  your  conspirators.  My  guards  have  surrounded 
you,  and  you  will  not  be  able  to  lift-a-finger  (move  your- 
self). You^  have  planned  for  (de)  the  destruction  of  the 
city,  but  I  ^  for  her  safety.  Listen-to  (hear)  the  opinions 
of  these  senators.  Those  men  whom  you  have  chosen 
will  not  set-fire-to  the  city,  but  will  be  patriotic  citizens. 

LESSON   III 

Subjunctive  in  Independent  Sentences 

1.  Hortatory,  expressing  exhortation:  187,  a;  Bur. 
768;  A.  439;  B.  273;  G.  263;  H.  559;  HB.  500. 

2.  Optative,  expressing  a  ^vish ;  188;  Bur.  773;  A.  441; 
B.  279;  G.  260;  H.  558;  HB.  510. 

3.  Potential,  expressing  possibility:  189;  Bur.  777; 
A.  446;  B.  280;  G.  257;  H.  552;  HB.  516. 

Note  1.  —  For  the  independent  subjunctive  in  commands,  see 
Lesson  II ;   in  dehberative  questions,  see  Lesson  VIL 

Note  2.  —  The  negative  for  hortatory  and  optative  seutencea 
is  regularly  ne ;  for  potential  sentences,  non. 

1  Use  a  pronoun. 


350  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

Exercise  1  (Cat.  I.  5,  6) 

1.  Let  us  defend  the  city  with  all  our  forces.  2.  May 
the  consul  defend  the  city.  3.  0  that  (would  that,  utinam) 
the  consul  were  defending  the  city.  4.  Would  that  the 
consul  had  defended  us  against  (ab)  this  band  of  conspira- 
tors. 5.  Let  us  not  say  [that]  the  consul  was  too  cruel. 
6.  O  that  you  had  gone  to  the  camp  of  the  enemy.  7. 
Some  one  (aliquis)  may  think  [that]  Jupiter  is  not  the  most 
ancient  guardian  of  the  city.  8.  You  may  [possibly]  say 
[that]  the  gates  are  open  and  [that]  many  leading  men  have 
fled.  9.  May  all  good  citizens  be  grateful  (have  gratitude) 
to  the  immortal  gods,  who  have  checked  these  wicked 
attempts.  10.  Let  us  do  what  (that  which)  is  most  expe- 
dient (useful)  for  the  common  safety.  11.  Did  you  not 
stand  in  the  Comitium,  ready  to  kill  the  consuls  and  the 
chief  men  of  the  state?  12.  Offer  to  this  young  man  a 
better  gift  than  a  sword  and  a  torch.  13.  0  that  he  were 
offering  a  better  gift.  14.  Let  them  not  stand  in  the 
Comitium  (Lesson  II,  Note  2).  15.  Did  they  stand  in  the 
Comitium  or  in  the  Forum? 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  I.  5,  6) 

Let  Catiline  depart  with  all  his  friends  and  go  to  the 
camp  of  Manlius.  He  has  often  attacked  (peto)  the  con- 
sul-elect and  his  rivals.  By  this  time  (iam)  all  know  his 
life  and  hate  him.  They  are  unwilling  [to  have]  him  live 
(him  to  live)  in  the  city  which  he  dooms  (calls)  to  destruc- 
tion. They  fear  the  dagger  which  has  been  consecrated 
by  sacred  [rites].  May  the  good  fortune  of  the  Roman 
people  stand-in-the-way-of  his  madness  (dat.). 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  351 

LESSON   IV 

The  Infinitive 

1.  Tenses  of  the  infinitive:  209;  Bur.  939;  A.  486; 
B.  270;  G.  281;  H.  617;  HB.  472. 

2.  The  infinitive  without  subject:  211;  Bur.  951;  A. 
456;  B.  328;  G.  423 ;  H.  607 ;  HB.  586. 

3.  The  infinitive  with  subject-accusative :  212 ;  Bur. 
954;  A.  459;  B.  331 ;  G.  527 ;  H.  613;  HB.  589. 

4.  The  infinitive  with  possum,  licet,  oportet,  debeo 
209,6;  Bur.  944;  A.  486,  a;  B.  270;  G.  254,  R;  H.  618; 
HB.  582,  3. 

Note  1. —  Can  and  could  are  expressed  by  the  forms  of  possum : 
/  can  do  this,  hoc  facere  possum  ;  /  could  (was  able  to)  do  this, 
hoc  facere  poteram. 

Note  2.  —  May  and  might,  denoting  permission  (not  possibil- 
ity) are  expressed  by  licet :  I  may  do  this,  licet  mihi  (or  me) 
hoc  facere  (lit.  it  is  permitted  me  to  do  this). 

Note  3.  —  Must  may  be  expressed  by  oportet  or  necesse  est ; 
ought,  by  debeo  or  oportet:  (1)  /  tnu^t  do  this,  me  hoc  facere 
necesse  est  (or  oportet) ;  (2)  I  ought  to  do  this,  hoc  facere  debeo, 
or  me  hoc  facere  oportet. 

Note  4.  —  To  say  could  have  done,  might  have  done,  ought  to 
have  done,  Latin  uses  a  present  (not  perfect)  complementary 
infinitive. 

1.  /  could  have  done  this,  hoc  facere  potui. 

2.  /  might  have  done  this,  mihi  (or  me)  hoc  facere  licuit  (per- 
mission) ;  hoc  facere  potui  (possibility). 

3.  /  ought  to  have  done  this,  hoc  facere  debui,  or  me  hoc 
facere  oportuit. 

Noted.  —  Debeo  denotes  obligation  based  on  duty  to  one's 
self ;   oportet  denotes  obligation  based  on  duty  to  others. 

Note  6. — With  oportet  the  person  affected  is  expressed  by  the 
accusative ;  with  licet,  necesse  est,  by  the  dative  or  the  accusa- 
tive. 

Exercise  1  (Cat.  I.  7,  8) 

1.  CatUine  was  ordered  (iubeo)  to  go  into  exile.  2.  He 
said  he  would  go  into  exile.     3.  He  is  said  to  have  gone 


352  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

into  exile.  4.  Catiline  ought  to  have  gone  into  exile. 
5.  You  know,  Catiline,  that  you  ought  to  have  gone  into 
exile.  6.  Ought  the  consul  to  have  been  moved  by  hatred 
or  by  pity?  7.  Why  did  you  attempt  to  come  into  the 
Senate?  8.  Did  not  the  senators  hesitate  to  salute  him? 
9.  Cicero  desired  to  do  his  duty  by  (do  enough  for)  the 
republic.  10.  Cicero  said  that  he  desired  to  do  his  duty 
by  the  republic.  11.  Who  was  not  able  (impf.)  to  hear 
the  voices  of  those  who  stood  around  the  Senate?  12.  All 
could  have  heard  them  a  little  while  ago.  13.  My  slaves 
must  (oportet)  not  fear  me.  14.  A  slave  may  not  (i.e.  is 
not  permitted  to  ;  Note  2)  come  into  the  Senate.  15.  Let 
us  compel  all  the  friends  of  Catiline  to  go  out  with  him. 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  I.  7,  8) 

No  one  of  (from)  that  great  throng  dared  (to)  salute 
Catiline  in  the  Senate.  For  good  citizens  feared  him,  and 
thought  he  was  the  common  enemy  of  them  all.  Did  he 
not  discern  (perspicio)  their  will?  Would  that  he  had 
heard  the  voice  of  his  country,  which  silently  (silent) 
spoke  to  (with)  him. 

Catiline  desired  to  give  himself  into  custody,  but  no  one 
received  him.  Even  his  friend  Metellus  rejected  him. 
And  so  Cicero  said  that  he  ought  to  leave  (go  out  of)  the 
city. 

LESSON   V 

Conditional  Sentences 

1.  Conditions  stated  as  a  fact:  198,  a,  h;  Bur.  911; 
A.  515 ;  B.  302 ;  G.  595 ;  H.  574 ;  HB.  579. 

2.  Conditions  more  probable  (shall,  will) :  198,  c;  Bur, 
911 ;  A.  516 ;  B.  302 ;  G.  595  ;  H.  574 ;  HB.  579,  a. 

3.  Conditions  less  probable  (should,  would) :  198,  c; 
Bur.  915;  A.  516;  B.303;  G.596;  H.  576;  HB.  580. 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  353 

Note  1.  —  Latin  often  requires  a  future  or  future  perfect  where 
English  uses  a  present  tense :  if  he  does  (Latin  shall  do)  this,  it 
will  be  well. 

Note  2.  —  Conditions  less  probable  are  sometimes  called  possv- 
hie  or  less  vivid  conditions. 

Note  3.  —  A  negative  condition  is  generally  introduced  by 
nisi,  unless;  if  the  negative  is  applied  to  a  single  word  by  si  non. 

Exercise  1 

1.  If  he  was  in  the  Forum,  he  heard  Cicero's  speech.     2. 

If  he  is  in  the  Forum  now,  he  is  listening-to  (hears)  Cicero's 

speech.     3.  If  he  goes  (Note  1)  to  the  Forum,  he  will  hear 

Cicero's  speech.     4.  If  he  should  go  to  the  Forum,   he 

would   hear   Cicero's   speech.     5.  If   Catihne    should   go, 

who  would  salute  him?     6.  If  you  are  patriotic  citizens,  do 

not  let  (patior)  the  enemy  (to)  collect  their  troops.     7.  If 

we  have  a  decree  of  the  Senate  against  (in)  the  conspirators, 

let  them  fear  its  authority.     8.  If  Catiline  did  not  send 

ahead  his  silver  eagle,  he  did  not  wish  to  go  to  his  army. 

9.  If  I  say  this  to  Marcellus,  men  will  lay  violent  (violence 

and)  hands  on  me  (dat.) .     10.  The  consul  will  not  order 

you  to  leave   (go  out  of)   the  city,  unless  you  hesitate 

(Note  1).     11.  The  consul  would  not  order  you  to  leave 

the  city,  unless  you  should  hesitate.     12.  If  Catiline  was 

rejected  by  Lepidus,  he  ought  to  have  gone  (Lesson  IV, 

Note  4)  to  Metellus.     13.  Ought  we  not  call  all  good  men 

together?     14.  We  ought  to  call  all  good  men  together. 

15.  How  long,  Catiline,  do  you  think  you  can  abuse  our 

patience  ? 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  I.  9,  10) 

All  [men]  know,  Catiline,  that  you  will  never  reform 
(correct  yourself).  And  so  a  storm  of  unpopularity  over- 
hangs you  (dat.).  If  you  wish  to  declare  (indie o)  war  upon 
your  country  (dat.),  your  army  in  Etruria  is  ready.  Go 
straight  to  that  army,  and  let  hatred  be  kindled  (conflo) 


354  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

against  me  (dat.)-  Go  to  that  band  of  scoundrels,  with 
whom  you  may  revel  (subjv.)  in  pleasure.  O  that  the 
gods  had  given  you  a  better  purpose  (mens).  But  do  not 
think  that  you  will  ever  distress  the  republic  [as]  a  consul. 

LESSON   VI 

Conditional  Sentences  {Continued) 

1.  Conditions  contrary  to  fact:  198,  a,  h;  Bur.  919; 
A.  517;  B.  304;  G.  597 ;  H.  579;  HB.  581. 

2.  Conditions  with  debeo,  oportet,  possum :  198, 
Note  2;  Bur.  921 ;  A.  517;  B.  304;  G.  597;  H.  582;  HB. 
581. 

3.  Proviso:  199;  Bur.  929;  A.  528;  B.  310;  G.  573; 
H.  587;  HB.  529. 

Note.  —  Debeo,  oportet,  possum,  necesse  est  often  stand  in  the 
indicative  instead  of  the  subjunctive,  in  the  conclusion  of  a  condi- 
tion contrary  to  fact.  The  imperfect  represents  present  time,  the 
perfect  or  pluperfect,  past  time :  deleri  exercitus  potuit,  si  per- 
secuti  victores  essent,  the  army  might  {could)  have  been  destroyed, 
if  the  victors-  had  pursued. 

Exercise  1 

1.  They  will  conquer,  if  they  fight  bravely.  2.  They 
would  have  conquered,  if  they  had  fought  more  bravely. 
3.  If  they  had  heard  the  speech,  they  would  have  praised 
the  orator.  4.  If  they  were  listening-to  (hearing)  the  speech 
now,  they  would  praise  the  orator.  5.  If  they  should  hear 
the  speech,  they  would  praise  the  orator.  6.  If  the  con- 
sul had  not  ordered  Catiline  to  leave  (go  from)  the  city, 
he  would  not  have  gone.  7.  If  Cicero  had  feared  unpopu- 
larity, he  could  not  have  saved  the  state.  8.  We  shall 
reach  (pervenio  ad)  the  camp  before  evening,  provided  we 
go  by  the  shortest  road.      9.  If  the  friends  of  the  con- 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  355 

spirators  had  gone  into  the  temple,  who  would  have  sa- 
luted them?  10.  If  you  had  spoken  with  (cum)  them, 
they  ought  to  have  feared  your  authority.  11.  If  I  were 
in  Italy,  I  should  see  the  cities  which  the  Romans  built 
(aedifico).  12.  Would  you  encourage  the  soldiers,  if  you 
were  the  commander-in-chief?  13.  Let  us  separate  these 
conspirators  from  patriotic  men.  14.  Many  thought  that 
Cicero  was  embarrassed  by  the  customs  of  the  ancestors. 
15.  Do  not  fear  unpopularity,  but  show  (refero)  gratitude 
to  the  Roman  people,  by  whom  you  have  been  raised  to 
the  highest  office. 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  I.  11-13) 

I  ought  not  to  neglect  the  safety  of  my  [fellow]  citizens. 
If  only  Jupiter  will  aid  us,  I  promise  (to)  you  that  I  shall 
bring  all  things  to  light.  Let  all  know  that  I  will  not  give 
one  hour  to  this  gladiator.  If  I  punish  him,  many  will 
say  that  I  have  acted  cruelly.  But  I  shall  keep  him  and  his 
allies  from  the  houses  of  the  city  and  the  temples  of  the  gods. 

LESSON    VII 

Subjunctive  Questions 

1.  Indirect  questions :  202;  Bur.  846;  A.  330;  B.  300; 
G.  460;  H.  649;  HB.  537. 

2.  Double  questions :  89,  and  a;  Bur.  372 ;  A.  334 ;  B. 
162,  4 ;  G.  458 ;  H.  380 ;  HB.  234. 

3.  Questions  of  deliberation,  possibility,  propriety: 
201;  Bur.  771;  A.  444;  B.  277;  G.  465;  H.  559,4;  HB. 
503. 

4.  Sequence  of  tenses  :  183;  Bur.  781 ;  A.  482;  B.  266; 
G.  509;  H.  543;  HB.  476. 

Note  1.  —  Whether,  in  single  questions,  is  expressed  by -ne  or 
num  (without  difference  of  meaning) ;    in  double  questions,  by 


356  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

utrum  or  -ne  :  quaesivit  salvusne  esset  filius,  he  asked  whether  his 
son  was  safe;  quaerit  utrum  verum  an  falsum  sit,  he  asks  whether 
it  is  true  or  false. 

Note  2.  —  The  future  tense  in  indirect  questions  is  expressed 
by  the  subjunctive  of  the  active  periphrastic  conjugation: 
rogo  quid  facturus  sis,  /  ask  what  you  will  do  (are  about  to  do) ; 
rogavi  quid  facturus  esses,  /  asked  what  you  would  do  (were  about 
to  do) ;   rogo  quid  facias  means  /  ask  what  you  are  doing. 

Note  3.  —  The  person  asked  is  expressed  by  the  accusative 
with  rogo ;  by  ab,  de,  or  ex  +  the  ablative  with  quaero  ;  by 
ab  +  the  ablative  with  peto  and  postuio. 

Exercise  1 

1.  Why,  0  Catiline,  are  you  an  enemy  of  your  country? 
2.  I  ask  you,  Catiline,  why  you  are  an  enemy.  3.  I  ask 
you,  Catiline,  whether  you  are  an  enemy  or  not.  4.  The 
consul  asked  Catiline  why  he  was  an  enemy.  5.  The  con- 
sul asked  him  how  long  he  had  been  an  enemy.  6.  I  ask 
you,  whether  you  were  an  enemy  of  your  country  yester- 
day. 7.  I  ask  you,  Catiline,  whether  you  will  be  an 
enemy.  8.  He  asked  Catiline  whether  he  would  be  an 
enemy.  9.  I  shall  ask  Catiline  whether  he  is  an  enemy 
or  a  good  citizen.  10.  I-am-in-doubt ;  what  shall  I  say 
about  the  punishment  of  this  man?  11.  Why  should  you 
go  (pres.  tense)  [as]  an  ambassador  to  the  camp  of  the 
enemy?  12.  What  was  I  to  do  ?  (not  inf. ;  cf.  what  am  I  to 
do  ?  i.e.  what  shall  I  do  ?)  13.  I  didn't  know  (nescio)  what 
I  was  to  do.  14.  Let  all  men  declare  what  they  have 
heard  about  the  perils  of  the  republic.  15.  If  you  know 
in  what  peril  the  republic  is,  tell  the  consul  (dat.).  16. 
He  ought  to  have  told  the  consul  what  he  knew  about  the 
perils  of  the  republic. 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  II.  1,  2) 

At  last,  fellow-citizens,  we  know  that  Catiline  has  gone. 
Those  weapons,  with  which  he  threatened  us  (dat.),  we 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  357 

shall  no  longer  need  (it  will  be  necessary  [for]  us)  to  fear. 
Let  us  rejoice  because  there  is  no  foe  within  the  city- walls. 
Who  will  blame  me,  if  I  do  not  think  that  Catiline  ought 
to  be  put  to  death  now?  If  I  had  put  him  to  death,  how 
many  would  have  accused  me  severely?  Even  many 
senators  did  not  believe  all  (neut.  ace.  pi.)  that  I  said. 

LESSON    VIII 

Agreement 

1.  Agreement  of  nouns  :  92;  Bur.  381-389;  A.  281;  B. 
169;  G.  321;  H.393;  HB.  319. 

2.  Agreement  of  adjectives  :  156,  a,  h;  Bur.  629;  A.  285; 
B.  234;  G.  211;  H.  394;  HB.  320. 

3.  Agreement  of  relative  pronouns  :  167,  a,  h;  Bur.  703; 
A.  305;  B.  250;  G.  614;  H.  396;  HB.  281. 

4.  Agreement  of  verbs:  171,  a-e;  Bur.  735;  A.  316;  B. 
254;  G.  211;  H.  388;  HB.  328. 

Note.  —  In  a  compound  infinitive,  depending  on  a  personal  verb 
like  dicuntur,  the  participle  is  in  the  nominative  form :  — 

1.  dicuntur  secuti  esse,  they  are  said  to  have  followed. 

2.  Miles  dicitur  seciitus  esse,  the  soldier  is  said  to  have  fol- 
lowed. 

3.  dicitur  (impersonal)  militem  secutum  esse,  it  is  said  that 
the  soldier  followed. 

Exercise  1 

1.  Cicero  [when]  consul  delivered  the  orations  against 
Catiline,  the  senator.  2.  These  men  said  they  had  come 
[as]  ambassadors.  3.  All  good  soldiers  desire  to  be  and  to 
seem  brave.  4.  Cicero  said  that  his  son  and  daughter  were 
safe.  5.  Many  men  and  women,  who  saw  the  brave  sol- 
dier, saluted  him.  6.  Gabinius  was  the  first  to  be  called 
(was  called  first)  to  the  consul.  7.  You  and  Metellus 
came  unwillingly  (unwilling).  8.  Did  they  not  assemble 
(come  together)  in-great-numbers?     9.  Labor  and  pleas- 


358  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

ure  are  unlike  (dissimilar  things).  10.  Were  the  swords 
and  daggers,  which  were  in  the  camp,  handed  over  to  the 
consul?  11.  Neither  the  lieutenant  nor  the  praetor  could 
overtake  the  men  who  went  out  of  the  city.  12.  At  last 
we  have  warded-off  the  sword  and  flame  that  threatened 
the  city  (dat.).  13.  There  came  together  a  great  number 
Ci  citizens,  who  had  heard  that  Cicero  would  deliver  an 
oration.  14.  Let  all  patriots  thank  the  gods  (dat.),  as 
(that  which)  I  have  often  said,  15.  The  temple  of  Jupiter 
was  on  the  top  of  the  hill. 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  II.  3,  4) 

Do  you  ask  from  what  countries  the  enemy  have  gath- 
ered their  forces?  They  have  come  from  Italy  and  Gaul. 
In  the  army  of  Catiline  are  desperate  men  of  all  classes, 
who  would  rather  (prefer  to)  fight  for  (pro)  their  leader 
than  for  their  country.  If  they  do  not  know  that  this  leader 
has  gone  out,  I  will  tell  (to)  them  that  he  has  gone  by  the 
Aurelian  Way.  O  that  these  young  men  had  never  lived 
on  intimate  terms  with  him ! 

LESSON   IX 

Pronouns 

1.  Personal:  162,  a,  h;  Bur.  661;  A.  295;  B.  242;  G, 
304;  H.  500;  HB.  254. 

2.  Reflexive:    163,  a-c;    Bur.  666;    A.  299;    B.   244 
G.  309 ;  H.  502 ;  HB.  260. 

3.  Possessive:    164,  a,  b;  Bur.  618;    A.  302;    B.  243 
G.  312 ;  H.  501 ;  HB.  254. 

4.  Relative:    167,   a-c;    Bur.  693;    A.  304;    B.  250 
G.  610;  H.  510;  HB.  281. 

5.  Intensive:    166,  a,  b;    Bur.  671;    A.  298;    B.    249 
G.  311;  H.  509;  HB.  267. 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  359 

Note.  —  Distinguish  between  the  reflexive  and  the  intensive 
pronoun.  Se  is  not  intensive  or  emphatic,  but  gets  its  meaning 
from  the  fact  that  it  refers  to  the  subject ;  ipse  is  generally  used 
for  emphasis,  though  it  may  be  reflexive :  Romani  se  def endunt, 
the  Romans  defend  themselves;  Romani  ipsi  oppidum  def  endunt, 
the  Romans  themselves  defend  the  town. 

Exercise  1 

1.  Manlius  has  pitched  his  camp  against  us  in  the  pass  of 
Etruria.  2.  ManHus  said  he  would  pitch  his  camp  in 
Etmria.  3.  ManUus  is  said  to  have  attempted  to  seize 
the  pass.  4.  Who  will  not  fight  for  (pro)  his  country, 
which  is  the  parent  of  us  all?  5.  Who  of  us  will  say  that 
this  is  not  the  fairest  of  all  lands  ?  6.  If  the  praetors  over- 
take the  Allobroges,  will  they  arrest  them  and  seize  their 
letters?  7.  I  (emphatic)  gave  myself  into  custody;  why 
did  you  not  receive  me?  8.  Fellow-citizens,  you  must 
(Lesson  IV,  Note  3)  defend  yourselves  and  your  property 
against  (ab)  the  attacks  which  these  men  are  making. 
9.  Our  ancestors  themselves  have  left  (to)  us  many 
examples  of  their  virtues.  10.  Lentulus  and  Cethegus, 
the  friends  of  Catiline,  acknowledged  their  seals  and  hand- 
writing (hands).  11.  Do  you  know  their  seals  and  hand- 
writing, Marcus  Tullius?  12.  These  men  say  they  will 
escort  you  to  the  very  gates  of  the  city.  13.  Catiline 
easily  endured  hunger  and  cold,  which  weaken  most  men. 
14.  He  asked  Catiline  whether  he  easily  endured  hunger 
and  cold.  15.  The  letter  had  been  written  by  his  own  hand 
to  (ad)  his  son  and  daughter,  who  were  in  Gaul. 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  II.  5,  6) 

If  I  had  known  that  Catiline  was  the  companion  of 
gladiators  and  desperate  men,  I  should  have  compelled 
him  to  leave  the  city,  which  he  wishes  to  destroy.  You 
all  know  what  slaughter  and  burning  they  have  planned. 


360  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

Do  you  think  we  need  (it  is  necessary  [for]  us)  to  dread 
foreign  nations  and  kings?  Greater  dangers  are  within. 
Let  the  Senate  be  called  together,  and  let  the  whole  mat- 
ter be  laid  before  the  conscript  fathers.  Then  I  will  ask 
Catiline  whether  Manlius,  his  centurion,  has  pitched  a 
camp  and  is  now  waiting-for  him. 

LESSON    X 

Pronouns  (Continued) 

1.  Demonstrative:  165,  a-e;  Bur.  711 ;  A.  296  ;  B.  246; 
G.  305;  H.  505;    HB.  271. 

2.  Interrogative:  168;  Bur.  679;  A.  333;  B.  90; 
G.  106;  H.  511;  HB.  275. 

3.  Indefinite:  169,  a,  h;  Bur.  682;  A.  309;  B.252;  G.  313; 
H.  512;  HB.  276. 

4.  Alius,  alter:  170,  a,  h;  Bur.  729;  A.  315;  B.  253; 
G.  319;  H.  516;  HB.  279. 

Note  1.  —  Hie,  iste,  and  ille  are  demonstratives  of  the  first, 
second,  and  third  persons,  respectively. 

Note  2.  —  UUus,  any,  is  the  adjective  in  negative  expressions, 
corresponding  to  the  pronoun  quisquam :  sine  ullo  periculo, 
without  any  danger. 

Note  3.  —  The  same  as  is  regularly  expressed  by  idem  qui  (eadem 
quae,  idem  quod)  :  ego  idem  sentio  quod  tu,  I  think  the  same  as 
you. 

Exercise  1 

1.  One  of  the  consuls  was  Catiline's  enemy,  the  other  was 
said  to  be  his  friend.  2.  Some  of  the  conspirators  went 
out  by  the  Aurelian  Way,  others  remained  in  the  city. 

3.  Some  witnesses  said  one  thing,  some  another   (170,  b). 

4.  Every  one  of  us  knows  where  your  friends  met  last 
night.  5.  If  any  one  should  ask  why  the  Allobroges  were 
in  the  city,  Lentulus  could  (would  be  able  to)  tell  him. 
6.  If  any  one  had  asked  why  they  were  in  the  city,  Lentulus 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  361 

could  have  told  (Lesson  VI,  Note)  him.  7.  Who  does  not 
know  that  certain  of  (ex)  the  chief  men  have  fled?  8.  These 
soldiers  fought  most  valiantly ;  those  guarded  the  camp 
which  had  been  pitched  in  the  middle  of  the  hill.  9. 
Don't  think,  Catiline,  that  those  companions  of  yours 
will  accomplish  their  undertakings  without  punishment. 
10.  That  letter  was  written  by  the  same  hand  as  (by  which) 
this.  11.  How  can  we  escape  the  weapons  of  that  [scoun- 
drel]? 12.  Some  men  may  say  that  the  Gauls  will  not 
form  a  conspiracy  against  the  republic.  13.  The  consul 
ought  to  summon  to  himself  all  (169,  h)  the  best  and 
noblest.  14.  If  the  consuls  do  their  duty  by  (to)  the  state, 
we  shall  not  need  to  fear  the  attacks  of  any  one.  15.  Those 
who  heard  the  oration  learned  that  the  republic  was  in 
great  peril. 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  II.  7,  8) 

If  Catiline  should  change  his  mind  and  go  out  of  the  city, 
some  would  say  that  Cicero  had  driven  him  into  exile. 
And  yet  if  he  had  put  him  to  death,  the  same  men  would 
have  said  that  he  was  a  tyrant.  But  Cicero  was  willing 
to  undergo  unpopularity,  provided  the  state  was  not  in 
peril.  He  knew  there  were  six  classes  of  men  in  Catiline's 
army.  The  first  of  these  were  deeply  in  (in  great)  debt,  but 
expected  that  by  the  aid  of  Catiline  their  property  would 
be  saved. 

LESSON    XI 

The  Genitive  with  Nouns 

1.  Possessive  Genitive:  97;  Bur.  401 ;  A.  343  ;  B.  198; 
G.  362;  H.  440;  HB.  339. 

2.  Subjective  Genitive :  98;  Bur.  402;  A.  343;  B.  199; 
G.  363;  H.  440;  HB.  344. 

3.  Objective  Genitive :  99;  Bur.  425;  A.  348;  B.  200- 
G.  363 ;  H.  440  ;  HB.  354. 


362  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

4.  Descriptive  Genitive  :  100  ;  Bur.  421 ;  A.  345 ;  B, 
203;  G.  365;  H.  440;  HB.  355. 

5.  Appositional  Genitive:  102;  Bur.  411;  A.  343;  B. 
202 ;  G.  361 ;  H.  440 ;  HB.  341. 

6.  Genitive  of  the  whole:  103;  Bur.  412;  A.  346;  B. 
201 ;  G.  367 ;  H.  441 ;  HB.  346. 

Note  1.  —  The  subjective  and  objective  genitives  are  dis- 
tinguished by  converting  the  phrase  into  a  sentence :  the  love 
of  a  father  (amor  patris)  may  mean  the  father  loves  (pater  amat), 
and  hence  the  genitive  is  subjective ;  or  it  may  mean  one  loves 
his  father  (amat  patrem),  in  which  case  the  genitive  is  objective. 

Note  2. — Numerals  and  quidem  are  generally  followed  by  ex 
or  de  and  the  ablative  rather  than  by  the  genitive  of  the  whole : 
unus  ex  militibus,  one  of  the  soldiers. 

Note  3.  —  The  adjective  omnis  is  not  followed  by  the  genitive 
of  the  whole :  all  of  us,  nos  omnes  (not  nostrum). 

Exercise  1 

1.  Were  Tiberius  and  Gains  Gracchus  the  sons  of  Cor- 
nelia? 2.  Whose  letter  is  this?  3.  Cicero  said  that  Cati- 
line was  a  man  of  great  boldness.  4.  This  soldier's 
knowledge  of  war  is  extraordinary.  5.  The  name  of  king 
was  always  hateful  to  the  Roman  people.  6.  How  much 
authority  was  given  to  the  consul?  7.  Do  you  know  how 
much  authority  was  given  to  the  consul?  8.  If  all  the 
soldiers  should  fight  bravely,  we  should  conquer.  9.  Cer- 
tain of  (Note  2)  the  knights  were  unfriendly  to  Cicero. 
10.  Love  of  country  did  not  stand-in-the-way-of  Catiline's 
purposes  (dat.).  11.  Cicero  said  that  the  customs  of  the 
ancestors  and  the  safety  of  the  republic  demanded  the 
severest  punishment.  12.  Is  not  this  the  fairest  of  all 
lands?  13.  Let  the  conspirators  be  disturbed  (moved) 
by  the  fear  of  the  people.  14.  We  all  know  what  (of) 
plan  you  formed  (took).  15.  We  heard  that  the  Senate 
decreed  a  thanksgiving  of  twenty  days. 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  363 

Exercise  2     (Cat.  II.  9-10) 

Cicero  said  that  the  second  class  of  the  conspirators' 
army  were  burdened  with  debt  but  did  not  despair  of 
honors  (ace.)-  But  they  could  not  become  consuls  or 
kings  in  the  ashes  of  the  city.  In  (in)  the  third  class 
were  Sulla's  soldiers,  who  were  impelled  by  the  hope  of 
plunder.  They  would  not  have  fallen  into  such  debt,  if 
Sulla  had  been  alive.  With  this  army  of  criminals  of  all 
classes,  what  did  the  leader  expect  he  could  do? 

LESSON    XII 

The  Genitive  with  Adjectives  and  Verbs 

1.  Genitive  with  adjectives:    104;   Bur.  425;  A.  349 
B.  204;  G.  374;  H.  450;  HB.  354. 

2.  Genitive  with  verbs  of  accusing:    105;    Bur.  431 
A.  352;  B.  208;  G.  378;  H.  456;  HB.  342. 

3.  Genitive  with  verbs  of  feeling  and  interest :  106,  107 
Bur.  434;  A.  354;  B.  209;  G.  377;  H.  457;  HB.  352. 

4.  Genitive  w^ith  verbs   of  memory :    108 ;   Bur.   438 

A.  350;  B.  206;  G.  376;  H.  454;  HB.  350. 

5.  Genitive  of  indefinite  value  (with  est):  110;  Bur. 
424;  A.  417;  B.  203;  G.  380;  H.  448;  HB.  356. 

6.  Predicate  Genitive:    111;   Bur.  408,  421;    A.   343; 

B.  203;  G.  366;  H.  447;  HB.  340. 

Exercise  1 

1.  The  Romans  were  always  desirous  of  victory  and 
mindful  of  their  allies.  2.  Are  your  friends  mindful  of 
you  (pL,  162,  6)?  3.  It  will  be  worth-while  (tanti)  for  us 
(dat.)  to  do  this,  provided  our  friends  are  willing.  4.  It 
is  [the  duty]  of  the  consul  to  defend  the  city  and  the 
temples  of  the  gods.  5.  He  says  that  the  sixth  class  con- 
sists (is)  of  the  friends  of  Catiline.     6.  The  consul  will  not 


364  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

repent  of  his  acts.  7.  He  says  that  he  does  not  repent 
(it  does  not  repent  him)  of  his  acts.  8.  Do  not  forget  me, 
and  that  I  am  your  consul.  9.  It  concerned  the  consul 
greatly  (110)  that  his  colleague  should  be  (inf.  clause)  a 
friend.  10.  It  concerns  you  (107)  also  that  your  colleague 
be  a  friend.  11.  The  orator  accused  Catiline  of  many 
things  which  the  senators  had  not  heard  before.  12.  Re- 
member your  former  victories,  soldiers,  if  you  fear  the 
enemy.  13.  The  lieutenant  was  a  man  most-experienced 
in  (of)  war.  14.  It  will  concern  us  (107)  little  whether  the 
enemy  are  in  our  camp  or  not.  15.  He  thinks  that  four 
thousand  men  are  in  camp. 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  II.  11-13) 

If  these  are  Catiline's  forces,  citizens,  do  you  dread 
war?  Can  that  wounded  gladiator  conquer  in  a  contest 
of  this  kind?  I  have  been  informed  that  all  the  colonists 
will  easily  defend  their  towns.  Metellus,  who  is  experi- 
enced in  warfare,  will  check  all  attempts  outside  of  the 
city.  If  any  friends  of  Catiline  remain  in  the  city,  they 
will  see  that  I  am  a  watchful  consul.  If  the  gods  will  be 
our  leaders,  I  promise  that  every  loyal  man  will  be  safe. 

LESSON    XIII 

The  Dative  Case 

1.  Indirect  object  with  transitive  verbs:  112,  a;  Bur. 
450;  A.  362;  B.  187;  G.  345;  H.  424;  HB.  365. 

2.  Indirect  object  with  intransitive  verbs  :  112,6;  Bur. 
456;    A.  367;  B.  187.;  G.  346;  H.  426;  HB.  362. 

3.  Indirect  object  with  compound  verbs :    112,   c,   d; 

Bur.  464;  A.  370;  B.  187;  G.  347;  H.  429;  HB.  376. 

Note  1.  —  Some  intransitive  verbs  are  used  in  the  passive  voice 
impersonally  :  persuadetur  mihi,  /  am  'persuaded  (it  is  persuaded 
to  me) ;   persuadetur  tibi,  you  are  persuaded. 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  365 

Note  2.  —  Mitto  and  scribo  take  either  the  dative  of  indirect 
object,  or  the  accusative  with  ad.  The  accusative  is  used  if  the 
idea  of  motion  predominates :    tibi,  or  ad  te,  scribam,   /  shall 

write  to  you. 

Exercise  1 

1.  Who  will  envy  his  friend's  glory  ?  2.  It  is  [the  duty] 
of  every  man  to  resist  the  leaders  of  that  conspiracy. 
3.  To  you,  Cicero,  our  country  has  intrusted  the  lives  (life) 
and  property  (goods)  of  her  citizens.  4.  He  ought  to 
obey  the  decree  of  the  Senate  and  go  into  exile.  5.  He  is 
persuaded.  I  have  been  persuaded.  6.  Can  you  not  per- 
suade him?  7.  Can  he  not  be  persuaded?  8.  Let  not 
these  desperate  men  threaten  us  with  sword  and  flame. 
9.  Cicero  said  that  foreign  nations  preferred  to  serve  the 
Roman  people  [rather]  than  rule  over  others.  10.  The 
A'llobroges  said  that  Lentulus  had  written  a  letter  to 
Catiline  (Note  2).  11.  Did  the  Senate  give  most  liberal 
rewards  to  the  ambassadors  of  the  Allobroges?  12.  Cicero 
promised  (to)  the  citizens  that  every  loyal  man  would  be 
safe.  13.  We  ought,  conscript  fathers,  to  consult  for  [the 
interest  of]  these  men  and  women  who  are  in  peril.  14.  If 
we  lay  hands  on  Catiline  and  his  friends,  we  shall  do  bur 
duty  by  (enough  for)  the  republic.  15.  When  was  Man- 
lius  placed-in-command-of  the  army  ? 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  III.  1-3) 

By  Cicero's  plans  and  labors  the  state  was  saved. 
Fire  had  almost  been  placed  under  the  temples,  but  it 
had  been  extinguished.  Then  in  the  Forum,  the  consul 
told  (to)  the  people  how  great  their  peril  had  been.  He 
had  heard  that  certain  Gauls  would  cross  the  Mulvian 
Bridge  and  that  they  had  letters  for  (ad)  Catiline.  He 
arrested  them  and  some  of  the  conspirators,  and  then  laid 
the  whole  matter  before  the  Senate,  which  he  had  quickly 
assembled. 


366  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

LESSON    XIV 

The  Dative  {Continued) 

1.  Dative  of  purpose:    114;  Bur.  483;  A.  382;  B.  191 
G.  356;  H.  433;  HB.  365. 

2.  Dative  of  reference  :    115;  Bur.  470;  A.  376;  B.  188 
G.  356;  H.  433;  HB.  366. 

3.  Dative   with   adjectives:    119;    Bur.   487;    A.   384 
B.  192;  G.  359;  H.  434;  HB.  362. 

4.  Dative  of  the  possessor:    117;    Bur.  479;  A.   373 
B.  190;  G.  349;  H.  430;  HB.  374. 

5.  Dative  of  the  agent :    116;  Bur.  480;  A.  374;  B.  189 
G.  354;  H.  431;  HB.  373. 

6.  The  passive  periphrastic  conjugation :  225 ;  Bur. 
1000;  A.  500;  B.  337;  G.  251;  H.  621;  HB.  600. 

Note  1.  —  In  expressions  of  possession  the  genitive  emphasizes 
the  possessor ;  the  dative,  the  fact  of  possession :  bonus  servus 
est  consulis,  the  good  slave  is  the  consul's;  bonus  servus  est 
consul!,  the  consul  has  a  good  slave. 

Note  2.  —  To  avoid  confusion  with  another  dative  connected 
with  the  passive  periphrastic,  the  agent  may  be  expressed  by  the 
ablative  with  a,  ab  :  hostibus  a  nobis  parcendum  est,  we  must  spare 
our  enemies. 

Exercise   1 

1.  Can  this  day  be  pleasant  to  wicked  men?  2.  Your 
safety  will  be  (for)  the  greatest  concern  (care)  to  all  your 
friends.  3.  The  men  who  saved  the  state  are  (for)  an 
honor  to  themselves.  4.  We  must  defend  our  wives  and 
children.  5.  They  say  that  they  must  defend  their  wives 
and  children.  6.  You  have  many  brave  generals  and 
thousands  of  soldiers.  7.  Cicero  said  that  he  would  pro- 
vide for  the  safety  of  the  Roman  people.  8.  Our  country 
ought  (Lesson  IV,  Note  3)  to  be  very  dear  to  us.     9.  Is 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  367 

this  boy  like  his  father  or  his  grandfather  ?  )  0.  We  must 
praise  the  consul  and  give  thanks  to  the  immortal  gods. 
11.  I  learned  that  the  ambassadors  had  a  letter,  and  that 
it  was  Catiline's  (see  Note  1).  12.  Give  a  signal  to  those 
guards  who  are  nearest  to  the  gates.  13.  Catiline  asked 
whether  those  gladiators  would  be  faithful  to  him.  14.  I 
ought  to  be  pardoned  (it  is  fitting  to  be  pardoned  to  me, 
112,  Note  2).  15.  If  your  voice  has  been  [a  means  of]  (for) 
safety  to  any  one,  you  ought  to  be  pardoned. 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  III.  4-6) 

Volturcius  and  the  Gauls  said  that  some  of  the  con- 
spirators were  ready  to  burn  the  city  and  that  Cethegus 
wished  to  do  this  before  the  Saturnalia.  We  know  that 
the  house  of  Cethegus  was  full  of  good  weapons.  In  the 
Senate  the  tablets  of  the  conspirators  were  read.  I 
asked  them  whether  they  recognized  the  seals  of  the 
tablets.  All  confessed.  Then  the  Senate  thanked  me 
and  the  praetors  who  had  commanded  the  troops  of  the 
state. 

LESSON    XV 

The  Accusative 

1.  Directobject:  120;  Bur.  493  ;  A.  387;  B.  172;  G.  330 
H.  404;  HB.  390. 

2.  Secondary  object:   121;   Bur.  507;  A.  396;  B.  178 
G.  339;  H.  411;  HB.  393. 

3.  Predicate  accusative  :  122;  Bur.  506;  A.  393;  B.  177 
G.  340;  H.  410;  HB.  392. 

4.  Subject  of  infinitive:  123;  Bur.  526;  A.  397;  B.  184 
G.  343;  H.  415;  HB.  398. 

5.  Prepositions  with  the  accusative :   231 ;    Bur.  1019 
A.  220;  B.  141;  G.  416;  H.  420;  HB.  455. 


368  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

Note.  —  Moneo,  advise,  warn,  may  be  followed  by  two  accusa- 
tives, one  of  the  person,  and  the  other  a  neuter  pronoun  or  ad- 
jective, expressing  the  thing :  eos  hoc  moneo,  /  give  them  this 
warning  (warn  them  this). 

Exercise  1 

1.  Have  you  read  the  letter  that  Cicero  wrote  to  (ad) 

his   son?     2.    Many   citizens   asked   Caesar   his   opinion 

about  the  conspiracy.     3.  Caesar,  having  been  asked  his 

opinion,  spoke  as  follows  (said  words  of  this  kind).     4.  The 

Roman  people  did  not  elect  Catiline  consul.     5.  He  says 

that  the  Roman  people  could  have  elected  (Lesson  IV, 

Note  4)   Catiline  consul.     6.  Let  us  inform  the  consul 

that  (inf.  clause)  the  gates  are  open.     7.  It  is  said  that 

the  leaders  sought  (peto)  aid  even  of  (121,  a)  the  slaves. 

8.  Jupiter  was  rightly  called  the  stay  of  the  city.     9.  Didn't 

the  Haedui  call  their  magistrate  "  vergobretus  "  ?     10.  The 

consul  has  given  the  enemy  this  warning  (Note) .    11.  Every 

senator  called  Catiline  a  dangerous  citizen.     12.  Caesar 

wrote  that  he  had  led  his  army  into  the  farthest  part 

of   the  province.      13.    Tell   me    who    was-in-command- 

of  the  tenth  legion.     14.  Let  the  boys  remember  their 

friend  and  his  words  (108).     15.  The  leaders  think  that 

they  will  not  lack  infantry  (infantry  will  not  be  lacking 

to  them). 

Exercise  2    (Cat.  III.  7-9) 

Now,  fellow-citizens,  you  need  (oportet)  not  fear  the 
forces  of  Catiline.  The  leader  himself  was  very  shrewd 
and  watchful,  a  man  of  great  endurance.  If  we  had  not 
driven  him  from  the  city,  we  should  have  had  to  watch 
(plup.  ind. ;  198,  Note  2)  day  and  night  (ace.  pL).  It 
was  not  [in  the  power]  of  the  consuls,  but  of  the  gods  to 
withstand  his  attempts.  They  have  surely  aided  (brought 
aid  to)  us,  all  these  days,  and  especially  Jupiter,  whose 
new  statue  has  been  set  up  in  the  temple. 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  360 

LESSON    XVI 

The  Accusative  (Continued) 

1.  Place  to  which:  126,  a;  Bur.  513;  A.  426;  B.  182; 
G.  337;  H.  418;  HB.  365. 

2.  Duration  and  extent :  127;  Bur.  518;  A.  423;  B.  181; 
G.  335;  H.  417;  HB.  387. 

3.  Cognate  accusative  :  128;  Bur.  502;  A.  390;  B.  176; 
G.  333;  H.  409;  HB.  396. 

4.  Adverbial  accusative  :  129 ;  Bur.  524 ;  A.  397;  B.  185; 
G.  333;  H.  416;  HB.  387. 

5.  The  accusative  in  exclamations :  130 ;  Bur.  501 ; 
A.  397;  B.  183;  G.  343;  H.  421;  HB.  399. 

Note.  —  Years  of  age  may  be  expressed  by  annos  natus  with  a 
numeral :  triginta  annos  natus,  thirty  years  old,  at  the  age  of  thirty. 

Exercise  1 

1.  A  certain  Gaul  came  to  Rome  to  the  Senate.  2.  An 
attack  was  made  on  (in)  the  Allobroges  (ace),  who  had 
come  to  Italy.  3.  Cicero  and  Antonius  were  consuls  one 
year.  4.  Rome,  the  most  famous  of  all  cities,  was  fifteen 
miles  away  from  (a)  the  sea.  5.  Why  do  these  citizens 
stand-about  the  Senate  in-great-numbers?  6.  We  know 
that  this  army  has  marched  many  miles  to-day.  7.  Cicero 
delivered  these  orations  [when  he  was]  forty-three  years 
old  (Note).  8.  Did  you  see  the  Roman  knights  who 
went  to  Cicero's  house?  9.  Let  us  ask  (quaero,  Lesson 
VII,  Note  3)  the  lieutenant  whether  he  went  home  or  to 
Geneva.  10.  Cicero  allowed  (patior)  the  friends  of  Cati- 
line to  return  to  their  homes.  11.  Cicero  made  this 
reply  (replied  these  things)  to  the  ambassadors.  12.  What 
reply  would  he  make  (what  things  would  he  reply)  to  the 
ambassadors  if  they  should  consult  him?  13.  If  he  had 
consulted  us,  we  should  have  made  the  same  reply  as  (should 


370  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

have  replied  the  same  which)  he.  14.  Do  you  remember 
that  the  Helvetians  were  very  powerful  (were  able  most)  ? 
15.  0  fortunate  city,  if  all  its  citizens  are  patriotic! 

Exercise  2     (Cat.  III.  10-12) 

If  a  thanksgiving  has  been  appointed  (decreed),  let  us 
celebrate  these  days  of  safety.  You  have  been  saved 
without  bloodshed  (blood),  which  has  not  happened  since 
(post)  the  memory  of  man  (men).  Let  no  reward  be  given 
to  me,  provided  you  remember  that  in  my  consulship  the 
state  was  saved.  But  it  will  be  your  [duty]  to  defend  me 
against  (ab)  the  attacks  of  these  most  daring  men,  and  to 
worship  Jupiter,  the  divine  guardian  of  this  city  and  of 
us  all. 

LESSON    XVII 

The  Ablative 

1.  Prepositions  with   the   ablative:     231;     Bur.    1020; 

A.  220;  B.  142;  G.  417;  H.  490;  HB.  456. 

2.  Ablative   of  Separation:    133;    Bur.    528;    A.  400; 

B.  214;  G.  390;  H.  461;  HB.  408. 

3.  Ablative  of  Source:  134;  Bur.  532;  A.  403;  B.  215; 
G.  395;  H.  467;  HB.  413. 

4.  Ablative  of  Agent:  135;  Bur.  535;  A.  405;  B.  216; 
G.  401;  H.  468;  HB.  406. 

5.  Ablative  of  Comparison:  137;  Bur.  541;  A.  406; 
B.  217;  G.  296;  H.  471;  HB.  416. 

6.  Ablative  of  degree  of  difference :  145 ;  Bur.  582 ; 
A.  414;  B.  223;  G.  403;  H.  479;  HB.  424. 

Note  1.  —  To  resign  an  office  is  expressed  by  se  abdicare  a: 
se  a  praetura  abdicavit,  he  resigned  the  praetorship. 

Note  2.  —  When  an  agent  is  looked  upon  rather  as  a  means 
through  which  something  is  done,  per  with  the  accusative  is  used 
instead  of  ab  with  the  ablative. 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  371 

Exercise  1 

1.  We  must  wrest  that  dagger  from  (de)  his  hands. 
2.  Could  any  other  [man]  have  freed  (Lesson  IV,  Note  4) 
Rome  from  her  perils?  3.  Which  conspirator  was  com- 
pelled to  resign  his  office?  4.  If  Cicero  had  resigned  the 
consulship,  Catiline  would  not  have  gone  out  of  the  city. 
5.  For  many  years  our  country  has  been  without  (careo, 
149)  provinces  and  harbors.  6.  Let  the  enemy  fear  the 
assembly  of  patriotic  men  more  than  the  swords  of  the 
soldiers.  7.  Cicero  asked  the  Senate  who  was  milder  than 
himself  (166,  5).  8.  Do  you  think  that  Cicero  was  a 
much  greater  consul  than  Caesar?  9.  He  asked  whether 
Catiline  had  more  (amplius)  than  two  thousand  soldiers. 
10.  All  the  colonists  have  been  informed  by  the  consul 
wdth-regard-to  (de)  the  attempts  of  the  enemy.  11.  Caesar 
was  said  to  have  descended  (orior)  from  (ab)  Trojan  blood. 
12.  Cicero  was  born  of  an  equestrian  family  (134).  13.  It 
was  learned  through  (Note  2)  scouts  that  the  enemy  had 
marched  in  (into)  another  direction.  14.  In-comparison- 
with  the  forces  of  the  enemy,  we  ought  not  to  despise  our 
legions.  15.  In-return-for  all  his  labors,  Cicero  demanded 
nothing  except  (nisi)  the  memory  of  his  consulship. 

Exercise  2     (Cat.  IV.  1-3) 

The  eyes  of  all  Romans  were  turned  toward  the  consul 
who  had  rescued  them  and  their  children  from  all  perils, 
forgetful  of  his  own  safety.  They  thought  not  only 
about  themselves,  but  about  the  family  of  the  consul. 
They  knew  that  he  was  deeply  moved  by  the  grief  of  his 
wife  and  daughter.  They  saw  the  accused  who  had  con- 
fessed, and  Lentulus  who  had  resigned  his  praetorship. 
So  they  hoped  that  the  Senate  would  punish  the  criminals 
without  delay. 


372  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

LESSON    XVIII 

The  Ablative  (Continued) 

1.  Ablative  of  means:    141;   Bur.  570;  A.  409;  B.  218 
G.  401;  H.  476;  HB.  423. 

2.  Ablative  of  cause:    142;   Bur.  546;  A.  404;  B.  219 
G.  408;  H.  475;  HB.  444. 

3.  Ablative  of  manner :  139;  Bur.  554;  A.  412;  B.  220 
G.  399;  H.  473;  HB.  445. 

4.  Ablative  of  accompaniment:   138;  Bur.  550;  A.  413 
B.  222;  G.  392;  H.  473;  HB.  418. 

5.  Ablative  of  description:    143;    Bur.  557;    A.  415 
B.  224;  G.  400;  H.  473;  HB.  443. 

6.  Ablative  of  specification:    144;    Bur.  586;   A.  418 
B.  226;  G.  397;  H.  480;  HB.  441. 

7.  Ablative  with  deponent  verbs  :  147;  Bur.  572;  A.  410 
B.  218;  G.  407;  H.  477;  HB.  429. 

8.  Ablative  with  certain  adjectives:    150;    Bur.   587 

A.  418;  B.  226;  G.  397;  H.  481;  HB.  442. 

Note.  —  Cause  is  sometimes  expressed  by  the  accusative  with 
ob  or  propter :  ob  eam  rem,  for  this  reason,  propter  timorem,  on 
account  of  fear. 

Exercise  1 

1.  The  soldiers  will  not  be  content  with  such  (of  thitj 
kind)  booty.  2.  How  is  the  city  defended?  Is  it  not 
(defended)  by  garrison  and  watches?  3.  You  will  never 
repent  (it  will  never  repent  you)  of  having  fought  (to 
have  fought)  with  so  great  bravery.  4.  They  will  not  be 
satisfied  with  the  punishment  of  you  (not  gen. ;  see  164,  h) 
who  have  remained  in  the  city.  5.  You  have  heard  that 
Gatiline  was  a  man  of  great  endurance  of  hunger  and 
thirst.  6.  This  general  is  worthy  of  the  highest  praise 
because  he  has  conquered  without  bloodshed  (blood). 
7.  Cicero  wrote  that  nothing  could  be  better  than  friend- 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  373 

ship.  8.  Caesar  went  to  a  town  of  the  Allobroges,  Geneva 
by  name.  9.  Sulla's  soldiers  hoped  (themselves)  to  be 
able  to  secure  greater  booty  on  this  account  (because  of 
this).  10.  Cicero  says  that  he  did  this  relying  on  the  aid 
of  the  gods.  11.  The  men  whom  Catiline  left  in  the  city 
are  much  more  powerful  than  those  whom  he  took  with 
him.  12.  If  you  wish  to  enjoy  (utor)  peace  to-day^  sur- 
render yourselves  and  all  your  [property]  to  the  Roman 
people.  13.  Catiline,  a  man  of  the  greatest  boldness, 
came  into  the  temple  with  the  other  senators.  14.  Why 
did  Catiline  use  that  silver  eagle,  of  (de)  which  we  have 
heard  so  much  (many  things)  ?  15.  Don't  flee  from  the 
city  because  of  fear;  these  soldiers  will  bravely  defend 
you  from  (ab)  the  enemy. 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  IV.  4-6) 

Silanus,  the  consul-elect,  who  was  asked  his  opinion  (121) 
in  the  Senate,  thought  the  conspirators  w^ere  deserving  of 
death.  Caesar  said  that  imprisonment  for  life  (chains  ever- 
lasting) was  a  more  (magis)  suitable  punishment  for  them. 
Cicero  saw  what  was  for  his  interest  (what  concerned 
him,  107) ;  for  he  knew  that  Caesar  was  a  friend  of  the 
people.  But  he  preferred  to  follow  the  opinion  of  Silanus, 
and  did  not  fear  the  charge  of  cruelty  in  (the  case  of) 
these  most  bitter  enemies. 

LESSON    XIX 

The  Ablative  (Concluded) 

1.  Ablative  absolute:  151;  Bur.  558.  A.  419;  B.  227; 
G.  409;  H.  489;.  HB.  421. 

2.  Ablative  of  time:  152;  Bur.  599.  A.  423;  B.  230: 
G.  393;  H.  486;  HB.  439. 


374  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

3.  Ablative  of  place  where  and  whence  :  153  ;  133,  a,  h; 
Bur.  588,  530;  A.  426;  B.  228,  229;  G.  385,  390;  H.  483, 
491;  HB.  433,  409. 

4.  Locative  Case:  154;  Bur.  606;  A.  427;  B.  232; 
G.  411;  H.  483;  HB.  449. 

5.  Dates:  248;  Bur.  603;  A.  631;  B.  371;  G.  App.; 
H.  754;  HB.  660. 

Note.  —  A  possessive  pronoun  or  adjective  limiting  domi  has 
the  form  of  the  genitive  :  suae  domi,  at  his  house. 

Exercise  1 

(Use  the  ablative  absolute  when  possible) 

1.  Cicero  said  that  in  Catiline's  camp  there  was  not 
any  (169)  good  man.  2.  If  these  men  alone  are  punished, 
the  danger  will  not  be  removed.  3.  At  my  command  (me 
commanding)  the  gates  will  be  open.  4.  Tell  us  where 
you  were  last  summer  and  what  you  saw.  5.  These  ora- 
tions which  we  are  reading  were  delivered  in  the  consul- 
ship of  Cicero  and  Antonius.  6.  My  friends  were  at 
Brundisium  two  years ;  they  will  go  to  Geneva  within  ten 
days.  7.  I-wish-that  (utinam)  you  had  been  at  my  house 
last  night.  8.  Having  delivered  this  speech,  the  senator 
returned  to  his  house.  9.  I  know  that  this  letter  was 
written  on  the  first  (248)  of  October.  10.  It  ought  to 
have  been  written  (Lesson  IV,  Note  4)  on  the  thirteenth 
of  September.  11.  I  shall  write  you  (Lesson  XIII,  Note  2) 
another  letter  on  the  fifth  of  November.  12.  Do  you 
know  whether  the  ambassador  has  come  from  Rome  or 
not?  13.  Do  you  prefer  to  live  in  the  city  or  in  the  coun- 
try? 14.  Because  these  scoundrels  have  been  driven  out, 
do  not  think  we  have  been  freed  from  all  peril.  15.  The 
third  oration  against  Catiline  was  delivered  on  the  third 
of  December ;   the  fourth,  on  the  fifth  of  December. 


LATIN   PROSE   COMPOSITION  375 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  IV.  7-8) 

Do  you  think,  senators,  that  I  do  not  have  enough 
protection?  The  whole  city  is  full  of  loyal  citizens  of  all 
classes.  Why  should  I  fear  (deliberative  subjv.)  the 
attacks  of  others?  Even  the  freedmen  and  slaves  con- 
tribute as"  much  as  they  can  to  (ad)  the  common  safety. 
The  shopkeepers  (those  who  are  in  shops)  also  know  that 
their  profits  are  maintained  by  peace.  And  so  if  this 
harmony  is  pleasing  to  all  men,  we  shall  preserve  our 
common  country  and  the  temples  of  the  gods. 

LESSON    XX 

Review  of  the  Indicative 

1.  Uses  of  the  indicative:  184,  185;  Bur.  743;  A.  437; 
B.  271;  G.  254;  H.  523;  HB.  545. 

2.  Tenses  of  the  indicative  :  173-179;  Bur.  745;  A.  465; 
B.  259;  G.  227;  H.  532;  HB.  468. 

3.  Tenses  with  iam,  iam  diu,  iam  dudum,  iam  pridem : 
173  c;  174c;  Bur.  749;  A. 466;  B.259,4;  G.230;  H.  533; 
HB.  485. 

4.  Order  of  words:  233;  Bur.  1055;  A.  600;  B.  351; 
G.  684;  H.  685;  HB.  630. 

Note  1. — With  expressions  of  duration,  like  iam  diu,  iam 
dudum,  the  present  tense  is  translated  by  have  and  the  imperfect 
by  had:  te  iam  dudum  hortor  (hortabar),  for  a  long  time  I  have 
(had)  been  urging  you. 

Note  2.  —  Remember  that  iam  with  a  negative  means  longer. 

Exercise  1 

1.  The  Senate  used-to-consult  (174,  h)  for  the  safety  of 
the  allies.  2.  The  Gauls  kept-making  sallies  from  the 
town  and  attacks  on  (in)  the  Romans  (ace).  3.  My 
brother  has  been  living  now  a  long  time  in  that  city. 


376  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

4.  Catiline  has  long  been  plotting  the  destruction  of  the 
city  and  the  slaughter  of  the  citizens.  5.  The  general  had 
not  known  for  a  long  time  in  what  direction  the  enemy 
were  marching.  6.  The  AUobroges  had  now  for  a  long 
time  been  complaining  of  (de)  the  unjust  rule  of  the  Roman 
people.  7.  If  Catiline  goes  to  Marseilles,  certain  of 
(Lesson  XI,  Note  2)  his  friends  will  follow  him.  8.  Did 
you  remember  that  I  said  he  would  go  to  Geneva  ?  9.  Why 
did  all  good  citizens  hate  you,  Lentulus?  10.  They  will 
hate  all  these  desperate  men,  the  enemies  of  their  country. 
11.  Do  you  think  that  Cicero  will  refer  this  question 
(thing)  to  the  Senate  to-day?  12.  If  Catiline  goes  into 
exile,  we  shall  no  longer  need  (oportet)  to  fear.  13.  Such 
men  will  never  repent  (106)  of  their  purposes,  as  I  have 
often  said.  14.  They  may  (Lesson  IV,  Note  2)  go  to 
Marseilles,  provided  they  do  not  levy  an  army  on  the 
Gauls  (112,  b).  15.  It  concerns  us  (107)  greatly  that 
the  temples  of  the  gods  be  defended  (inf.)  by  guards 
as  strong  as  possible. 

Exercise  2  (Cat.  IV.  9-11) 

You  see,  conscript  fathers,  that  all  ranks  of  citizens  are- 
of-one-opinion  (think  one  and  the  same).  They  know 
that  our  country  is  beset  by  the  weapons  of  impious  con- 
spirators. Therefore  it  is  for-us  (ours)  to  decide  to-day 
whether  (Lesson  VII,  Note  1)  these  temples  and  shrines 
shall  remain  or  be  destroyed. 

Many  illustrious  generals  have  opened  new  provinces 
for  us,  but  no  one  must  be  praised  more  than  that  consul 
who  has  saved  the  state.  In-return-for  this  service  (thing) 
I  know  that  the  Roman  people  will  remember  (memoria 
teneo)  my  consulship,  and  will  provide  for  the  safety  (dat.) 
of  my  son. 


I 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  377 

LESSON    XXI 

Relative  Clauses 

1.  Relative  clauses  with  the  indicative  :  191,  a,  h;  Bur. 
797;  A.  535;  B.  311;  G.  610;  H.  589;  HB.  499. 

2.  Relative  clauses  with  the  subjunctive :  192,  a-c; 
Bur.  798;  A.  535;  B.  283;  G.  631;  H.  591;  HB.  521. 

Note  1.  —  In  the  sentence,  "  the  soldier,  who  reported  the  vic- 
tory, is  named  Galba,"  the  clause  merely  designates  (points  out) 
the  particular  soldier  and  is  called  determinative,  having  its  verb 
in  the  indicative :  miles,  qui  victoriam  nuntiat,  appellatur  Galba. 
If  we  say  "Galba  is  a  soldier  who  fights  bravely,"  the  clause 
describes  the  soldier  and  requires  a  subjunctive  verb  :  Galba  est 
miles  qui  fortiter  piignet. 

Note  2.  —  Descriptive  clauses  often  follow  such  expressions  as 
sunt  qui,  there  are  those  (some)  who;  nemo  est  qui,  there  is  no  one 
who;  solus  (unus)  est  qui,  he  is  the  only  one  who;  quis  est  qui, 
who  is  there  who? 

NoteS.  —  Descriptive  clauses  also  follow  dignus,  indignus, 
idoneus :  non  erit  idoneus  qui  mittatur,  he  will  not  be  a  suitable 
man  to  send  {to  be  sent) ;  hie  liber  dignus  est  qui  legatur,  this  book 
is  worth  reading  (worthy  to  be  read;  worthy  that  it  should  be  read). 

Note  4. — Relative  clauses  expressing  purpose,  result,  cause, 
and  concession  are  treated  in  later  lessons. 

Exercise  1 

1.  This  is  the  oration  which  Cicero  delivered  in  the 
temple  of  Jupiter.  2.  Catiline  was  not  worthy  to  be  elected 
consul.  3.  The  Gauls  are  the  only  nation  that  can  make 
war  on  us  (dat.).  4.  There  are  gladiators  who  are  better 
disposed  (of  better  spirit)  than  certain  of  the  senators. 
5.  These  brave  soldiers  are  worthy  to  be  praised  by  the 
lieutenant.  6.  There  is  no  one  who  does  not  know  how 
many  dangers'  we  have  escaped.  7.  There  were  some 
who  did  not  hear  the  things  he  said.  8.  There  were  two 
consuls  in  Rome,  one  of  whom  was  said  to  be  a  friend  of 


378  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

Caesar.  9.  Who  is  there  in  all  this  empire  who  does  not 
think  that  Pompey  ought  to  be  chosen  commander-in- 
chief?  10.  There  are  no  other  legions  which  we  can  send 
to  (ad)  this  war  if  these  are  defeated  (abl.  abs.).  11.  Let 
us  choose  a  commander,  fellow-citizens,  who  is  able  to 
protect  our  allies  from  these  powerful  kings.  12.  Don't 
you  think  that  he  is  a  suitable  [man]  to  be  chosen  as 
commander-in-chief?  13.  Those  whom  Catiline  has  left 
at  Rome  must  be  informed  [that]  the  consuls  are  watchful. 
14.  He  is  the  only  man  whom  we  must  fear.  15.  Fortune 
favors  the  brave :  if  our  commanders  rely  on  them- 
selves, their  soldiers  will  rely  on  them. 

Exercise  2  (Pomp.  1-3) 

During  the  praetorship  of  Cicero,  two  powerful  kings 
of  Asia  were  making  war  on  the  allies  of  the  Roman 
people.  It  was  necessary  to  put  a  general  in-command-of 
the  army.  The  praetor  who  had  not  delivered  an  ora- 
tion to  the  people  before,  spoke  concerning  the  virtues  of 
Gnaeus  Pompey.  He  said  that  the  tributaries  of  the 
republic  were  in  danger  and  that  the  commander  was 
about  to  return  to  Rome.  Pompey,  a  man  of  remark- 
able wisdom,  had  carried  on  many  wars  on  land  and  sea. 
No  one  else  could  (impf .)  wipe  out  the  disgrace  incurred  in 
the  former  war. 

LESSON    XXII 

Purpose  Clauses.     Noun  Clauses 

1.  Purpose  clauses  with  ut,  ne,  or  a  relative  :  193  ;  Bur. 
812;  A.  531;  B.  282;  G.  545;  H.  568;  HB.  502. 

2.  Noun  clauses  after  verbs  of  fearing :  205,  h;  Bur. 
838;  A.  564;  B.  296,  2;  G.  550;  H.  567;  HB.  502,  4. 

3.  Sequence  of  tenses:  183;  Bur.  781;  A.  482;  B.  266; 
G.  509;  H.  543;  HB.  476. 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  379 

Note  1. — A  relative  pronoun,  relative  adjective,  or  relative 
adverb  introduces  a  purpose  clause  when  there  is  a  close  con- 
nection with  the  antecedent. 

Note  2.  —  In  the  earlier  form  of  expression,  ne  accidat,  timed, 
as  two  sentences,  meant  let  it  not  happen,  I  am  afraid,  i.e.  /  am 
afraid  that  it  may  happen.  This  came  to  be  the  meaning  of  the 
complex  sentence  timeo  ne  accidat,  in  which  ne  means  that.  Sim- 
ilarly accidat,  timeo  meant  let  it  happen,  I  am  afraid,  i.e.  I  am 
afraid  that  it  may  not  happen.  Accidat  becoming  subordinate 
to  timeo,  ut  came  to  be  the  connective  as  the  opposite  of  ne. 

Note  3.  —  Only  the  present  and  imperfect  subjunctive  are  used 
in  purpose  clauses,  except  in  the  case  of  defective  verbs  like 
memini,  or  verbs  like  cognosco,  whose  meaning  differs  in  the 
present  and  perfect  systems. 

Exercise  1 

1.  Let  the  consuls  be  vigilant  that  the  enemy  may  not 
be  able  to  move  (himself)  against  the  republic.  2.  Send 
soldiers  to  the  camp  to  bring  the  rest  of  the  weapons. 
3.  I  am  not  afraid  that  men  will  say  that  I  did  this  too 
cruelly.  4.  Are  you  not  afraid  that  you  will  not  have 
enough  (of)  protection?  5.  It  is  greatly  to  be  feared  that 
we  may  be  too  mild  toward  (in)  these  most  bitter  enemies. 
6.  Caesar  will  go  to  Geneva  to  find  out  what  tribes  are 
conspiring  against  the  Roman  people.  7.  Refer  the 
matter  to  the  senate,  so  that  no  danger  (not  any  of  danger) 
may  threaten  the  city.  8.  Caesar  used-to-send-ahead  his 
cavalry  to  terrify  the  enemy.  9.  If  Catiline's  forces  are 
like  these,  we  need  not  fear  that  our  army  will  not  be 
able  to  -vH.hstand  them.  10.  The  lieutenant's  friends  ^dll 
come  by  the  Aurelian  Way,  that  they  may  more  easily 
(193,  a)  arrive  at  (ad)  the  camp.  11.  If  they  had  gone 
by  another  way,  they  would  have  found  a  place  suitable 
for  a  camp.  12.  What  was  there  which  could  please  a 
man  like  Catiline  (104,  a)?  13.  May  that  weapon  be 
wrested  from  (de)  his  hands.     14.  There  is  no  one  who 


380  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

does  not  know  that  they  have  attempted  to  kill  the  con- 
sul. 15.  I  inquired  of  the  boy  (Lesson  VII,  Note  3) 
whether  he  lived  at  Brundisium  or  at  his  home. 

Exercise  2  (Pomp.  4-6) 

Mithridates  is  now  making-ready  his  fleets  and  armies 
to  bring  war  upon  us  by  land  and  sea.  Even  in  Spain 
we  are  compelled  to  fight  with  his  allies.  Our  ancestors 
punished  those  who  had  arrogantly  addressed  our  am- 
bassadors. Ought  we  to  disregard  the  loss  of  revenues 
and  the  massacre  of  Roman  citizens?  Unless  you  defend 
your  tributaries  in  Asia  from  even  the  fear  of  calamity, 
you  will  lose  the  income  of  a  whole  year. 

LESSON    XXIII 

Result  Clauses.     Noun  Clauses 

1.  Result  clauses  with  ut,  ut  non,  or  a  relative:  194, 
194,  a;  Bur.  818;  A.  537;  B.  284;  G.  552;  H.  570;  HB. 
521,  2. 

2.  Noun  clauses  with  verbs  meaning  to  accomplish: 
205,  c;  Bur.  842;  A.  568;  B.  297;  G.  553;  H.  566;  HB. 
521,  3. 

3.  Noun  clauses  with  verbs  meaning  it  happens :  205,  d; 
Bur.  843;  A.  569,  2;  B.  297,  2;  G.  553,  3;  H.  571;  HB 
521,  3. 

4.  Sequence  of  tenses:  183,  Bur.  781;  A.  482;  B.  266; 
G.  509;  H.  543;  HB.  476. 

Note  1.  —  A  relative  clause  of  result  is  also  a  clause  of  descrip- 
tion (192,  a),  as  in  si  quis  est  talis  qui  me  accuset,  if  any  one  is  of 
such  a  mind  as  to  blame  me. 

Note  2.  —  With  tantum  abest  two  ut-clauses  are  used,  one  the 
subject  of  abest,  the  other  a  clause  of  result :  tantum  abest  ut 
laudetur,  ut  etiam  accusetur,  so  far  is  it  from  the  truth  that  he  ia 
praised,  that  he  is  even  blamed. 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  381> 

Exercise  1 

1.  The  city  was  so  fortified  that  the  people  did  not 
fear.  2.  Cicero  speaks  in-such-a-maiiner  that  he  seems  to 
be  moved  by  pity.  3.  You  are  such  [a  man],  Lentulus, 
that  the  memory  of  your  grandfather  has  not  recalled 
you  from  crime.  4.  Who  can  be  so  hard-hearted  as-not- 
to-be  (who  is  not)  moved  by  the  grief  of  his  friends? 

5.  Such  a  storm  suddenly  arose  that  it  (rel.)  drove  (defero) 
our  ships,  some  in  one  direction,  and  some  in  another  (170). 

6.  The  orator  will  let  (make)  the  people  know  what  the 
Senate  has  decreed.  7  It  happened  that  the  envoys  of 
the  Allobroges  were  at  Rome  that  day.  8.  It  remains 
for-us-to  (that  we)  consider  what  we  must  do.  9.  We 
shall  not  make  them  hear.  10.  We  fear  that  we  shall 
not  make  them  hear.  11.  I  am  so  far  from  denying  that 
this  is  true,  that  I  now  confess  [it].  12.  Do  not  despair; 
we  shall  defeat  them  easily,  if  only  (199)  you  are 
brave.  13.  We  have  written  letters  to  the  Roman 
knights  to  inform  them  about  their  property.  14.  The 
result  was  that  the  Roman  knights  were  informed  about 
their  property.  15.  The  general  was  informed  that  his 
cavalry  could  not  overtake  the  enemy. 

Exercise  2  (Pomp.  7-9) 

I  shall  speak  of  your  tax-collectors  whose  fortunes  are- 
at-stake.  These  men  are  the  support  of  the  state,  and 
their  welfare  ought  to  receive  your  careful  attention  (be 
for  a  care  to  you).  LucuUus  has  conquered  and  sunk  the 
king's  fleet,  and  on  this  account  (qua  de  causa)  he  must 
be  praised.  But  the  king  has  fled  as  a  suppliant  to  other 
\  kings.  If  Lucullus  had  captured  him,  the  war  would  no 
longer  be  dangerous  (periculosus). 


382  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

LESSON  xxrv 

Noun  Clauses  (Continued) 

1.  Clauses  with  ut  or  ne  after  verbs  of  commanding, 
persuading,  requesting,  etc. :  205  a;  Bur.  826;  A.  563; 
B.  295;  G.  546;  H.  565;  HB.  502,  3. 

2.  Clauses  with  ne,  quin,  or  quominus,  after  verbs  of 
hindering,  preventing,  refusing:  205  e;  Bur.  829;  A.  558; 
B.  284;  G.  549;  H.  594;  HB.  302. 

3.  Clauses  with  quin  after  verbs  or  phrases  of  doubting : 
205  e;  Bur.  833;  A.  558;  B.  298;  G.  555,2;  H.  595;  HB. 
519,  4,  6. 

Note  1.  —  Ne  is  used  after  a  positive  verb  of  hindering  or  refus- 
ing ;  quin  (  =  qui  +  ne,  hy  which  not),  after  a  negative  ;  quominus 
(by  which  less),  after  either  a  positive  or  a  negative:  eum  im- 
pedient  ne  (or  quominus)  hoc  faciat,  they  will  hinder  him  from 
doing  this;  eum  non  impedient  quin  (or  quominus)  hoc  faciat, 
they  will  not  hinder  him  from  doing  this. 

Note  2,  —  Prohibeo,  prevent,  is  of tener  followed  by  the  infinitive 
than  by  the  subjunctive  (212). 

Exercise  1 

1.  Cicero  often  advised  Catiline  to  go  into  exile.  2.  Let 
us  urge  all  good  citizens  to  hear  the  consul's  speech. 
3.  The  Senate  will  decree  that  our  allies  shall  not  suffer 
(capio)  any  (of)  injury.  4.  It  is  much  better  to  persuade 
than  to  command  men  to  do  this.  5.  Do  you  think  you 
can  persuade  your  friends  (112,  6)  to  go  with  you  ?  6.  Who 
can  doubt  that  the  immortal  gods  will  defend  this  city?  ^ 
7.  There  is  no  doubt  that  even  the  Gauls  knew  the  plans 
of  the  conspirators.  8.  The  consul  said  that  he  was  not 
yet  induced  to  do  this.  9.  Let  no  one  prevent  the  am- 
bassadors from  speaking  with  the  general.  10.  These 
soldiers  will  not  refuse  to  fight  bravely,  if  you  encourage 
them.     11.  The  general  urged  his  soldiers  to  hinder  the 


LATIN  PROSE  COMPOSITION  383 

enemy  from  crossing  the  river.  12.  There  are  many  who 
did  not  doubt  that  Pompey  would  quickly  bring  this  war 
to  an  end.  13.  The  ambassador  could  not  be  persuaded 
(112,  Note  2)  to  remain  in  Rome  many  days.  14.  We 
ought  to  have  prevented  (Lesson  IV,  Note  4)  the  con- 
spirators from  meeting  at  (coming-together-to)  the  house 
(126)  of  Laeca.  15.  If  they  had  asked  that  they  might 
(Lesson  IV,  Note  2)  do  this,  they  would  have  obtained- 
their-request. 

Exercise  2  (Pomp.  10-12) 

It  seems  to  me  to  be  necessary  to  put  in  command  of 
this  war  a  man  in  whom  the  four  qualities  (things)  of  a 
great  commander  exist.  That  Pompey  is  [a  man]  of  great 
knowledge  of  military  matters,  many  tribes  and  nations 
declare.  There  is  no  kind  of  warfare  in  which  he  has  not 
been  trained.  The  sea  was  so  full  of  pirates  that  no 
Roman  fleet  could  sail  in  safety.  But  has  not  Pompey 
driven  them  all  from  the  sea  within  three  months? 

LESSON    XXV 

Noun  Clauses  (Concluded) 

1.  Clauses  with  quod  and  the  indicative :  204 ;  Bur. 
822;  A.  572;  B.  299;   G.  524;   H.  588;  HB.  552. 

2.  Review  of  constructions  mth  licet,  oportet,  necesse 
est:  205,  d;  209,  b;  212;  Bur.  828,  948;  A.  565;  B. 
295,  6;  G.  535;   H.  564,  618;   HB.  513,  585. 

3.  Constructions  with  volo,  patior,  cogo :  205,  a,  and 
212;  Bur.  837;  A.  563  h;  B.  331,  296;  G.  553,  2;  H. 
565,  2;  HB.  502,  3,  586. 

Note  1. — After  accedit,  it  is  added,  or  accidit,  it  happens^ 
either  an  indicative  quod-clause  or  a  subjunctive  ut-clause  may 
be  used,  though  accidit  usually  takes  an  ut-clause  (Lesson  XXIII) 


384  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

accedebat  hue  quod  Dumnorix  dixerat,  furthermore  (it  was  added 
to  this  that)  Dumnorix  had  said. 

Note  2. — With  licet,  oportet,  necesse  est  a  subjunctive  clause 
may  be  used  (usually  without  ut)  though  the  infinitive  is  more 
common,  as  explained  in  Lesson  IV,  Notes  2,  3  :  licet  hoc  facias, 
you  may  do  this;  oportet  h5c  facias,  you  ought  to  do  this;  necesse 
est  hoc  facias,  you  must  do  this. 

Note  3. — After  volo,  patior,  cogo,  the  infinitive  is  generally 
used  instead  of  the  subjunctive :  verum  audire  non  vult,  he  dees 
not  wish  to  hear  the  truth;  mihi  credas  volo,  I  wish  you  to  believe 
me. 

Exercise  1 

1.  What  [shall  I  say  of  the  fact]  that  all  our  alhes  are 
demanding  Pompey  as  commander  for  this  war  ?  2 .  Further- 
more (it  is  added  that)  there  is  no  one  else  who  is  able  to 
prevent  the  enemy  from  conspiring  against  us.  3.  You 
may  do  this  if  it  seems  [best]  to  you.  4.  We  must  ward-off 
the  danger  not  only  in  Asia,  but  also  in  Spain.  5.  Our 
ambassadors  ought  not  to  have  been  unjustly  treated  at 
Corinth.  6.  The  Gauls  will  compel  the  traders  to  tell 
what  they  have  learned  about  the  country.  7.  We  are 
allowing  the  enemy  to  treat  our  commanders  unjustly. 
8.  There  is  no  doubt  that  he  might  (Lesson  IV,  Note  4) 
have  done  this.  9.  Who  doubts  that  he  could  have  done 
this?  10.  He  knows  that  he  ought  to  have  informed  the 
consul  about  the  plans  of  these  men.  11.  Cicero  wished 
his  friends  to  know  that  he  would  employ  (use)  their 
assistance  in  the  protection  of  the  republic.  12.  The 
traders,  who  were  crossing  the  sea,  were  afraid  that  their 
fortunes  would  not  be  safe.  13.  There  was  the  additional 
circumstance  (it  was  added)  that  our  armies  crossed  the 
sea  in  the  dead-of  winter  to  escape  the  pirates.  14.  O 
that  we  had  troops  worthy  of  such  a  leader!  15.  Do  not 
prevent  him  from  telling  us  what  must  be  done. 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  385 

Exercise  2  (Pomp.  13-15) 

If  we  compare  Pompey  with  other  generals,  we  shall  see 
how  many  and  how  great  are  his  virtues.  Not  only  does 
he  restrain  himself,  but  he  prevents  his  legions  from 
harming  conquered  nations.  And  so  he  has  caused  (made) 
these  nations  to  believe  that  he  is  like  the  old  Romans, 
a  man  of  great  self-restraint.  And  indeed  it  greatly  con- 
cerns the  state  what  our  allies  think  of  a  general  to  whom 
we  have  intrusted  (Lesson  XXI,  Note  1)  their  welfare. 


LESSON    XXVI 

Temporal  Clauses 

1.  With  postquam,  ubi,  etc. :  195,  a;  Bur.  870;  A.  543; 
B.  287;   G.  561;   H.  602;   HB.  550. 

2.  With  cum:  195,  b;  Bur.  856;  A.  545;  B.  288;  G. 
578;  H.  600;  HB.  524. 

3.  With  dum,  etc. :  195,  d,  e,  f;  Bur.  876 ;  A.  553 ; 
B.  293;   G.  571;   H.  603;   HB.  507. 

4.  With  antequam  and  priusquam :  195,  g;  Bur.  863; 
A.  551;   B.  291;    G.  574;    H.  605;    HB.  507. 

Note  1.  —  In  direct  discourse,  as  a  rule,  the  indicative  is  used  in 
all  temporal  clauses  with  these  chief  exceptions  :  (a)  cum  iisually 
takes  the  subjunctive  (imperfect  or  pluperfect)  to  describe  the 
circumstances  of  the  main  action  ;  (6)  dum,  antequam,  and  prius- 
quam, before,  take  the  subjunctive  to  express  an  act  as  anticipated 
or  expected,  from  a  past  point  of  view ;  from  a  present  point  of 
view,  the  present  subjunctive  or  the  present  or  future  perfect 
indicative. 

Note  2.  When  a  subordinate  clause  merely  defines  or  dates 
the  time  of  the  main  action,  cum  or  ubi  is  used  with  the  indica- 
tive ;  cum,  with  any  past  tense ;  ubi,  generally  with  the  perfect 
or  historical  present. 


386  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

Exercise  1 

1.  After  the  consul  had  reported  the  question  to  the 
senate,  Caesar  and  Silanus  expressed  their  opinions. 
2.  When  I  saw  the  letter/  I  recognized  the  hand  of  my 
friend.  3.  At  the  time  when  I  was  reading  my  friend's 
letter,  I  had  already  been  informed  of  his  safety.  4.  TVTaile 
these  things  were  going  on  at  Rome,  we  were  many  miles 
away  from  the  city.  5.  Before  you  consider  what  must 
be  done,  listen  to  the  witnesses  who  have  been  called  to- 
gether. 6.  As  soon  as  the  Roman  ^  knights  learned  what 
was  going  on  in  Asia,  they  reported  the  situation  to  Cicero. 
7.  Our  armies  will  be  victorious  as  long  as  we  have  com- 
manders of  such  ability.  8.  It  was  the  plan  of  the  general 
to  fortify  the  camp  before  the  enemy  should  know  where 
his  army  was.  9.  When  this  oration  was  delivered,  the 
Forum  was  full  of  patriotic  citizens  who  had  come  to 
hear  the  new  praetor.  10.  When  this  oration  had  been 
delivered,^  all  felt  that  Pompey  was  worthy  to  be  chosen 
(Lesson  XXI,  Note  3)  commander.  11.  Lucullus  was  not 
recalled  until  ^  he  had  been  defeated  by  Mithridates  with 
the  loss  of  many  men  (many  having  been  killed).  12.  Do 
not  give  up  (cease  from)  the  battle,  soldiers,  until  you 
put  the  king's  forces  to  flight.  13.  Catiline  was  driven 
from  the  city  before  he  should  be  killed.  14.  Catiline 
was  driven  from  the  city  before  his  army  was  defeated. 
15.  Unless  you  send  a  large  army  to  Asia  to  defend  your 
allies,  you  will  be  unable  to  hold  them  in  allegiance. 

Exercise  2  (Pomp.  16-18) 

Finally  Pompey  seems  to  excel  all  our  great  soldiers  in 
good-fortune,   which   is   a  gift   of    the   godS  themselves. 

1  Write  in  two  ways :   (1)  with  a  clause ;  (2)  with  an  ablative  absolute. 
'  Order :  knights  Roman.        ^  priusquam. 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  387 

And  so  I  ask  you,  citizens,  whether  I  have  shown  that  he 
is  the  only  man  who  should  be  sent  to  Asia  as  commander. 
Hortensius  thinks  that  everything  ought  not  to  be  put  in 
the  hands  of  one  man.  But  if  you  had  followed  his 
opinion  heretofore,  the  pirates  would  still  hold  the  sea. 

LESSON    XXVII 

Causal  and  Concessive  Clauses 

1.  Causal  clauses  with  quod,  quia,  quoniam :  196,  a; 
Bur.  886;  A.  540;  B.  285;  G.  539;  H.  588;  HB.  555. 

2.  Causal  clauses  with  cum  or  qui :  196,  b;  Bur.  892 ; 
A.  540;  B.  286;   G.  586;   H.  594;   HB.  523. 

3.  Concessive  clauses  with  quamquam,  etsi :  197,  a,  h; 
Bur.  894;  A.  527 ;  B.  309;  G.  603;   H.  585;  HB.  556. 

4.  Concessive  clauses  with  cum  or  qui :  197,  c;  Bur. 
807;  A.  549;  B.  309;  G.  580,  634;  H.  597,  593;  HB. 
525,  523. 

Note  1.  —  Quod  and  quia,  because,  give  a  reason  based  on  fact, 
taking  the  indicative,  if  the  reason  is  known,  the  subjunctive  if  it 
is  quoted.  Quoniam,  since,  introduces  a  self-evident  or  admitted 
fact,  and  hence  takes  the  indicative :  quoniam  iam  nox  est,  since 
it  is  already  night.  Cum,  since,  is  used  to  express  the  circum- 
stances that  cause  an  action :  Haedui  cum  se  defendere  non 
possent,  since  (and  when)  the  Haedui  could  not  defend  themselves. 

Note  2.  —  In  concessive  clauses,  quamquam  means  this  is  sOy 
hut;  licet,  let  this  he  so,  yet:  etsi,  even  if  this  is  so,  yet.  Cum 
states  the  circumstances  in  spite  of  which  the  action  occurs : 
nam  cum  id  posset  infitiari,  for  although  (in  spite  of  the  fact  that) 
he  could  have  denied  it. 

NoteS.  —  Quamquam  often  introduces  an  independent  sen- 
tence, meaning  and  yet. 

Exercise  1 

1.  Let  us  rejoice  because  we  have  escaped  this  peril. 
2.  Since  this  is  so,  senators,  do  you  hesitate  to  do-your- 
duty-by  the  state?     3.  Return,  O  citizens,  to  your  homes, 


388  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

since  there  is  no  longer  anything  to  fear  (which  must  be 
feared).  4.  Since  they  are  not  permitted  (licet)  to  do 
this,  they  ask  that  you  do  not  refuse  to  send  them  aid. 

5.  Although  there  are  men  who  say  that  Catiline  ought 
not  to  have  been  cast  into  exile,  yet  I  do  not  fear  them. 

6.  Although  Cicero  had  heard  many  orations  from  the 
Rostra,  yet  he  had  never  spoken  from  that  place.  7.  How- 
ever-much this  war  is  to  be  feared,  our  forces  will  conquer 
under  the  leadership  of  Pompey  (abl.  abs.).  8.  Even  if 
the  river  is  very  wide  and  deep,  we  must  try  to  cross  it. 
9.  And  yet  it  is  not  so  wide  that  we  cannot  cross  it.  10.  A 
nation  is  fortunate  indeed  to  have  (which  has)  commanders 
of  such  ability  and  virtue.  11.  These  praetors,  who 
(because  they)  were  most  patriotic,  undertook  (took  upon 
themselves)  the  task.  12.  The  lieutenant,  who  (although 
he)  had  kept  the  soldiers  in  camp  many  days,  on  the 
seventh  day  sent  cohorts  to  get  grain.  13.  The  town 
€Ould  not  have  been  captured,  though  there  were  few 
defenders.^  14.  We  ought  to  thank  the  consul,  because 
he  has  freed  us  from  fear.  15.  Who  is  there  who  does  not 
think  that  we  ought  to  thank  the  consul? 

Exercise  2  (Pomp.  19-21) 

Pompey  wishes  to  take  Gabinius  with  him  as  lieutenant, 
but  objection  is  made  because  Gabinius  was  tribune  last 
year.  Nothing  will  prevent  me  from  laying  this  matter 
before  the  Senate. 

But  Catulus  says  that  we  must  do  nothing  contrary  to 
the  customs  of  our  ancestors.  He  is  a  man  of  great  in- 
fluence. And  yet  he  seems  to  have  forgotten  the  new 
and  important  (great)  precedents  that  have  already  been 
established  in  [the  case  of]  this  man. 

1  Express  in  two  ways  (151) . 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  389 

LESSON    XXVIII 

Participles 

1.  Present   and   perfect   participles:    221;    Bur.   986 

A.  490;    B.  336;    G.  282;   H.  640;    HB.  600. 

2.  Participles  used  for  clauses  :  223 ;  Bur.  991 ;  A.  496 

B.  337;   G.  664;   H.  637;   HB.  604. 

3.  The  active  periphrastic  conjugation:  224;  Bur.  327 
A.  498;   B.  337;    G.  247;   H.  531;    HB.  600. 

4.  The  periphrastic  future  infinitive  :   209,  a;   Bur.  946 
A.  569,  a;  B.  270,  3;   G.  248;   H.  571;   HB.  472,  c. 

Note  1.  —  With  polliceor  and  spero,  the  future  infinitive  or 
posse,  ^dth  subject-accusative,  is  commonly  used :  se  obsides 
daturos  polliciti  sunt,  they  -promised  to  give  hostages. 

Note  2. — Notice  the  difference  between  audio  eum  loqui 
and  audio  eum  loquentem. 

Exercise  1 

1.  And  so  he  [though]  conquered,  was  able  to  accom- 
plish much.  2.  We  have  read  that  the  magistrates  put 
to  death  men  [who  were]  eager  for  a  revolution.  3.  Do 
you  not  see  all  orders  of  citizens  holding  the  same  opinion 
(thinking  the  same)  ?  4.  Cicero  learned  all  the  plans  of 
the  conspirators  almost  before  their  meeting  was  broken 
up  (the  meeting  having  been  scarcely  yet  dismissed). 
5.  Following  the  Allobroges  by  the  same  road,  the  praetors 
arrested  them  near  the  Mulvian  bridge.  6.  I  am  about 
to  speak  of  the  great  virtues  of  a  man  who  has  often  con- 
quered our  enemies.  7.  I  do  not  doubt  that  he  is  about 
to  go  to  Marseilles.  8.  Having  made  all  things  ready, 
the  consul  was  able  to  carry  out  the  measures  (those 
things)  which  the  Senate  decided  [upon].  9.  Never  since 
the  founding  of  the  city  (after  the  city  founded)  has  such 
gratitude   been   due    (to)    the    immortal   gods.     10.    He 


390  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

promised  to  remain  at  his  brother's  house  to-day.  11.  Two 
Roman  knights  are  said  to  have  promised  to  go  to  Cicero's 
house.  12.  This  young  man  hopes  to  hve  (that  he  will 
live)  a-long-time.  13.  The  Gauls  saw  that  it  would 
happen  (be,  fore)  that  no  one  would  be  able  (impf.  subj.) 
to  resist  Caesar's  army.  14.  Cicero  tried  to  persuade  the 
Senate  to  pardon  Brutus  and  his  friends.  15.  No  one 
can  be  found  so  desperate  as-not-to-believe  (Lesson  XXIII, 
Note  1)  that  Catiline  is  an  enemy  of  the  state. 

Exercise  2  (Pomp.  22-24) 

Even  if  these  eminent  men  object,  yet  they  see  that 
the  Roman  people  have  never  acted  unwisely  in  [the 
case  of]  Pompey.  They  ought,  therefore,  to  approve  your 
judgment  at  this  time.  No  other  commander  could  live 
in  Asia  with  such  self-control.  His  very  coming  into  their 
cities  brings  joy  to  our  allies.  I  urge  you,  citizens,  for 
(de)  these  reasons,  to  approve  this  bill  of  Manilius  and  to 
appoint  a  man  who  will  bring  honor  to  our  common 
country. 

LESSON    XXIX 

Gerund.     Gerundive.     Supine 

1.  Uses  of  the  Gerund:  227;  Bur.  1003;  A.  501;  B. 
338;  G.  425;  H.  624;  HB.  611. 

2.  Uses  of  the  Gerundive :  226 ;  Bur.  1003 ;  A.  503 ; 
B.  339;  G.  425;  H.  621;  HB.  609. 

3.  Uses  of  the  Supine:  229;  Bur.  1015;  A.  509;  B. 
340;   G.  434;   H.  632;   HB.  618. 

4.  Expressions  of  purpose  :  193,  h;  Bur.  1007  ;  A.  533 ; 
B.  282;    G.  544,  Rem.  2;    H.  622,  626;    HB.  612. 

Note  1.' — With  the  genitives  mei,  tui,  sui,  nostri,  vestri,  the 
gerundive  ends  in  -i,  without  regard  to  gender  or  number. 

Note  2.  —  The  expression  of  purpose  may  be  illustrated  as  fol« 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  391 

lows:  envoys  came  to  seek  peace,  legati  venerunt,  (1)  ut  pacem 
peterent;  (2)  qui  pacem  peterent ;  (3)  ad  pacem  petendam; 
(4)  pacis  petendae  causa  ;    (5)  pacem  petitum. 

Exercise  1 

1.  Let  us  take  time  for  reflection  (reflecting)  before  we 
decide  upon  this  matter  (thing).  2.  The  envoys  came  from 
the  Allobroges  to  complain ^  of  (de)  their  injuries.  3.  Mith- 
ridates  had  (came  into)  great  hope  of  seizing  the  neighbor- 
ing kingdom.  4.  Even  the  freedmen  have  been  aroused 
to  defend  ^  the  republic.  5.  I  urged  you  to  do  this  for 
the  purpose  ^  of  freeing  yourselves.  6.  My  friend  was  not 
less  prompt  in  (in)  doing  things,  than  in  planning  [them]. 
7.  Cicero  said  that  Catiline  was  living  to  strengthen  ^  his 
audacity.  8.  Caesar  selected  certain  men  to-be-sent 
(gerundive)  to  Gaul  as  centurions.  9.  Citizens,  we  must 
not  only  feel  grateful,  but  express  our  gratitude  to  the 
immortal  gods,  because  we  have  conquered  the  enemy. 
10.  It  is  not  easy  to  say  whether  this  is  the  best  thing  to 
do.  11.  It  is  not  easy  to  say  whether  he  is  a  suitable 
man  to  carry  (Lesson  XXI,  Note  3)  on  the  war  with  the 
Germans.  12.  Many  citizens  went  to  the  Forum  to  hear  ^ 
the  orator.  13.  There  were  some  who  rejoiced  that  an 
opportunity  of  fighting  was  afforded  (given)  them.  14.  Who 
would  aid  (pres.  subj.)  the  conspiracy  (ace.)  by  keeping 
silent?     15.  Who  will  prevent  us  from  attempting  to  aid 

the  consul? 

Exercise  2  (Archias,  1-2) 

Cicero  thought  that  he  ought  to  use  his  ability  in 
behalf  of  the  poet  Archias  because  he  had  derived  much 
from  him,  even  [as]  a  boy.  He  feared  that  it  might 
seem  strange  to  the  judges  that  he  should  speak  of  the 
study  of  literature  before  them,  but  he  urged  them  to 

1  Express  in  different  ways. 


392    .  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

remember  that  all  arts  are  bound  together  by  a-kind-of 
(a  certain)  relationship. 

LESSON    XXX 

Indirect  Discourse 

1.  Moods  in  indirect  discourse:  215;  Bur.  965;  A. 
580;  B.  314;   G.  650;   H.  642;   HB.  644. 

2.  Tenses  in  indirect  discourse :  216 ;  Bur.  966 ;  A. 
584;  B.  317;   G.  653 ;   H.  644;   HB.  593. 

3.  Conditional  sentences  in  indirect  discourse:  218; 
Bur.  979;   A.  589;  B.  319;   G.  656;   H.  646;   HB.  536. 

Examples  of  Conditional  Sentences 

1.  Direct:  si  vincit,  bene  est,  if  he  is  conquering,  it  is 
well. 

2.  Indirect :  (a)  dico  si  vincat,  bene  esse,  I  say  that  if 
he  is  conquering,  it  is  well,  (b)  dixi  si  vinceret,  bene  esse, 
/  said  that  if  he  was  conquering,  it  was  well. 

'    3.  Direct :   si  vincet,  bene  erit,  if  he  conquers  (i.e.  shall 
conquer)  it  will  he  well. 

4.  Indirect :  (a)  dic5  si  vincat,  bene  futurum  esse,  I 
say  that  if  he  conquers,  it  will  be  well.  (6)  dixi  si  vinceret, 
bene  futurum  esse,  I  said  that  if  he  should  conquer,  it 
would  be  well. 

5.  Direct:  si  vicerit,  bene  erit,  if  he  shall  have  con- 
quered, it  will  be  well. 

6.  Indirect:  (a)  dico  si  vicerit  (perf.  subjv.)  bene  fu- 
turum esse,  /  say  that  if  he  shall  have  conquered,  it  will  be 
well,  (b)  dixi  si  vicisset,  bene  futurum  esse,  /  said  that 
if  he  should  have  conquered,  it  would  be  well. 

7.  Direct :  si  vincat,  bene  sit,  if  he  should  conquer,  it 
would  be  well. 

8.  Indirect:    (a)  dico  si  vincat,  bene  futurum  esse,  / 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  393 

say  that  if  he  should  conquer ,  it  would  he  well,  (b)  dixi  si 
vinceret,  bene  futurum  esse,  /  said  that  if  he  should  con- 
quer, it  would  he  well. 

9.  Direct :    si  vinceret,  bene  esset,  if  he  were  conquer- 
ing,  it  would  he  well. 

10.  Indirect :  (a)  dico  (dixi)  si  vinceret,  bene  futurum 
fuisse  (rarely  esse),  I  say  (said)  that,  if  he  were  conquering, 
it  would  be  well. 

11.  Direct :  si  vicisset,  bene  fuisset,  if  he  had  conquered, 
it  would  have  been  well. 

12.  Indirect :  dico  (dixi)  si  vicisset,  bene  futurum 
fuisse,  I  say  (said)  that  if  he  had  conquered,  it  would  have 
been  well. 

13.  Direct :  si  contendissent,  victi  essent,  if  they  had 
fought  they  loould  have  been  conquered. 

14.  Indirect :  dico  (dixi)  si  contendissent,  futiirum 
fuisse  ut  vincerentur,  /  say  {said)  that  if  they  had  fought, 
they  would  have  been  conquered. 

Exercise  1 

1.  The  consul  said  that  the  citizens  would  defend  their 
homes.  2.  The  consul  had  told  (to)  the  citizens  to  defend 
their  homes  (dir.,  defend  your  homes).  3.  He  writes  to 
his  lieutenant  to  come  with  his  legion  (dir.,  come  with 
your  legion)  to  the  territory  of  the  Allobroges.  4.  He 
knew  that  the  grain,  which  the  Haedui  promised,  had 
not  been  given.  5.  Let  us  honor  the  poet  Archias.  What 
did  he  say?  He  said  that  we  should  honor  the  poet 
Archias.  6.  Shall  (201)  we  read  these  books  of  the  old 
writers?  7.  He  asks  whether  we  shall  read  these  books 
of  the  old  writers.  8.  The  Senate  thanked  Cicero  because 
he  had  freed  the  citizens  from  fear  (the  Senate's  reason). 
9.  The  knights  reported  to  Cicero  that  their  property 
(things)  in  Asia  would  be  in  great  peril,  unless  aid  should 


394  LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION 

be  sent  by  the  Romans.  10.  Do  you  know  in  what  (how 
great)  peril  their  property  will  be  (Lesson  VII,  Note  2), 
if  we  do  (shall)  not  send  aid  to  them?  11.  He  said  he 
would  have  assaulted  the  town,  if  he  had  thought  there 
were  so  few  soldiers  within.  12.  Do  you  think  their 
property  would  have  been  lost  if  we  had  sent  aid? 
13.  Cicero  said  that  the  plans  of  the  conspirators  could 
(218,  d)  never  have  been  brought  to  Hght,  if  he  had  not 
been  guided  by  the  gods.  14.  If  you  had  (were  having) 
a  residence  at  Rome,  would  you  desire  to  be  enrolled  as 
a  Roman  citizen?  15.  It  ought  to  concern  us  (107) 
greatly,  what  the  poets  and  philosophers  have  written. 

Exercise  2  (Archias,  3-5) 

Archias  [when]  a  boy  lived  in  Antioch,  where  (in  which 
city)  his  fame  was  so  great  that  he  wr.s  thought  worthy 
of  hospitality  by  many  men  in  Greece  and  Italy.  When 
he  came  to  Rome,  he  was  received  by  the  Luculli.  After- 
wards by  the  law  of  Silvanus  and  Carbo  he  obtained  the 
right  of  a  Roman  citizen.  Since  he  was  enrolled  by 
Metellus,  who  was  a  most  careful  and  conscientious  man, 
no  one  ought  to  doubt  that  he  was  a  citizen. 

Exercise  3  (Archias,  6-8) 

Do  you  ask  why  Cicero  was  so  delighted  with  Archias? 
He  said  that  by  his  studies  of  the  poet  his  mind  was 
refreshed  when  it  was  wearied  with  daily  strife,  and  his 
power  of  speaking  was  increased  (act.  inf.).  He  believed 
that  the  greatest  men  have  added  training  to  natural 
ability.  A  poet  is  a  gift  of  the  gods  to  us,  and  is  worthy 
of  special  honor. 


LATIN  PROSE   COMPOSITION  395 

Exercise  4  (Archias,  9-12) 

Certainly  we  must  receive  as  a  citizen  a  man  who  by 
his  verses  has  celebrated  not  only  our  generals,  but  the 
whole  Roman  people.  Soldiers  know  that  if  there  are  no 
heralds  of  their  valor,  body  and  fame  will  be  buried  (fore 
ut)  in  the  same  tomb.  Indeed,  all  of  us  (we  all)  are  eager 
for  glory,  even  the  philosophers  who  pretend  to  despise  it. 
For  the  hope  of  immortal  fame  makes  us  undergo  all 
perils  and  labors  of  life. 


ENGLISH-LATIN  AND  LATIN-ENGLISH 
VOCABULARIES 


VOCABULARY 


ENGLISH-LATIN 

j^OTE.  —  After  verbs,  1  indicates  that  the  parts  are  formed  like 
those  of  laudo ;  2,  like  those  of  moneo ;  4,  like  those  of  audio. 


ability,  ingenium,  -i,  N. 

able,   am   able,   possum,   posse, 

potul. 
about,  around,  circum  w.  ace. ; 

about,  concerning,  de,  w.  abl. 
abuse,  abutor,  -l,  -usus  sum. 
accomplish,  conficio,  -ere,  -feci, 

-fectus. 
accuse,  accuso,  1. 
accused,  the,  reus,  -i,  M. 
acknowledge,  confiteor,  -eri,  -fes- 

sus  sum;  cognosco. 
act,   factum,    -i,    N. ;     to    act, 

facio. 
add,      adiungo,      -ere,      -iunxi, 

-iunctum. 
added,  it  is,  accedit,  -ere,  -cessit. 
address,  appello,  1. 
advise,  moneo,  2. 
afraid,  be  afraid,  timed,  -ere,  -ui. 
after,    post,    prep. ;     postquam, 

conj. 
afterwards,  posted. 
against,  contra,  in,  w.  ace. 
ago,  ante,  adv. 
aid,   auxilium,  -I,  N. ;    to  aid, 

iuvo,  -are,  iuvi,  iutum;  adiuvd. 
alive,  vivus,  -a,  -um. 


all,  omnis,  -e,  every,  the  whole, 
all ;  totus,  -a,  -um,  all,  en- 
tire ;  universus,  -a,  -um,  aU 
(taken  together). 

allegiance,  offi,cium,  -i,  N. 

allow,  potior,  -i,  passus  sum; 
licet,  -ere,  licuit. 

ally,  socius,  -i,  M. 

alone,  solus,  -a,  -um;  unus,  -a, 
-um. 

already,  iam. 

also,  et,  etiam. 

although,  quamquam,  quamms, 
cum. 

always,  semper. 

am,  sum,  esse,  ful,  futurus. 

ambassador,  legdtus,  -I,  M. 

ancestors,  m^diores,  -um. 

ancient,  antlquus,  -a,  -um. 

and,  et,  -que,  ac  or  atque;  and 
so,  itaque;  and  yet,  tamen. 

another,  alius,  -a,  -ud. 

any,  anybody,  any  one,  any- 
thing, aliquis;  in  a  negative 
sentence,  quisquam,  ullus; 
after  si,  nisi,  ne  and  num, 
-quis;   interrogative,  ecquis. 

appoint,  deligo,  -ere,  -legl,  -lec- 
tum. 


399 


400 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY 


approve,  comproho,  1. 

arise,  coorior,  -iri,  -ortus  sum. 

army,  exercitus,  -us,  M. 

around,  circum,  w.  ace. 

arouse,  excito,  1. 

arrest,  comprehendo,  -ere,  -hendi, 

-hensum. 
arrive,  pervenio,  -Ire,  -veni,  -ven- 

tum. 
arrogantly,  superbe. 
art,  ars,  artis,  F. 
as,  ut,  parenthetical, 
as  long  as,  quamdiu. 
as  much  as,  quantum. 
as   soon  as,   simul  ac    (atque) ; 

cum  prlmum. 
ashes,  cinis,  -eris,  M. 
ask,  rogo,  1 ;    quaero,  -ere,  -slvi, 

-sltum. 
assault,  oppugno,  1. 
assemble,   intr.,   convenio;    tr., 

cogo. 
assembly,  conventus,  -us,  M. 
assistance,  opera,  -ae,  F. 
at  last,  tandem. 
at  the  house  of,  apud,  w.  ace. 
at  the  time  when,  tum  cum. 
attack,  hnpetus,  -us,  M. ;  to  at- 
tack, peto,  -ere,  -Ivi,  -Itum. 
attempt,   condtus,  -us,   M. ;    to 

attempt,  conor,  1. 
audacity,  auddcia,  -ae,  F. 
Aurelian,  Aurelius,  -a,  -um. 
authority,  auctoritds,  -tdtis,  F. 
avoid,  vito,  1. 
away,  be,  absum,  -esse,  dfui. 

B 

band,  company,  manus,  -us,  F. 
be,  sum;  be  not,  neg.  command, 
see  Lesson  II. 


be    without,    be    deprived    of, 

cared,  2. 
because,  quod,  quia,  quoniam. 
become,    be    made,    Jld,    fieri^ 

factus  sum. 
before,    ante,    apud,    w.    ace. ; 

adv.  previously,  ante,  anted; 

conj.  antequam,  priusquam. 
behalf,  in  behalf  of,  pro. 
believe,     credo,     -ere,     credidi, 

creditum. 
beset,  obsided,  -ere,  -sedi,  -ses- 

sum. 
better,  melior,  -ius. 
bill,  law,  lex,  legis,  F. 
bind  together,  contined. 
bitter,  acerbus,  -a,  -um. 
blame,  accusd,  1. 
blood,  sanguis,  sanguinis,  M. 
body,  corpus,  -oris,  N. 
boldness,  auddcia,  -ae,  F. 
book,  liber,  libri,  M. 
booty,  praeda,  -ae,  F. 
born,  be  born,  ndscor,  -i,  ndtus 

sum. 
boy,  puer,  -i,  M. 
brave,  fortis,  -e;  auddx,  -dcis. 
bravely,  fortiter,  auddcter. 
bravery,  virtUs,  -utis,  F. 
bridge,  pons,  pontis,  M. 
bring,  bring  out,   efferd,  -ferre^ 

extull,  eldtum;    bring  to,  ad- 

ferd;    bring  to  an  end,   cdn- 

ficid,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectum;  bring 

to    light,    inlUstrd,   1  ;   bring 

upon,  inferd. 
brother,  frdter,  frdtris,  M. 
Brundisium,  Brundisium,  -i,  N. 
build,  aedificd,  1. 
burden,     premd,     -ere,     pressl^ 
pressum. 


ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY 


401 


burn,  incendo,  -ere,  -cendi,  -cen- 

sum. 
burning,  a,  incendium,  -i,  N. 
but,  sed,  auteni;  but  if,  sin. 
by,  a,  ab. 


call,  appello,  1,  address,  call  by 

name;      nomind,     1,     name; 

voco,  1,  smnmon ;    convoco,  1, 

call  together, 
camp,  castra,  -drum,  N.  pi. 
can,  possum,  posse,  potui. 
capture,    expugno,     1,     compre- 

hendo,  -ere,  -hendi,  -hensum. 
care,  ciira,  -ae,  F. 
care    for,    provided,    -ere,   -vldl, 

-visum,  w.  dat. 
careful,  diligens. 
carry  on  (war),  gero,  -ere,  gessi, 

gestum. 
carry    out,    transigo,    -ere,    -egi, 

-actum;  perficio. 
cast     (out),     eicio,    -ere,    -ieci, 

-iectum. 
cavalry,     equitdtus,     -us,     M. ; 

equites,  -um,  M. 
cease,    desino,   -ere,    -sii(-sivi), 

-situm;     desisto,    -ere,    -stiti, 

-stitum. 
centurion,  centurio,  -onis,  M. 
certain,  a  certain,  quidam. 
certainly,  certe. 
chain,  vinculum,  -i,  N. 
change,  muto,  1. 
check,   comprimo,   -ere,   -pressi, 

-pressum. 
chief  men,  prlncipes,  -um. 
children,  liheri,  -drum,  M. 
choose,   deligo,  -ere,  -legi,  -Iec- 
tum. 


citizen,  civis,  -is,  M. 

citizenship,  civitds,  -tdtis,  F. 

city,  urbs,  urbis,  F. 

class,  genus,  -eris,  N. 

clear,  cldrus,  -a,  -um. 

cohort,  cohors,  -rtis,  F. 

cold,  frigus,  -oris,  N. 

colleague,  collega,  -ae,  M. 

collect,  colligo,  -ligere,  -legl, 
-tectum;  cogo. 

colonist,  colonus,  -i,  M. 

come,  venio,  -ire,  venl,  ventum; 
come  together,  convenio. 

command,  impero,  1 ;  iubedy 
-ere,  iussi,  iussum;  be  in  com- 
mand of,  praesum,  -esse,  -Jul, 

commander-in-chief,  imperdtor, 
-oris,  M. 

common,  communis,  -e. 

companion,  ally,  socius,  -i,  M. ; 
comes,  -itis,  M. 

compare,  comparo,  1. 

comparison,  in  .  .  .  with,  pro. 

compel,  cogo,  -ere,  coegi,  codctum. 

complain,  complain  of,  queror,  -i, 
questus  sum. 

concern,  it  concerns,  interest^ 
-esse,  -fui. 

concerning,  de. 

condemn,  condemno,  1. 

confess,  confiteor,  -eri,  -fessus 
sum. 

confine,  contineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -ten- 
turn. 

conquer,  vinco,  -ere,  vicl,  vie- 
tum;  supero,  1. 

conscientious,  sdnctus,  -a,  -um. 

conscript,  conscriptus,  -a,  -um. 

consecrate,  initio,  1. 

consider,  delibero,  1 ;  considero^ 
1. 


402 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY 


conspiracy,  coniurdtio,  -onis,  F. 

conspirator,  coniurdtus,  -i,  M. 

conspire,  coniuro,  1. 

consul,  consul,  -ulis,  M. ;  elect, 
designdtus,  -i. 

consulship,  consuldtus,  -us,  M. 

consult,  consulo,  -ere,  -ui,  -sul- 
tum,  w,  ace. ;  w.  dat.,  con- 
sult for. 

contain,  see  hold. 

content,  contentus,  -a,  -um. 

contest,  certdmen,  -inis,  N. 

contrary  to,  contrd,  w.  ace. 

contribute,  confero. 

Corinth,  Corinthus,  -i,  F. 

Cornelia,  Cornelia,  -ae,  F. 

could,  see  can. 

country,  terra,  -ae,  F.,  land, 
earth;  patria,  -ae,  F.,  na- 
tive country  ;  rus,  ruris,  N., 
country  as  opposed  to  city. 

crime,  scelus,  -eris,  N. 

CTimmal,  facinorosus,  -T,  M. 

cross  trdnsed,  -Ire,  -ivl  {-it), 
-itum. 

cruel,  crudelis,  -e. 

cruelly,  crudeliter. 

custody,  custodia,  -ae,  F. 

custom,  mos,  moris,  M. 


dagger,  sica,  -ae,  F. 
daily,  cotididnus,  -a,  -um. 
danger,  periculum,  -I,  N. 
dangerous,  importiinus,  -a,  -um. 
dare,  audeo,  -ere,  ausus  sum,. 
daring,  auddx,  -dais. 
daughter,  /iZm,  -ae,  F. 
day,     dies,    -ei,    M.     and    F. ; 

to-day,  hodie;  yesterday,  hes- 

terno  die. 


dead  of,  the,  summus,  -a,  -um. 

dear,  cdrus,  -a,  -um. 

death,  mors,  mortis,  F. ;   put  to 

death,  need,  1. 
debt,  aes  alienum,  N. 
December,  December,  -hris,  -hre. 
decide,  decide  upon,  statud,  -ere, 

-ui,  -utum. 
declare,  decldro,  1  ;   confirmo,  1. 
decree,     decerno,     -ere,     -crevi, 

-cretum;  decree  of  the  Senate, 

sendtus  consultum,  -i,  N. 
deep,  altus,  -a,  -um. 
deeply,  vehementer. 
defeat,    supero,    1  ;   vincd,   -ere, 

vici,  victum. 
defend,     defendo,    -ere,    -fendl^ 

-fensum. 
defendor,  defensor,  -oris,  M. 
delay,  mora,  -ae,  F. 
delight,  delectd,  1. 
deliver  (an  address),  hahed,  2. 
demand,    posed,    -ere,    poposci, 

postuld,  1  ;  deposed. 
deny,  say  not,  negd,  1. 
depart,     proficiscor,    -i,    -fectus 

sum. 
derive,  accipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -cep- 

tum. 
descend,    be    descended,    orior^ 

Iri,  -ortus  sum. 
deserving,  be  .   .   .  of,  mereor,  2. 
design,  consilium,  -i,  N. 
desire,  vild,  velle,  volul;  cupio^ 

cupere,  cuplin,  cupitum. 
desirous,  cupidus,  -a,  -um. 
despair,  desperd,  1. 
desperate,  perditus,  -a,  -um. 
despise,  contemnd,  -ere,  -tempsl, 

-temptum. 
destroy,  deled,  -ere,  -evl,  -etum. 


ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY 


403 


destruction,  pestis,  -is,  F. ;  exi- 

tium,  -X,  N. 
devastate,  vdsto,  1. 
direction,  pars,  partis,  F. 
disgrace,  macula,  -ae,  F. 
dismiss,  dimitto. 
disregard,  neglect,  neglego,  -ere, 

-lexi,  -lectum. 
divine,  divinus,  -a,  -um. 
do,  facio,  -ere,  feci,  factum. 
do  not,  negative  command,  see 

Lesson  II. 
doubt,  be  in  doubt,  duhito,  1 ; 

there  is  no  doubt  that,  non  est 

duhium  quln. 
dread,  pertimesco,  -ere,  -ui. 
drive,  defero;    drive  away,   de- 

pello,    -ere,     -pull,    -pulsum; 

drive  out,  expello;    eicio,  -ere, 

eieci,  eiectum. 
due,  debitus,  -a,  -uin. 
duty,  do  one's  duty,  satis  facer e. 

E 

eager,  be,  studeo,  2 ;    eager  for, 

adj.,  cupidus,  -a,  -um. 
eagle,  aquila,  -ae,  F. 
easily,  facile. 
easy,  facilis,  -e. 
elect,  creo,  1. 
else,  alius,  -a,  -ud. 
embarrass,  impedio,  4. 
eminent,  cldrissimus,  -a,  -um. 
empire,  imperium,  -i,  N. 
encourage,  cohortor,  1. 
end,  bring  to  an,  conficid. 
endurance,  patientia,  -ae,  F. 
endure,  patior,  pati,  passus  sum. 
enemy,  hostis,  -is,  M.,  of  one's 

country;    inim,icus,  -I,  M.,  a 

personal  enemy. 


enough,  satis. 

enroll,     ascrlbo,    -ere,    -scflpsif 

-scrlptum. 
envoy,  legdtus,  -i,  M. 
envy,  invideo. 

equestrian,  equester,  -iris,  -tre. 
escape,    vito,    1  ;     effugio,   -ere, 

-fugl,  -fugitum. 
escort,    prosequor,    -i,    -secUtus 

sum. 
especially,  praesertim. 
establish,    constitud,    -ere,    -wT, 

-utum. 
even,  etiam. 
evening,  vesper,  -eri,  M. 
everlasting,  sempiternus,  -a,  -um, 
every,  each,  quisque;  every  one, 

quisque,      quaeque,      quodque 

(quidque). 
everything  =  all  things, 
example,  exemplum,  -i,  N. 
excel,  antecello,  -ere,  w.  dat. 
except,   praeter,  w.  ace. ;    nisi, 

after  negatives. 
exile,  exsilium,  -i,  N. 
exist,  sum,  -esse,  -fui. 
expect,  spero,  1. 
experienced,  peritus,  -a,  -um. 
express,    died;     express    grati- 
tude, grdtids  ago. 
extinguish,        restinguo,       -ere, 

-stlnxi,  -stinctum. 
extraordinary,  singuldris,  -e. 
eye,  oculus,  -l,  M. 


fair,  pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum. 
faithful,   fidelis,   -e;    certus,   -a, 

-um,. 
fall  into,  incido,  -ere,  -cidz. 
fame,  fdma,  -ae,  F. 


404 


etn'glish-latin  vocabulary 


family  (i.e.  stock),  genus,  -eris, 

N.,  gens,  gentis,  F. 
famous,  cldrus,  -a,  -um. 
far,  longe;   be  so  far  from,  tan- 

tum  abest  ut. 
farthest,  extremus,  -a,  -um, 
father,  pater,  patris,  M. 
fear,    timor,   -oris,   M. ;     metus, 

-Us,  M. ;    to  fear,  vereor,  2 ; 

timed,    2 ;     metuo,    -ere,    -ul, 

metutum. 
feel,  sentio,  -ire,  -sensi,  sensum. 
feel  grateful,  grdtiam  habeo. 
fellow-citizen,     clvis,    -is,    M. ; 

pi.,  elves,  Quirites. 
few,  paucl,  -ae,  -a. 
fifteen,  qulndecim. 
fight,  pugno,  1 ;    contendo,  -ere, 

-tendl,  -tentum. 
find,    invenio,   -Ire,   -veni,   -ven- 

tum,   discover ;    reperio,   -Ire, 

repperi,  repertum,  meet  with  ; 

cognosco,  -ere,  -novi,  -nitum, 

find  out. 
fire,  Ignis,  -is,  M. ;    incendium, 

-I,  N. 
first,  primus,  -a,  -um,. 
fitting,  it  is,  oportet,  2. 
five,  quinque. 
flame,  flamma,  -ae,  F. 
flee,  fugio,  -ere,  fUgi,  fugitum; 

profugio. 
fleet,  classis,  -is,  F. 
foe,  see  enemy, 
follow,  sequor,  -i,  secutus  sum. 
for,    pro,    ad,    w.    ace, ;     nam, 

conj. ;    for  a  long  time,  now 

for  a  long  time,  iam  diU,  iam 

dudum. 
force,     ms,     ms,     F. ;      forces, 

troops,  copiae,  -drum,  F. 


foreign,  exterus,  -a,  -um. 
forget,  obllviscor,  -i,  oblitus  sum. 
forgetful  of,  oblitus,  -a,  -um. 
form,    make,    facio,    -ere,   feci^ 

factum. 
former,  pristinus,  -a,  -um;    SU' 

perior,  -ius. 
fortify,  7nunio,  4. 
fortunate,  fortundtus,  -a,  -um. 
fortune,  good  fortune,  fortUna, 

-ae,   F. ;     fortunes,    fortUnae, 

res. 
forty,  quadrdgintd. 
found,  build  (a  city),  condo,  -ere, 

-didi,  -ditum. 
four,  quattuor. 
fourth,  qudrtus,  -a,  -um. 
free,  set  free,  llbero,  1. 
freedman,  libertinus,  -i,  M. 
friend,  amicus,  -i,  M. ;    of  the 

people,  populdris. 
friendship,  amicitia,  -ae,  F. 
from,  out  of,  e,  ex;   from,  away 

from,  a,  ab;   de,  down  from, 
full,  plenus,  -a,  -um. 

G 

garrison,  praesidium,  -i,  N. 

gate,  porta,  -ae,  F. 

gather,  collect,  colligo,  -ere, 
-legi,  -ledum. 

general,  imperdtor,  -oris,  M. 

Geneva,  Gendva,  -ae,  F. 

get  grain,  frUmentor,  1. 

gift,  donum,  -i,  N. 

give,  do,  dare,  dedi,  datum. 

gladiator,  gladidtor,  -oris,  M. 

glory,  gloria,  -ae,  F. 

go,  eo,  ire,  il,  itum;  per  go,  -ere, 
perrexi,  perrectum;  go  out, 
exed;   is  going  on,  geritur. 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY 


405 


god,  deus,  del,  M. 
good,  bonus,  -a,  -um. 
good  citizens,  honl,  -drum. 
grain,  frumentum,  -i,  N. 
grandfather,  avus,  -i,  M. 
grateful,  be,  grdtiam  habeo. 
gratitude,  gratia,  -ae,  F. 
great,    mdgnus,   -a,   -um;    how 

great,  summus,  -a,  -um,  quan- 

tus,  -a,  -um. 
greatly,  mdgnopere,  mdgnl. 
grief,  maeror,  -oris,  M. 
guard,  custos,  -odis  (a  sentinel) ; 

praesidium,   -i    (a   garrison)  ; 

to  guard,  custodio,  4. 
guardian,  custos,  -odis,  M. 
guide,  dUco,  -ere,  duxl,  ductum. 


hand,  handwriting,  manus,  -us, 

F. 
hand    over,    trddo,    -ere,    -didi, 

-ditum. 
happens,  it  happens,  the  result 

is,    accidit,   -ere,    accidit;    fit, 

fieri,  factum  est. 
harbor,  partus,  -us,  M. 
hard-hearted,  ferreu^,  -a,  -um. 
harm,  noceo,  2. 
harmony,  concordia,  -ae,  F. 
hate,   odi,  odisse,  with  present 

meaning, 
hateful,  odiosus,  -a,  -um. 
hatred,  odium,  -i,  N. ;    invidia, 

-ae,  F. 
have,  habeo,  2. 
he,  is,  ille,  hic. 
hear,  audio,  4. 

hem  in,  teneo,  -ere,  -ul,  -tentum. 
herald,  praecd,  -dnis,  M. 
heretofore,  adhuc. 


hesitate,  dubito,  1. 

highest,  summus,  -a,  -um. 

hill,  collis,  -is,  M. 

him,  eum,  se. 

himself,  ipse,  sui. 

hinder,  impedio,  4. 

his,  her,  its,  suus,  -a,  -um;  eius, 

hitherto,  adhuc. 

hold,    teneo,   -ere,   -ul,   -tentum; 

contineo. 
home,   domus;    homeward,   do- 

mum;    at  home,  domi. 
honor,     honor,    -oris,    M. ;      to 

honor,  cold,  -ere,  -ul,  cultum. 
hope,  spes,  spel,  F. ;    to  hope, 

sperd,  1. 
hospitality,  hospitium,  -l,  N. 
hour,  hdra,  -ae,  F. 
house,  domus,  -us,  F. ;    at  the 

house  of,  apud,  or  ad,  w.  ace. 
how,   quam;    in  what  manner, 

qud  modo. 
how  great,  quantus,  -a,  -um. 
how  long,  quam  diU. 
how  many,    quot,   indecl.   adj. ; 

quam  multl,  -ae,  -a. 
how  much,  quantum. 
however  much,  quamms. 
hunger,  fames,  -is,  F. 


1,  ego. 

if,  SI,  conj. ;  if  only,  modo,  dum, 

dum  modo,  conjs. 
illustrious,  cldrus,  -a,  -um. 
immortal,  immortdlis,  -e. 
impel,  impelld,  -ere,  -pull,  'puU 

sum. 
impious,  impius,  -a,  -um. 
in,  in,  w.  abl. 
inactivity,  inertia,  -ae,  F. 


406 


KNGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY 


income,  fructus,  -its,  M. 
increase,  cresco,  -ere,  crem,  cre- 

tum. 
incur,  concipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -cep- 

tum. 
indeed,  at  least,  quidem;  surely, 

profecto. 
induce,  adduco. 
infantry,  pedites,  -um,  M.,  pi. ; 

peditdtus,  -us,  M. 
influence,  auctoritds,  -dtis,  F, 
inform    any    one,    aliquem    cer- 

tidrem   facio;     be    informed, 

certior  fid. 
injury,  iniuria,  -ae,  F. ;    detri- 

mentum,  -i,  N. 
inquire,    quaero,    -ere,    quaeslvi, 

quaesUum. 
insurrection,  seditio,  -onis,  F. 
interest,  interest,  -esse,  -fuit. 
intimate,     on  .  .  .  terms,     fa- 

milidriter. 
into,  in,  w.  ace. 

intrust,  permitto;   commendo,  1. 
involved,  be,  versor,  1. 
it,  is,  ea,  id;  sul. 


joy,  gaudium,  -i,  N. 
judge,  index,  iudicis,  M. 
judgment,  iudicium,  -I,  M. 
Jupiter,  luppiter,  lovis,  M. 

K 

keep,  restrain,  contineo,  -ere,  -ui, 

-tentum;    keep  off,   arced,  2 ; 

keep  silent,  taceo,  2. 
kill,  interjicio,  -ficere,  -fen,  -fec- 

tum;  occldo,  -ere,  -cidi,  -cisum. 
kind,  genus,  -eris,  N. ;    of  this 

kind,  huius  modi. 


kindle,  confio,  1. 

king,  rex,  regis,  M. 

knight,  eques,  -itis,  M. 

know,  scid,  4 ;  nosed,  -ere,  ndtH^ 
ndtum;  intellegd,  -ere,  -lexl^ 
-lectum;  not  know,  nescidf 
-Ire,  -im. 

knowledge,  scientia,  -ae,  F. 


labor,  labor,  -dris,  M. 

lack,  desum,  -esse,  -ful. 

land,  terra,  -ae,  F. 

large,  mdgnus,  -a,  -um. 

last,  proximus,  -a,  -um. 

late,  serd,  adv. 

law,  lex,  legis,  F. 

lax,  dissolutus,  -a,  -um. 

lay  before,  report,  deferd,  -ferre, 

-tuli,  -latum;   lay  on,  Inferd. 
lead,   dUcd,  -ere,  dUxi,  ductum; 

lead  out,  educd. 
leader,   dux,   ducis,  M. ;     prtn- 

ceps,  -ipis,  M. 
leading  men,  principes,  -um,  M. 
learn,    cogndscd,    -ere,     cogndvi, 

cognitum. 
leave    behind,    leave,    relinqud, 

-ere,  -llqui,  -lictum;  exed,  -Ire, 

-it,  -itum. 
legion,  legid,  -dnis,  F. 
let,  see  Lesson  II ;  allow,  patior, 

patl,  passus  sum. 
letter,  litterae,  -drum,  F. ;    epis' 

tula,  -ae,  F. 
levy  (upon),  imperd,  1. 
liberal,  amplus,  -a,  -um;   libera^ 

lis,  -e. 
lieutenant,  legdtus,  -i,  M. 
life,  vita,  -ae,  F. 
light,  daylight,  liix,  lUcis,  F. 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY 


407 


Kke,  similis,  -e.  like,  wish,  volo, 
velle,  volui. 

listen,  audio,  4. 

literature,  litterae,  -drum,  F. 

little,  parous,  -a,  -um. 

live,  hahito,  1;  vivo,  3. 

lone;,  a  long  time,  longer, 
longest,  diu,  diutius,  diutis- 
sime;   no  longer,  non  iam. 

long  since,  iam  pridem. 

lose,  dmitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missum. 

loss,  deminutio,  -onis,  F. 

loyal,  bonus,  -a,  -um. 

M 

madness,  furor,  -oris,  M. 
magistrate,  magistrdtus,  -Us,  M. 
maintain,  aid,  -ere,  -ul,  altum. 
make,  facio,  -ere,  feci,  factum; 

make    upon,    infero;     make 

ready,  jparo,  1.      , 
man,  vir,  virl,  M.,  distinguished 

from  women  ;  homo,  -inis,  M. 

and  F.,  human  being, 
many,  multi,  -ae,  -a. 
march,    iter,    itineris,    N. ;     to 

march,  iter  facio. 
Marseilles,  Massilia,  -ae,  F. 
massacre,  caedes,  -is,  F. 
matter  =  thing, 
may,  see  Lesson  III. 
me,  see  I. 

meet  together,  convenio. 
meeting,  coetus,  -us,  M. 
memory,  memoria,  -ae,  F. 
middle,  middle  of,   medius,  -a, 

-um. 
might,    expressing    permission, 

licet. 
mild,  clemens,  -entis;  lenis;  -e. 
mile,  mille  passuum. 


military  affairs,  res  mllitdris. 

mind,  mens,  mentis,  F.,  under- 
standing ;  animus,  -i,  M., 
will. 

mindful,  memor,  -oris. 

month,  mensis,  -is,  M. 

most,  adj.,  plurimus;  adv.  plu- 
rimum;  superlative  ending  of 
adj.  or  adv. 

move,  moved,  -ere,  movi,  motum; 
permoveo. 

much,  multus,  -a,  -um;  adv., 
multum,  multo. 

Mulvian,  Mulvius,  -a,  -um. 

must,  see  Lesson  IV. 

my,  meus,  -a,  -um. 

myself,  ego. 

N 

name,  nomen,  nominis,  N. 
nation,  ndtio,  -onis,  F. 
natural  ability,  ndtura,  -ae,  F. 
near,  prope,  fere;    ad,  w.  ace. 
nearest,  proximus,  -a,  -um. 
need,  be  necessary,  necesse  est; 

oportet,  2. 
neglect,  neglego,  -ere,  -lexi,  -lee- 

turn. 
neighboring,  finitimus,  -a,  -um. 
neither    .    .    .    nor,  neque    .    .    . 

neque,  nee  .  .  .  nee. 
never,  numquam. 
nevertheless,  yet,  still,  tamen. 
new,  novus,  -a,  -um. 
night,    nox,    noctis,    F. ;     night 

before,  nox  superior. 
no,  nullus,  -a,  -um. 
noble,  nohilis,  -e. 
nobody,  no  one,  nemo;  gen.  and 

abl.  supplied  from  nullus. 
no  longer,  non  iam. 


408 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY 


not,  non,  ne;  not  even,  ne  .  .  . 

quidem, 
not    only  .  .  .  but    also,    non 

solum  .  .  .  sed  etiam. 
not  yet,  nondum. 
nothing,  nihil. 
November,      November^     -bris, 

-hre. 
now,  nunc,  iam. 
number,    numerus,  -i,    M. ;     in 

great  numbers,  frequens,  -en- 

tis. 

O 

O  that,  utinam. 

obey,  pdreo,  2. 

object,  recldmo,  1. 

objection,      make  .  .  .  to,     ob- 

trecto,  1. 
obtain,    obtain   a  request,    im- 

petro,  1. 
October,  October,  -bris,  -bre. 
of,  concerning,  de. 
offer,  praefero;  obfero. 
office,  imperium,  -i,  N. ;   magis- 

tratus,  -us,  M. 
often,  saepe. 

old,  senex,  senis;   vetus,  -eris. 
on,  in,  w.  ace.   after  verbs  of 

mc  tion ;    w.  abl.  after  verbs 

of  rest. 
on  all  sides,  undique. 
once,  quondam. 
one,  unus,  -a,  -um. 
one    .    .    .    another,  alius   .    .    . 

alius. 
one   .   .   .   the  other,  alter  .   .   . 

alter. 
only,  solus,  -a,  -um;    Unus,  -a, 

-um. 
open,  patefacio;  be  open,  pated, 

-ere.  -ui. 


opinion,  sententia,  -ae,  F. 
opportunity,  facultds,  -talis,  F. 
or,    aut;    in   double   questions, 

an  non;    in  indirect   double 

questions,  necne. 
oration,  ordtio,  -onis,  F. 
orator,  orator,  -oris,  M. 
order,  in  order  that,  ut,  conj. 
order,    command,    iubeo,    -ere, 

iussl,  iussum;  impero,  1. 
order,  rank,  ordo,  -inis,  M. 
other,  alius,  -a,  -ud;    some  .  .  . 

others,  alii  .  •    alii;  the  other, 

alter,  ceterus. 
ought,  debed,  2  ;    oportet,  2  ;    see 

Lesson  IV. 
our,  noster,  nostra,  nostrum. 
out  of,  e,  ex. 

outside  of,  extra,  w.  ace. 
overhang,  impended,  -ere. 
overtake,  consequor,  -i,  -secUtus 
own,  his,  suus,  ipsius. 


pardon,    ignosco,    -ere,    -ignovif 

ignotum. 
parent,  parens,  -entis,  M.  or  F. 
part,  pars,  partis,  F. 
pass,  fauces,  -ium,  F. 
patience,  patientia,  -ae,  F. 
patriot,  bonus,  -i,  M. 
patriotic,  bonus,  -a,  -um;  amdns 

rei  pUblicae. 
peace,  pdx,  pads,  F. 
people,  populus,  -i,  M. 
peril,  perlculum,  -i,  N. 
permit,      allow,      potior,      paH, 

passus  sum;  licet,  2. 
persuade,  persuaded,  -ere,  -swast, 

-sudsum. 
philosopher,  philosophus,  -I,  M 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY 


409 


pirate,  praedo,  -onis,  M. 

pitch,    pond,    -ere,   posui,    posi- 

tum. 
pity,  misericordia,  -ae,  F. 
place,  locus,  -i,  M. ;   pi.  loci  and 

loca. 
place  in  command  of,  praeficio, 

w.  dat. 
plan,  consilium,  -i,  N. ;   to  plan, 

cogito,  1  ;  excogito,  1. 
pleasant,  iucundus,  -a,  -um. 
please,     delecto,     1,     w.     ace. ; 

placed,  2,  w.  dat. 
pleasing,  grdtus,  -a,  -um. 
pleasure,  voluptds,  -talis,  P. 
plot,  mdchinor,  1  ;    molior,  4. 
plunder,  praeda,  -ae,  F. 
poet,  poeta,  -ae,  M. 
possible,  as    ...   as  possible, 

quam  +  sup.  of  adj. 
power,  facultds,  -talis,  F. 
powerful,  potens,  -entis;  be  very 

powerful,  plurimum  posse  or 

valere. 
praetor,  praetor,  -oris,  M. 
praise,     laus,    laudis,    F. ;      to 

praise,  laudo,  1. 
precedent,  exemplum,  -i,  N. 
prefer,  7ndld,  mdlle,  malm. 
preserve,  conservo,  1. 
pretend,  simulo,  1. 
prevent,  deterred,  2  ;  prohihed,  2. 
private,  privdtus,  -a,  -um. 
profit,  fructus,  -Us,  M. 
promise,  polliceor,  2. 
prompt,  promptus,  -a,  -um. 
property,  res,  rerum,  F. ;    bona, 

-drum,  N. 
protect,     defendo,    -ere,    -fendi, 

-fensum. 
protection,  praesidium,  -I,  N. 


provide,  provided;   cdnsuld,  -ere, 

-ul,  -sultum. 
provided  that,  modo,  dum,  dum 

modo. 
province,  prdvincia,  -ae,  F. 
punish,   punid,  4 :    ulciscor,  -i, 

ultus  sum. 
punishment,     poena,     -ae,     F. ; 

supplicium,  -I,  N. 
purpose,  mens,  mentis,  F. ;   cdn- 

silium,  -I,  N. ;    for  the  pur- 
pose of,  causa. 
put   in   command   of,    praeficid, 

-ere,  -feci,  -fectum. 
put  to  death,  need,  1 ;  interficid, 

-ere,  -feci,  -fectum. 
put  to  flight,  in  fug  am  dd,  darCy 

dedi,  datu7n;  fugd,  1. 


question,  res,  ret,  F. 
quickly,  celeriter. 

R 

raise,   efferd,  -ferre,  extuli,   eld' 

tum. 
rank,  drdd,  -inis,  M. 
reach,  pervenid. 
read,  legd,  -ere,  legi,  ledum. 
ready,  pardtus,  -a,  -um;    make 

ready,  compard,  1. 
reason,  cause,  causa,  -ae,  F. 
recall,  revocd,  1. 
receive,     recipid,     -ere,     -cepi, 

-ceptum. 
recognize,  cogndscd,  -ere,  -ndvi, 

-nitum. 
refer,  referd. 
reflect,  cdgitd,  1. 
refresh,  reficid. 
refuse,  recUsd,  1. 


410 


ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY 


regard,  with  —  to,  de. 

reject,  repudio,  1. 

rejoice,  laetor,  1. 

rely,  (upon),  confido,  -ere,  fisus. 

relying,  fretus,  -a,  -um. 

remain,  stay,  maneo,  -ere,  mdnst, 
mdnsum;  remaned;  it  re- 
mains, relinquitur. 

remaining,  reliquus,  -a,  -um. 

remarkable,  eximius,  -a,  -um. 

remember,  memini,  meTninisse; 
reminiscor,  -l. 

remove,  depello,  -ere,  -pull,  -pul- 
sum. 

repent,  paenitet,  -ere,  -uit. 

report,  defero. 

reply,  responded,  -ere,  -spondl, 
-sponsum. 

republic,  res  publica,  F. 

rescue,  eripio,  -ere,  -ui,  -reptum. 

residence,  domicilium,  -l,  N. 

resign,  ahdico  (1)  ah. 

resist,  resisto,  -ere,  -stitl,  -stitum. 

rest  of,  the,  see  remaining. 

restrain,  contineo,  -ere,  -ul, 
-tentum. 

result,  the was,  factum  est. 

return,  reverto,  -ere,  -vertl,  -ver- 
sum;  deponent  in  pres.  sys- 
tem ;  reded,  -ire,  -il,  -itum; 
in  return  for,  pro. 

revel,  hacchor,  1. 

revenue,  vectlgal,  -dlis,  N. 

revolution,  res  novae. 

reward,  praemium,  -I,  N. 

right,  ius,  iuris,  N 

rightly,  vere. 

rival,  competitor,  -oris,  M. 

river,  fiumen,  fluminis,  N. 

road,  via,  -ae,  F. ;  iter,  itineris, 
N. 


Roman,  Romanus,  -a,  -um; 
Romans,  Romdni,  -drum,  M. 

'R.ora.e,  Roma,  -ae,  F. 

Rostra,  rdstra,  -drum,  N. 

ruin,  pestis,  -is,  F. 

rule,  imperium,  -l,  N. ;  to  rule, 
regd,  -ere,  rexl,  rectum;  rule 
over,  imperd,  1,  w.  dat. 


sacred  rites,  sacra,  -drum,  N. 

safe,  tutus,  -a,  -um,  well- 
guarded,  secure ;  salvus,  -a, 
-um,  incolumis,  -e,  unharmed. 

safety,  salus,  -utis,  F. ;  in  safety, 
tuto. 

sail,  ndvigd,  1. 

sally,  excursus,  -us,  M. 

salute,  salutd,  1. 

same,  the  same,  idem,  eade^n, 
idem. 

satisfied,  con^enf MS,  -a,  -um. 

save,  servo,  1 ;  cdnservd,  1. 

say,  dlco,  -ere,  dixi,  dictum. 

scarcely  yet,  vixdum. 

scoundrel,  implied  in  iste; 
scelerdtus,  -i,  M. 

scout,  expldrdtor,  -dris,  M. 

sea,  mare,  maris,  N. 

seal,  signum,  -i,  N. 

secure,  potior,  4. 

see,  vided,  -ere,  vidi,  visum. 

seek,  petd,  -ere,  -ivl,  -itum. 

seem,  videor,  -erl,  msus  sum. 

seize,  occupd,  1 ;  capid,  -ere, 
cepi,  captum;  comprehendd, 
-ere,  -hendi,  -hensum. 

select,  see  choose. 

self,  ipse,  -a,  -um;  of  himself, 
sui. 

self-control,  temperantia,  -ae,  F. 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY 


411 


self-restraint,    continentia,    -ae, 

F. 
Senate,  sendtus,  -us,  M. 
senator,  senator,  -oris,  M. 
send,  mitto,  -ere,  mlsi,  missum; 

send  ahead,  praemitto. 
separate,    secerno,    -ere,    -crem, 

-cretum. 
September,  September, -hris,  -hre. 
serve,  servio,  4. 
set  fire  to,  incendo,  -ere,  -cendi, 

-censum. 
set  up,  conloco,  1. 
seventh,  septimus,  -a,  -um. 
severely,  vehementer. 
severest,  summus,  -a,  -um. 
shop,  taberna,  -ae,  F. 
short,  brevis,  -e. 
show,   refero;    ostendo,  -ere,  -i, 

-tentum. 
shrewd,  callidus,  -a,  -um. 
shrine,  fdnum,  -i,  N. 
signal,  slgnum,  -i,  N. 
silent,    tacitus,  -a,    -um ;   keep 

silent,  taceo,  2. 
silver,  adj.,  argenteus,  -a,  -um. 
since,  cum,  quoniam. 
sink,     deprimo,     -ere,     -pressl, 

-pressum. 
situation,  res,  rei,  F. ;  causa,  -ae, 

F. 
six,  sex. 

sixth,  sextus,  -a,  -um. 
slaughter,  caedes,  -is,  F. 
slave,  servus,  -i,  M. 
so,  tarn,  ita,  sic;  so  great,  tantus, 

-a,  -um;  so  that,  ut. 
soldier,  miles,  militis,  M. 
some    one,    something,    some, 

aliquis,  quldam,  nescio  quis. 
some  .  .   .  others^  alii .   .  .  ali\ 


son,  filius,  -I,  M. 

soon,  as as  possible,  quam 

primum. 
Spain,  Hispania,  -ae,  F. 
speak,   loquor,  -i,   locUtus  sum; 

died,  -ere,  dixi,  dictum. 
special,  eximius,  -a,  -um,. 
speech,  ordtio,  -onis,  F. 
spirit,  animus,  -i,  M. 
stake,    be    at,    ago,    -ere,    egi^ 

dctum. 
stand,    sto,    -dre,    steti,    stdtum; 

stand  about,  circumsto;  stand 

in .  the    way    of,    ohsto,    -dre, 

-stiti. 
state,    res    publica,    F.  ;    civitdSy 

-tdtis,  F. 
statue,  slgnum,  -I,  N. 
stay,     stator,     -oris;      to     stay, 

remaned,  -ere,  -mdnsi,  -mdn* 

sum. 
still,  eiiam,  nunc,  tamen. 
storm,  tempestds,  -talis,  F. 
straight,  adv.,  rectd. 
strange,  mirus,  -a,  -um. 
strengthen, /irwo,  1. 
strife,  convicium,  -i,  N. 
strong,  flrmus,  -a,  -um. 
strongly-fortified,  mUnitissimus, 
study,  studium,  -i,  N. 
such,  of  such  a  kind,  tdlis,  -e; 

is,  ea,  id;  so  great,  tantus,  -a, 

-um;  in  such  a  manner,  sic. 
suddenly,  subito,  repenie. 
suffer,  potior,  pati,  passus  sum; 

suffer     injury,     detrimentum 

capid. 
suitable,  iddneus,  -a,  -um. 
summer,  aestds,  -tdtis,  F. 
summon,  vocd,  1. 
suppliant,  supplex,  -ids,  M. 


412 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY 


support,  firmamentum,  -i,  N. 
surely,  profecto,  adv. 
surrender,    dedo,    -ere,    dedidl, 

deditum. 
surround,      circumcludo,      -ere, 

-clusi,  -clusum. 

suspicion,  suspicio,  -onis,  F. 

sword,  gladius,  -i,  M. ;  ferrum, 

-1,  N. 

T 

tablet,  tahella,  -ae,  F. 

take,  capio,  -ere,  cepi,  captum; 

take    upon,    undertake,    sus- 

cipio;  take  (time),  sumo,  -ere, 

sumpsl,  sumptum;  take  with, 

educo. 

task,  negotium,  -i,  N. 

tax-collector,  publicdnus,  -i,  N. 

tell,  died,  -ere,  dixi,  dictum; 
ndrro,  1. 

temple,  templum,  -i,  N. 

tenth,  decimus,  -a,  -um. 

terrify,  perterreo,  2. 

territory,  fines,  -ium,  M. 

than,  quam. 

thank  (give  thanks),  grdtids  ago. 

thankful,  feel  thankful,  grdtiam 
habeo. 

thanksgiving,  supplicdtio,  -onis, 
F. 

that,  ille,  is,  iste;  that  of  yours, 
iste;  that,  in  order  that,  ut, 
quo;  that  not,  ne,  ut  non; 
the  fact  that,  quod;  (doubt) 
that,  quin. 

their,  suus,  -a,  -um;  eorum. 

themselves,  se. 

there,  in  that  place,  ihi;  to 
that  place,  eo;  as  an  exple- 
tive, omitted. 

therefore,  itaque,  igitur. 


they,  generally  omitted ;    pi.  of 

is,  ille,  hic. 
thing,  res,  rei,  F. ;    neut.  pi.  of 

adj. 
think,  reckon,  puto,  1 ;   believe, 

arbitror,  1  ;  value,  existimo,  1 ; 

think   of,  cogito,  1,    w.  ace. ; 

think  with  (some  one),  sentio, 

-ire,  sensi,  sensum. 
third,  tertius,  -a,  -um. 
thirst,  sitis,  -is,  F. 
this,  hic,  is. 

though,  although,  cum. 
thousand,  inllle,  indecl.  adj.  in 

sing. ;    pi.,  milia,  -ium,  noun, 

N. 
threaten,  minitor,  1 ;   impended^ 

-ere. 
three,  tres,  tria. 
throng,  frequentia,  -ae,  F. 
through,    throughout,    per,    w. 

ace. 
till,  until,  dum,  quoad. 
time,    tempus,   -oris,   N. ;     now 

for  a  long  time,  iam  diH,  iam 

dUdum;  by  this  time,  iam. 
to,  ad,  w.  ace. 
to-day,  hodie,  adv. 
together,    prefix    com-;     adv., 

una. 
too,  comparative  ending, 
top,  the  top  of,  summus,  -a,  -um, 
torch,  fax,  fads,  F. 
towards,  ad,  in,  w.  ace. 
town,  oppidum,  -i,  N. 
trader,  mercdtor,  -oris,  M. 
training,  disciplina,  -ae,  F. 
treat,  trdcio,  1. 
tribe,  civitds,  -talis,  F. 
tribune,  tribunus,  -i,  M. 
tributary,  vectigdlis,  -is,  M. 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY 


413 


Trojan,  Troidnus,  -a,  -um. 
troops,  copiae,  -drum,  F. 
true,  verus,  -a,  -um. 
trusting  to,  fretus,  -a,  -um,  w. 

abl. 
try,  Conor,  1. 
turn,  converto,  -ere,  -verti,  -ver- 

sum. 
twenty,  vlgintl. 
two,  duo,  duae,  duo. 

U 

undergo,  suheo,  -ire,  -ivi,  -Hum. 
undertaking,  condtus,  -us,  M. 
unfriendly,  inimicus,  -a,  -um. 
unjust,  inlquus,  -a,  -um. 
unjustly,  iniuriose. 
unless,  nisi,  conj. 
unlike,  dissimilis,  -e. 
unpopularity,  invidia,  -ae,  F. 
until,  till,  dum,  quoad. 
unwilling,  invltus,  -a,  -um;    be 

unwilling,  nolo,  nolle,  nolui. 
unwisely,  imprUdenter. 
urge,  cohortor,  1. 
use,  ilsus,  -Us,  M. ;   to  use,  Utor, 

uti,  usus  sum. 
useful,  utilis,  -e. 


valiantly,  fortiter. 

valor,  virtus,  -atis,  F. 

vergobretus,  vergobretus,  -i,  M. 

verse,  versus,  -Us,  M. 

very,  ipse,  when  a  noun  is  to  be 
emphasized ;  otherwise,  su- 
perlative ending  of  adj.  or 
adv. 

victorious,  victor,  -oris. 

victory,  victoria,  -ae,  F. 

vigilant,  vigilans,  -antis. 


violence,  vis,  vis,  F. 
virtue,  virtUs,  -utis,  F. 
voice,  vox,  vocis,  F. 

W 

wait  for,  expecto,  1. 

wall,  mUrus,  -i,  M.,  the  general 

term  ;    moenia,  -ium,  N.,  city 

walls;    paries,  -etis,  M.,  the 

wall  of  a  house. 
war,  helium,  -I,  N. 
ward  off,  propulso,  1 ;    depelloj 

-ere,  -pull,  -pulsum. 
warfare,  res  mllitdris. 
watch,    specular,    1 ;     vigilo,    1 ; 

watchful,  vigildns,  -antis. 
way,  via,  -ae,  F. 
weaken,  conficio. 
weapon,  telum,  -i,  N. 
weary,  defessus,  -a,  -um. 
welfare,  salUs,  -Utis,  F. 
what,    pron.,    quis,    quid;    adj., 

qui,  quae,  quod. 
when,      cum,     ubi;      interrog., 

quando. 
where,     in    what    place,     ubi; 

to  what  place,  quo. 
whether,  utrum,  num;  -ne. 
which,  see  who. 
while,  dum;   a  little  while  ago, 

paulo  ante. 
who,    which,    what,    qui,    quae, 

quod,  rel.  pron. ;    quis,  quid, 

and  qui,  quae,  quod,  interrog. 

pron.  and  adj. 
whole,  see  all. 
why,  cur,  quid. 
wicked,  nefdrius,  -a,  -um;    im^ 

probus,  -a,  -um,. 
wide,  Idtus,  -a,  -um. 
wife,  uxor,  -oris,  F. 


414 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY 


will,  voluntas,  -talis,  F. 

willing,  be  willing,  void,  velle, 
volul. 

winter,  hiems,  hiemis,  F. ;  pass 
the  winter,  hiemo,  1 ;  winter- 
quarters,  hiberna,  -drum,  N. 

wipe  out,  deled,  -ere,  -evl,  -etum. 

wisdom,  sapientia,  -ae,  F. ;  con- 
silium, -I,  N. 

wish,  desire,  be  willing,  void, 
velle,  volul. 

with,  in  company  with,  cum. 

within,  of  time,  expressed  by 
abl. ;  of  place,  intus,  adv. ; 
intra,  prep.  w.  ace. 

without,  sine,  w.  abl. ;  be  with- 
out, cared,  2. 

withstand,  ohsistd,  -ere,  -stitl, 
-stitum;  resistd. 

witness,  testis,  -is,  M. 

woman,  mulier,  -eris,  F. 

word,  verhum,  -i,  N. 

worship,  veneror,  1. 


worthy,  dignus,  -a,  -um;  It  is 
worth  while,  tant%  est. 

wrest,  extorqued,  -torguere,  -torsu 
-tortum. 

write,  scribd,  -ere,  scrlpsi,  scrip- 
turn. 

writer,  scriptor,  -dris,  M. 

would  that,  utinayn,  adv. 

wounded,  saucius,  -a,  -um. 


year,  annus,  -i,  M. 

yesterday,  hesternd  die. 

yet,  tamen;  not  yet,  ndndum. 

you,  tu,  vds. 

your,  tuus,  -a,  -um;    vester,  ves- 

tra,  vestrum. 
yourself,  tui. 
youth,   a  young   man,   iuvenis, 

-is,  M. ;  adulescens,  -entis,  M, 


zeal,  studium,  -i,  N. 


VOCABULARY 


LATIN-ENGLISH 

The  figures  1,  2,  and  4  after  verbs  indicate  that  the  principal 
parts  are  like  those  of  laudo,  moneo,  and  audio,  respectively. 


A.,  see  Aulus. 

a  (before  cons.),  ab  (before  vow- 
els or  cons.),  abs  (before  te) ; 
prep.  w.  abl.  (away  from), 
jrom,  by;  as  prefix,  away,  off, 
un-. 

abdico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [dico], 
tr.,  disown;  se  abdicare,  re- 
sign, abdicate,  w.  abl.  of  the 
ofii^ce. 

abdo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum  [do], 
tr.,  'put  away,  hide,  conceal, 
bury. 

abeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  [eo],  intr., 
go  away. 

abhorreo,  -ere,  -ui,  —  [horreo], 
tr.  and  intr.,  shrink  from,  be 
remote  from,  be  foreign  to,  be 
averse;    differ. 

abicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectum 
[iacio],  tr.,  throw  away,  give 
up,  abandon. 

abiectus,  -a,  -um  [abicio],  cast 
down,  downcast,  prostrate, 
overwhelmed. 

abs,  see  a. 

absconditus,  -a,  -um  [abscondo], 
hidden,  concealed,  secret. 

41 


absens,  absentis,  adj.  [absum], 
absent,  distant. 

absolutio,  -onis,  F.  [absolvo], 
acquittal. 

abstraho,  rtrahere,  -traxl,  -trac- 
tum  [abs  +  traho],  tr.,  draw 
away  from. 

absum,  abesse,  afui  [sum], 
be  away,  be  distant,  be  ab- 
sent. 

abundantia,  -ae,  F.  [abundo], 
abundance. 

abutor,  -uti,  -usus  sum  [utor], 
dep.,  use  up,  exhaust;  abuse, 
outrage,  try. 

ac,  see  atque. 

accedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum 
[ad  +  cedo],  intr.,  go  to,  come 
to,  approach,  be  applied,  Ar. 
6. 

accelero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [ad  -j- 
celero],  intr.,  make  haste, 
hasten. 

accido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  —  [ad  + 
cado],  intr.,  fall,  happen. 

accipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum 
[ad  +  capio],  tr.,  take  to,  re- 
ceive; hear;  incur,  sustain. 
P.  6;   learn,  P.  9. 

5 


416 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


Accius,  -i,  M.,  Accius  (ak'sh(y)- 
us),  a  Roman  poet,  born  170 

B.C. 

accommodatus,  -a,  -um  [accom- 

modo],   suitable,   fit,   adapted, 

appropriate. 
accommodo,   -are,   -avi,   -atum 

[commodo],    tr.,    adapt,    suit, 

accommodate. 
accubo,  -are,  — ,  —  [ad  -\-  cubo], 

intr.,  lie  at,  recline. 
accurate,  adv.  [accuratus],  with 

care,  accurately. 
accuso,  -are,  -avi,    atum  [ad  -|- 

causa],   tr.,   blame,  find  fault 

with. 
acer,    acris,    acre,   sharp,   keen, 

eager,  active,   severe,  vigorous. 
acerbe,  adv.  [acerbus],  bitterly, 

harshly. 
acerbitas,    -tatis,   F.    [acerbus], 

bitterness,  severity. 
acerbus,  -a,  -um  [acer],   bitter, 

harsh,  violent,  severe. 
acervus,  -i,  M.,  heap,  pile. 
Achaia,  -ae,  F.,  Achaia  (a-ka'ya) , 

southern  Greece. 
Achilles,  -is,  M.,  Achilles,  Greek 

warrior  and  hero  of  Homer's 

Iliad. 
acies,  -ei,  F.,  edge,  line,  battle- 
line,    array,   army    (in  battle 

array). 
acriter,     adv.     [acer],     sharply, 

keenly,  energetically,  zealously. 
acroama,     -atis,     N,     (Greek), 

sound,     entertainment;      per- 
former, Ar.  9. 
actus,  -us,  M.   [ago],  act  (of  a 

play). 
ad,   prep.   w.  aec,  to,   towards. 


near,  at,  at  the  house  of,  among, 
till,  for,  for  the  purpose  of, 
in  point  of,  as  regards;  as  pre- 
fix, to,  at. 

adaequo,  -are,  -avi  -atum 
[aequo],  tr.,  make  equal  to. 

addo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum  [ad  -j- 
do],  tr.,  put  to,  add. 

addiico,  -diicere,  -duxi,  -ductum 
[ad  +  diico],  tr.,  lead  to,  bring 
to;  induce,  influence. 

1.  adeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  [1.  eo],  tr., 
go  to,  visit;  enter  upon,  Ar.  5. 

2.  adeo,  adv.  [2.  eo],  (to  this 
limit),  so  far,  even,  Cat.,  I,  2; 
actually. 

adeps,  adipis,  M.  and  F.,  fat, 
corpulence.    Cat.,  Ill,  7. 

adfero,  adferre,  attuli,  adlatum 
[fero],  tr.,  bring  to,  bring,  apply; 
produce,  cause,  occasion,  add. 

adficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum 
[facio],  tr.,  do  to,  treat,  affect, 
impair;  visit,  honor  (with) ; 
in  pass.,  suffer,  receive;  sup- 
plicio  adficere,  punish. 

adfingo,  -fingere,  -finxi,  -fictum 
[fingo],  tr.,  ad(i,  bestow,  give. 

adfinis,  -e  [finis],  adjoining, 
connected  with,  implicated  in. 

adflicto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq. 
of  adfligo],  tr.,  shatter,  trouble, 
distress.  Cat.,  I,  13-. 

adfligo,  -fligere,  -flixi,  -flictum 
[fligo],  tr.,  strike  at,  smite, 
afflict,  distress,  ruin. 

adfio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [flo],  tr., 
blow,  waft  (towards). 

adfluens,  -entis  [adfluo],  abound- 
ing, rich  (in),  full. 

adgrego,-are,  -avi,-atum  [gregoj.. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


417 


tr.,     bring     together     (in     a 

flock). 
adhibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum  [habeo], 

tr.,  (hold  toward),  apply,  use, 

employ;  lend,  furnish,  supply. 
adhortor,  avi,  -atus  sum  [hortor] 

dep.,  encourage,  urge  on. 
adhuc,   adv.    [hue],   hitherto,   as 

yet,  up  to  this  time. 
adimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptum 

[emo],  tr.,  take  away,  deny. 
adipiscor,  -i,  adeptus  sum,  dep, 

[apiscor],     (come    up    with), 

attain,  obtain,  secure. 
aditus,     -us,     M.     [1.     adeo], 

access,  approach,  avenue,  path. 
adiumentum,    -i,    N.    [adiuvo], 

help,  aid. 
adiungo,  -iungere,  -iunxi,  -iunc- 

tum  [iungo],  tr.,  join  to,  add; 

impose,  confer  upon. 
adiuvo,    -iuvare,    -iuvl,    -iutum 

[iuvo],  tr.,  help,  assist. 
adlicio,    -licere,    -lexi,    -lectum 

[lacio],     tr.,     allure;     attract, 

influence. 
administer,  -tri,    M.   [minister, 

servant],  assistant. 
administra,  -ae,  F.,  handmaiden, 

assistant. 
administro,    -are,     -avi,    -atum 

[ministro],  tr.,  care  for,  man- 
age, govern,  conduct,  arrange, 

execute. 
admiratio,  -onis,    F.   [admirer], 

admiration. 
admirer,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [miror], 

dep.,  wonder  at,  marvel  at,  ad- 
mire. 
admoneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum   [mo- 

neo],  tr.,  remind,  warn;  advise. 


admonitus,  -us,  M.  [admoneo], 

advice,  suggestion. 
admurmuratio,     -onis,     F.,     a 

murmuring. 
adnuo,  -nuere,    -nui,  —  [nuo], 

intr.,  nod  to,  nod  assent. 
adorno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [orno], 

tr.,  adorn,  equip,  provide. 
adprobo,  -are,  avi,  -atimi  [ad  + 

probo],  tr.,  give  assent  to,  ap" 

prove  of. 
adpropinquo,  -are,  -avi,    -atum 

[propinquo],  intr.,   draw  mo.r 

(to),  approach. 
adquiro,  -quirere,  -quisivi,  -qui- 

situm  [quaero],  tr.,  add  (to), 

acquire,  gain. 
adscribo,      -scribere,      -scripsi, 

-scriptum  [scribo],   tr.,  enroll 

(as  a  citizen), 
adsentio,  -sentire,   -sensi,  -sen- 
sum  [sentio],  intr.,  assent  to, 

agree  with. 
adsequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum 

[sequor],  dep.,  follow  up,  over- 
take, reach;  accomplish,  effect f 

obtain,  attain. 
adservo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [servo], 

tr.,  watch  over,  keep,  guard. 
adsido,  -sidere,  -sedi,  —  [sido], 

intr.,  take  a  seat,  sit  down. 
adsidue,   adv.    [adsiduus],   con- 
stantly. 
adsto,      -stare,      -stiti,  —  [sto], 

intr.,  stand  near,  stand  by. 
adsuefactus,    -a,    -um    [adsue- 

facio],  trained,  accustomed. 
adsum,    -esse,    -fui    [sum],    be 

near,  be  present;  aid,  assist. 
adulescens,    -entis,     M.     [ado- 

lesco],  young  man,  youth. 


418 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


adulescentia,  -ae,  F.  [adules- 
cens],  youth. 

adulescentulus,  -i,  M.  [adules- 
cens],  very  young  man. 

adulter,  -teri,  M.,  adulterer. 

adultus,  -a,  -um  [adolesco], 
mature,  full-grown. 

adventicius,  -a,  -um  [advenio], 
foreign. 

adventus,  -us,  M.  [advenio], 
arrival,  approach,  corning. 

adversus,  -a,  -um  [adverto], 
(turned  towards),  facing,  un- 
favorable; adversae  res,  ad- 
versity. 

advezperascit,  -ere,  — ,  impers., 
evening  approaches,  it  grows 
dark. 

aedificium,  -i,  N.  [aedifico], 
building,  house,  edifice. 

aedifico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [aedes, 
facio],  tr.,  build. 

aedes  -is,  F.,  (a  dwelling  of  the 
gods),  temple;  pi.,  (a  dwell- 
ing for  men),  house. 

Aegaeus,  -a,  -um,  Aege'an. 

aeger,  aegra,  aegrum,  sick, 
suffering. 

aegre,  adv.  [aeger],  with  diffi- 
culty, reluctantly,  bitterly. 

Aemilius,  -i,  M.,  Aemilius,  a 
gentile  name ;  M.  Aemilius 
Scaurus,  consul  115  and  107 

B.C. 

Aeneas,  -ae,  M.,  Aene'as. 
aeque,   adv.    [aequus],   equally; 

aeque  ac,  just  as. 
aequitas,    -tatis,    F.     [aequus], 

justice,  equity. 
aequus,    -a,    -um,    even,    equal; 

fair,    just,    right;     favorable, 


calm;  aequo  animo,  with  a 
calm  mind,  with  resignation, 

aerarium,  -i,  N.  [aerarius], 
treasury. 

aerarius,  -a,  -um  [aes],  of  the 
treasury. 

aes,  aeris,  N.,  copper,  bronze, 
money;  aes  alienum,  (an- 
other's money),  debt;  pi., 
bronze  tablets. 

aestas,  -tatis,  F.,  summer. 

aestimo,  -are,  avi,  atum  [aes], 
tr.,  judge,  estimate. 

aestus,  -us,  M.,  heat. 

aetas,  -tatis,  F.,  age,  old  age; 
life. 

aeternus,  -a,  -um,  everlasting^ 
eternal,  endless. 

Aetoli,  -orum,  M.,  the  Aetolians^ 
inhabitants  of  Aetolia. 

Africa,  -ae,  F.,  Africa,  especially 
the  Roman  province  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  con- 
tinent. 

Africanus,  -a,  -um  [Africa], 
African;  Africanus,  a  sur- 
name of  two  of  the  Scipios. 

ager,  agri,  M.,  field,  landy 
country. 

agito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq.  of 
ago],  tr.,  disturb,  agitate, 
rouse. 

agnosco,  -noscere,  -novi,  -nitum 
[ad  +  (g)nosco],  tr.  recog- 
nize,  understand. 

ago,  -ere,  -egi,  actum,  tr.,  (put 
in  motion),  drive,  do,  act, 
act  on;  aim  at;  speak,  plead; 
spend  (aetatem) ;  pass.,  be  at 
stake,  P.  2,  6 ;  age  vero, 
come  now,  well  then. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


419 


agrarius,  -a,  -um  [ager],  'per- 
taining to  land;  agrarii,  M. 
pi,,  the  agrarian  party  (sup- 
porting agrarian  laws). 

agrestis,  -e  [ager],  of  the  coun- 
try, country  (adj.)  ;  rude, 
boorish,  ignorant;  as  noun, 
countrymen. 

agricola,  -ae,  M.,  farmer. 

Ahala,  -ae,  M.,  Ahala,  a  family 
name  ;  Gaius  Servilius  Ahala 
a  Roman  officer,  439  b.c. 

aio,  ais,  ait ;  pi.,  aiunt,  def.  vb., 
say,  assert. 

alea,  -ae,  F.,  a  game  with  dice, 
gambling. 

aleator,  -oris,  M.  [alea],  gambler. 

Alexander,  -dri,  M.,  Alexander, 
the  Great,  king  of  Mace- 
donia, born  356  b.c. 

alienigena,  -ae,  M.  [alienus, 
gigno],  one  of  foreign  birth; 
as  adj.,  foreign. 

alienus,  -a,  -um  [alius],  belong- 
ing to  another,  of  others, 
foreign;  as  noun,  stranger, 
foreigner,  alien. 

aliquando,  adv.  [ali-+  quando], 
at  some  time,  at  any  time,  at 
length,  finally,  at  last. 

i?liquanto,  adv.  [aliquantus],  (by 
some  little),  a  little. 

aliquis,  -quid,  indef.  pron.  (App- 
27,  28),  some  one,  something; 
any-one,  anything;  as  adj., 
aliqui,  -qua,  -quod,  some,  any. 

aliquo,  adv.  [aliquis],  to  some 
place,  somewhere. 

aliquot  [alius,  quot],  indecl.  adj., 
some,  several,  a  number  of. 

aliter,  adv.  [alius],  otherwise. 


alius,    -a,    -ud,    adj.    or    pron. 

(App.   13),   another,   other  (of 

more   than    two) ;    pi.   some, 

others;    alius  .   .   .   alius,   one 

.  .  .  another;      alii  .   .   .   alii, 

some  .  .  .  others 
AUobroges,    -um,    M.    pi.,    the 

Allo'broges,    a    tribe    south- 
west of  Lake  Geneva, 
alo,  -ere,  alul,  altum,  tr.,  feed, 

nourish;      sustain,       cherish^ 

strengthen,  Ar.  7. 
Alpes,  -ium,  F.,  the  Alps. 
altaria,  -ium,  N.  pi.  [altus],  an 

altar. 
alter,  -era,  -erum,  adj.  or  pron. 

(App.  13),  the  other  (of  two), 

second  (in  a  series),  another; 

alter  .  .  .  alter,  the  one  .  .  , 

the  other. 
alternus,  -a,  -um  [alter],  alter' 

nate. 
altus,  -a,  -um  [alto],  high,  deep. 
alveolus,     -i,     M.     [alveus,     a 

hollow],  dice  board,  gambling. 
amans,    -antis,    adj.    [part,    of 

amo],  loving,  affectionate,  fond 

(of),  loyal   (to)  ;   w.  rei  pub- 

licae,  patriotic. 
ambi-,  prefix,  round,  roundabout. 
ambulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 

ivalk. 
amens, -entis  [a  +  mens],  sense" 

less,  foolish. 
amentia,  -ae,  F.  [amens],  folly, 

madness,  insanity. 
amicio,  -icire,  — ,  -ictum  [ambi- 

+  iacio],    tr.,    throw    around, 

clothe. 
amicitia,  -ae,F.  [amicus],  friend' 

ship. 


420 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


1.  amicus,  -i,  M.,  friend. 

2.  amicus,  -a,  -um,  friendly, 
dear. 

Amisus,  -i,  F.  Ami'sus,  a  city 
of  Pontus. 

amitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missum 
[mitto],  tr.,  (send  away),  lose. 

amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  love. 

amoenitas,  -tatis,  F.  [amoenus], 
charm,  beauty. 

amor,  -oris,  M.  [amo],  love. 

amplector,  -plecti,  -plexus  sum 
[ambi  +  plecto],  dep.,  twine 
about,  embrace,  include.  Cat., 
IV,  4. 

amplified,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[amplus,  facio],  tr.,  enlarge, 
extend,  increase. 

amplitude,  -inis,  F.  [amplus], 
breadth,  greatness,  eminence, 
honor. 

amplius,  adv.  [comp.  of  ample], 
more,  further. 

amplus,  -a,  -um,  great,  ample; 
generous;  illustrious,  dis- 
tinguished, honorable. 

an,  conj.,  usually  introducing 
the  second  member  of  a 
double  question,  or;  intro- 
ducing single  direct  questions 
it  may  be  equivalent  to  -ne 
or  nonne  with  added  empha- 
sis or  surprise;  see  103,  b; 
Bur.  368;  HB.  236;  intro- 
ducing an  indirect  question, 
whether. 

Anceps,  -cipitis,  adj.,  [ambi-, 
caput],  double,  twofold,  in  two 
places. 

ango,  -ere,  anxi,  — ,  tr.,  distress, 
trouble,  torment. 


angulus,  -i,  M.,  corner,  angle. 

anhelo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [an- 
helus,  panting],  tr.  and  intr., 
breathe  forth;  pant. 

anima,  -ae,  F.,  air,  breath, 
spirit;  life,  soul. 

animadversio,  -onis,  F.  [anim- 
advert©], attention,  investiga- 
tion; punishment. 

animadvert©,  -vertere,  -verti, 
-versum  [animum  +  ad  + 
verto],  tr.,  (turn  the  mind 
to),  perceive,  notice,  attend  to; 
punish. 

animus,  -i,  IVI.  mind,  soul,  feel- 
ing, feelings,  spirit,  disposition, 
heart.  Cat.,  1,  11. 

anne,  =  an. 

Annius,  -i,  M.,  Annius,  a 
nomen  or  gentile  name  ;  see 
Chilo. 

annona,  -ae,  F.  [annus],  yearly 
harvest,  provisions,  P.  15. 

annus,  -i,  M.,  year. 

annuus,  -a,  -um  [annus],  annual. 

ante,  prep.  w.  ace,  before;  adv., 
before,  beforehand;  ago; 
paulo  ante,  a  little  while  ago; 
just  now;  as  prefix,  before,  in 
advance. 

antea,  adv.  [ante],  before, 
hitherto,  formerly. 

antecello,  -ere,  — ,  —  [cello], 
intr.,  surpass,  be  superior  to. 

antelucanus,  -a,  -um  [ante,  lux], 
lasting  till  daylight,  all-night. 

antepono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 
tum  [pono],  tr.,  place  before, 
prefer. 

antequam,  conj.  [ante  +  quam], 
before. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


421 


Antiochia,  -ae,  F.,  Antioch,  a 
city  of  Syria. 

Antiochus,  -i,  M.,  Anti'ochus, 
the  Great,  king  of  Syria,  223- 
187  B.C. 

antiquitas,  -tatis,  F.  [anti- 
quus],  antiquity. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um  [ante], 
Jormer,  ancient,  old:  M.  pi., 
the  men  of  old. 

aperio,  -perire,  -perui,  -pertum 
[ab  +  pario],  tr.,  open. 

aperte,  adv.  [apertus],  openly, 
without  reserve,  plainly. 

apertus,  -a,  -um,  open,  undis- 
guised. 

apparatus,  -a,  -um  [apparo], 
prepared;  elaborate,  sump- 
tuous. 

appareo,  -ere,  -ui,  intr.,  appear. 

apparo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [paro], 
tr.,  make  ready,  prepare,  pre- 
pare for. 

appello,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
call  (by  name),  name,  address. 

Appenninus,  -i,  M.,  the  Apen- 
nines. 

appetens,  -entis  [appeto],  covet- 
ous of. 

Appius,  -i,  M.,  Appius,  a  prae- 
nomen  or  first  name ;  see 
Claudius. 

Appius,  -a,  -um,  Appian;  Via 
Appia,  the  Appian  Road,  ex- 
tending from  Rome  to  Brun- 
disium. 

approbo,  see  adprobo. 

aptus,  -a,  -um,  suited,  fit. 

apud,  prep.  w.  ace.,  among, 
with,  at  the  house  of,  before, 
off. 


Apulia,  -ae,  F.,  Apulia,  a  dis- 
trict in  southern  Italy. 

aqua,  -ae,  F.,  water. 

aquila,  -ae,  F.,  eagle;  especially 
the  eagle  of  a  Roman  stand- 
ard. 

ara,  -ae,  F.,  altar. 

arbitror,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [arbiter, 
judge],  dep.,  think,  judge,  con- 
sider. 

arbor,  -oris,  F.,  tree, 

arceo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  tr.,  keep 
away,  ward  off. 

arcesso,  -cessere,  -cessivi,  ces- 
situm  [ad  +  caus.  of  cieo],  tr., 
cause  to  come,  summon,  send 
for,  invite. 

Archias,  -ae,  M.  (App.  11), 
Archias;  A.  Licinius  Archias, 
see  p.  269 

ardeo,  -ere,  arsi,  arsum,  intr., 
be  on  fire,  be  in  flames^ 
burn. 

ardor,  -oris,  M.  [ardeo],  (a 
burning),  flame,  fire,  heat, 
brightness;  passion. 

argenteus,  -a,  -um  [argentum], 
silver,  of  silver. 

argentum,  -i,  N.,  silver. 

argumentum,  -i,  N.  [argud]^ 
proof,  argument. 

Ariobarzanes,  -is,  M.,  Ariobar- 
za'nes,  a  king  of  Cappadocia. 

arma,  -orum,  N.  pL,  arms, 
equipment. 

Armenii,  -orum,  M.,  the  Ar- 
menians. 

Armenius,  -a,  -um,  of  Armenia, 
Armenian. 

armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
arm,  equip. 


422 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


ars,  artis,  F.,  skill,  art,  accom- 
plishment, quality,  practice. 

artifex,  -ficis,  M.  [ars,  facio], 
artist,  scaenicus  artifex,  actor. 

arx,  arcis,  F.,  citadel,  fortress, 
stronghold. 

ascendo,  -scendere,  -scendi, 
-scensum  [ad  +  scando],  tr, 
and  intr.,  climb,  rise,  ascend. 

asclsco,  -sciscere,  -scivi,  -sci- 
tum  [ad  +  scisco],  tr.,  admit 
(to),  enlist  (in). 

ascribo,  -ere,  ascripsi,  ascrip- 
tum  [scribo],  tr.,  enroll,  as- 
sign, appoint. 

Asia,  -ae,  F.,  Asia,  Asia  Minor. 

Asiaticus,-a,  -um  [Asia],  Asiatic. 

aspectus,  -us,  M.  [aspicio], 
sight,  view;  appearance. 

aspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spec- 
tum  [ad  +  spicio],  tr.,  look 
at,  look  upon. 

assiduitas,  (adsid-)  -tatis,  F. 
[assiduus],  perseverance,  per- 
sistent effort. 

at,   conj.,   but,   expressing  con- 
.  trast   or   objection ;     yet,   yet 
at  least. 

Athenae,  -arum,  F.,  Athens. 

Atheniensis,  -e,  of  Athens;  pi. 
as  noun,  the  Athenians. 

atque  (before  vowels  or  cons.), 
ac  (before  cons.),  and,  and 
also,  and  especially;  after 
words  of  comparison,  as. 

atqui,  conj.,  and  yet,  why! 

atrocitas,  -tatis,  F.  [atrox], 
cruelty,  fierceness,  harshness. 

atrox,  -ocis  [ater,  black],  fierce, 
cruel,  horrible,  inhuman,  mon- 
strous. 


attendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -ten« 
turn  [ad  +  tendo],  tr.,  (stretch 
toward),  w.  or  without  ani- 
mum,  observe,  notice,  mark, 
listen. 

attenuo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[tenuo,  make  thin],  tr.,  make 
thin,  reduce. 

Atticus,  -i,  M.,  Atticus;  T. 
Pomponius  Atticus,  a  corre- 
spondent of  Cicero;  Intro.  11. 

attingo,  -ere,  attigi,  attactum 
[ad  +  tango],  tr.,  touch,  reach, 
attain  to;  approach;  attempt, 
touch  upon,  Ar.  9  ;  set  foot  on, 
P.  9. 

attribuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utum  [ad 
+  tribuo],  tr.,  assign,  allot, 
distribute. 

attuli,  from  adfero. 

auctionarius,  -a,  -um  [auctio], 
of  an  auction,  of  the  auction- 
eer. 

auctor,  -oris,  M.  [augeo],  origi- 
nator, author,  promoter,  ap- 
prover. 

auctoritas,  -tatis,  F.  [auctor], 
influence,  authority,  power, 
prestige;  opinion. 

audacia,  -ae,  F.  [audax],  daring, 
boldness,  courage;  audacity, 
presumption,  effrontery. 

audax,  -acis  [audeo]  bold,  daring, 
audacious. 

audeo,  -ere,  ausus  sum,  semi- 
dep.,  dare. 

audio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr.,  hear, 
hear  of,  listen  to. 

aufero,  -ferre,  abstuli,  ablatum 
[ab  +  fero],  tr.,  bear  away^ 
carry  off. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


423 


aufugio,  -fugere,  -fugl,  —  [ab  + 

fugio],    intr.,    run    away,    es- 
cape. 
augeo,  -ere,  auxi,  auctum,  tr., 

increase,  enrich. 
Aulus,   -i,   M.,  Aulus,   a   prae- 

nomen  or  personal  name. 
Aurelius,    -a,    -um,     Aurelian; 

see  Forum  Aurelium. 
auris,  -is,  F.,  ear;  attention. 
aurum,  -i,  N.,  gold. 
auspicium,     -i,      N.      [auspex], 

(divination  by   the   flight   of 

birds),  augury;   pi.  auspices. 
aut,    conj.,    or;     aut  .  .  .  aut, 

either  .   .   .  or. 
autem,  conj.,  on  the  other  hand, 

hut;     furthermore,     moreover, 

besides,  while. 
auxilium,    -i,    N.    [augeo],    aid, 

help,  assistance;  pi.,  auxiliary 

forces. 
avaritia,  -ae,  F.  [avarus],  greed, 

avarice. 
aversus,  -a,  -um  [averto],  turned 

away,  averse,  obstinate,  hostile. 
avide,  adv.  [avidus],  eagerly. 
avidus,    -a,    -um    [aveo,    crave], 

craving,  eager  for. 
avitus,  -a,  -um  [avus],  of  one's 

grandfather. 
avoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [voco], 

tr.,  call  away. 
avus,  -i,  M.,  grandfather. 

B 

bacchor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  dep. 
[Bacchus,  god  of  wine],  (cele- 
brate the  festival  of  Bacchus), 
revel,  rage. 

barbaria,    -ae,    F.     [barbarus]. 


barbarism;     foreign    country, 
uncivilized  people. 

barbarus,  -a,  -um,  foreign, 
strange;     as   noun,  foreigner. 

barbatus,     -a,     -um     [barba], 
bearded. 

beatus,  -a,  -um  [beo,  make 
happy],  happy,  blessed,  pros- 
perous. Cat.,  II,  9. 

bellicosus,  -a,  -um  [bellum], 
warlike. 

bello,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
ivage  war,  carry  on  war,  fight. 

bellum,  -i,  N.,  war. 

bene,  adv.  (App.  20),  well,  suc- 
cessfully. 

beneficium,  -i,  N.  [bene  +  fa- 
cio],  (a  well-doing),  kindness, 
favor. 

benevolentia,  -ae,  F.  [benevo- 
lus],  good  will,  benevolence,  loy- 
alty. 

benignitas,  -tatis,  F.  [benignus], 
favor,  courtesy,  kindness. 

bestia,  -ae,  F.,  beast,  animal. 

bibo,  -ere,  -bibi,  — ,  tr.,  drink. 

bini,  -ae,  -a,  two  each,  two. 

bipertito,  adv.  [bis  +  partitus], 
in  two  divisions. 

bis,  num.  adv.,  twice. 

Bithynia,  -ae,  F.,  Bithynia,  a 
district  of  Asia  Minor,  south 
of  the  Black  Sea. 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  good,  worthy,  ex- 
cellent; as  noun,  bonum,  ad- 
vantage; pi.  boni,  good  men, 
loyal  citizens,  patriots;  bona, 
-orum,  goods,  property,  posses- 
sions. 

Bosporani,  -orum,  M.,  dwellers 
on  the  Bosporus. 


424 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


brevis,  -e,  short,  brief. 

breviter,   adv.    [brevis],    briefly. 

Brundisium,  -i,  N.,  Brundisium, 
a  town  in  southern  Italy ; 
modern  Brindisi. 

Brutus,  -i,  M.,  Brutus,  a  family 
name  ;  D,  Junius  Brutus,  con- 
sul, 138  B.C. 


C.  for  G.,  abbreviation  of  Gaius. 

caedes,  caedis,  F.  [caedo],  kill- 
ing, slaughter,  murder,  massa- 
cre. 

Caelius,  -i,  M.,  Caelius,  a  gen- 
tile name ;  Q.  Caelius,  a 
tribune. 

caelum,  -i,  N.,  sky,  heaven,  the 
heavens. 

Caesar,  -is,  M.,  Caesar,  a  cog- 
nomen or  family  name  ;  1.  C. 
Julius  Caesar,  the  conqueror 
of  Gaul,  praetor  62  b.c,  consul 
59  B.C.  ;  2.  L.  Julius  Caesar, 
consul  64  B.C. 

Caieta,  -ae,  F.,  Caieta  (ka-ye'ta), 
a  coast  town  of  Latium,  with 
a  harbor  ;  now  Gaeta  (ga-a'ta). 

calamitas,  -tatis,  F.,  disaster, 
ruin,  downfall,  calamity,  loss, 
injury,  misfortune,  distress. 

callidus,  -a,  -um,  shrewd,  crafty. 

campus,  -1,  M.,  a  plain,  field; 
especially  the  Campus  Mar- 
tius,  a  plain  in  Rome,  dedi- 
cated to  Mars,  used  for  as- 
semblies of  the  people. 

cano,  -ere,  cecini,  cantum,  tr. 
and   intr.,    sing,    predict. 

canto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq. 
of  cano],  intr.,  sing. 


cantus,    -us,    M.    [cano],    song^ 

music. 

capillus,  -i,  M.  [caput],  hair  (of 
the  head). 

capio,  capere,  cepi,  captum,  tr., 
take,  receive,  hold,  contain^ 
capture,  take  prisoner;  w. 
consiliniD.,  form,  adopt;  w.  de- 
trimentum,  suffer. 

capitalis,  -e  [caput],  deadly,  mor- 
tal. 

Capitolium,  -i,  N.  [caput],  the 
Capitoline  Hill;  the  Capitol, 
a  temple  of  Jupiter  situated 
on  the  Capitoline. 

Cappadocia,  -ae,  F.,  Cappa- 
docia,  a  country  of  Asia 
Minor. 

caput,  capitis,  N.,  head,  lifcy 
civil  rights. 

Carbo,  -onis,  M.,  Carbo,  a  fam- 
ily name  ;  C.  Papirius  Carbo, 
tribune    of    the    people     89 

B.C. 

career,   carceris,  M.,   prison. 

careo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  fut.  part, 
cariturus,  intr.,  be  without^ 
want,  be  free  from,  be  deprived 
of,  withdraw  from.  Cat.,  I,  7. 

caritas,  -tatis,  F.  [carus],  dear- 
ness,  high  price. 

carmen,  -inis,  N.,  song,  poem^ 
verse. 

Carthaginiensis,  -e,  of  Carthage; 
pi.  as  noun,  the  Carthaginians. 

Carthago,  -inis,  F.,  Carthage,  a 
city  in  northern  Africa. 

carus,  -a,  -um,  dear,  precious, 
valued. 

Cassius,  -i,  M.,  Cassius,  a  gen- 
tile name  ;  1.  Lucius  Cassius, 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


425 


a    confederate    of    Catiline ; 

2.  C.  Cassius,  consul  73  b.c.  ; 

3.  C.  Cassius  Longinus,  prae- 
tor 44  B.C. 

caste,  adv.  [castus],  purely,  hon- 
estly. 

castra,  -orum,  N.  pi.,  a  camp. 

castrensis,  -e,  of  the  camp. 

casus,  -us,  M.  [cado],  (a  falling), 
accident,  chance,  fate,  calamity  ; 
emergency,   P.  20. 

Catilina,-ae,M.,  Ca'tiline  (kat'i- 
lln),  a  family  name;  L.  Ser- 
gius  Catilina,  the  conspirator  ; 
see  p.  181. 

Cato,  -onis,  M.,  Cato,  a  family 
name;  1.  Porcius  Cato,  a 
friend  of  Archias  ;  2.  Marcus 
Cato,    the    censor     (234-149 

B.C.). 

Catulus,  -i,  M.,  Ca'tulus,  a  fam- 
ily name;  1.  Q.  Lutatius 
Catulus,  consul  102  b.c  ;  2. 
Q.  Lutatius  Catulus,  son  of 
1,  consul  78  B.C. 

causa,  -ae,  F.,  cause,  reason, 
case,  interest,  question;  causa 
(following  a  gen.),  on  account 
(of),  for  the  sake  (of),  for  the 
purpose  (of). 

•ce,  enclitic  emphasizing  cer- 
tain pronouns. 

Cedo,  -ere,  cessi,  cessum,  intr., 
go  from,  withdraw;  pass  by 
(of  time)  ;   ijield,  submit. 

celeber,  -bris,  -bre,  populous, 
frequented,  busy. 

celebritas,  -tatis,  F.  [celeber], 
renown,  celebrity. 

celebro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [cele- 
ber],    tr.,    frequent,     throng; 


celebrate,       solemnize,       keep, 
honor,  extol. 

celeritas,  -tatis,  F.  [celer],  quick- 
ness, swiftness,  celerity,  rapid- 
ity, promptness. 

celeriter,   adv.    [celer],   quickly. 

cena,  -ae,  F.,  dinner,  banquet. 

ceno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [cena], 
intr.,  dine,  eat  dinner. 

censed,  -ere,  -ui,  censum,  tr., 
tax,  estimate,  assess,  enroll 
(as  a  citizen),  resolve,  decree, 
vote;   think. 

censor,  -oris,  M.,  censor;  see 
Introd.  38. 

census,  -us,  M.  [censeo],  cen- 
sus, a  censor's  list,  census  roll. 

centuria,  -ae,  F.  [centum],  cen- 
tury, a  division  of  the  people, 
originally  numbering  one  hun- 
dred. 

centuriatus,  -us,  M.  [centurio], 
the  office  of  a  centurion,  cen- 
turionship. 

centurio,  -onis,  M.  [centuria], 
centurion. 

Ceparius,  -i,  M.,  Ceparius,  a 
gentile  name  ;  Marcus  Cepa- 
rius, a  confederate  of  Catiline. 

cerno,  -ere,    crevi,   cretum,  tr., 
separate,     distinguish;      see, 
perceive;  decide,  decree. 

certamen,  -inis,  N.  [certo],  con- 
test, rivalry. 

certe,  adv.  [certus],  certainly, 
surely,  at  least. 

1.  certo,  adv.  [certus],  with  cer- 
tainty, certainly. 

2.  certo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
contend,  struggle,  fight,  vie. 

certus,  -a,  -um  [cerno],  decided 


426 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


certain,  sure;  'particular,  defin- 
ite; faithful;  certiorem  facio, 
inform;  certior  fio,  he  in- 
formed. 

cervix,  -ids,  F.,  neck. 

ceterus,  -a,  -um,  the  rest,  the 
other,  other;  pi.  as  noun, 
others,  the  others,  the  rest. 

Cethegus,  -i,  M.,  Cethegus,  a 
family  name ;  C.  Cornelius 
Cethegus,  a  confederate  of 
Catiline. 

Chii,  -orum,  M.,  the  Chians, 
people  of  the  island  Chios  in 
the  Aegean. 

Chilo,  -onis,  M.,  Chilo,  a  family 
name  ;  Q.  Annius  Chilo,  a  con- 
federate of  Catiline. 

cibus,  -i,  M.,  food. 

Cicero,  -onis,  M.,  a  cognomen 
or  family  name;  1.  Marcus 
TuUius  Cicero,  the  orator; 
see  Introd. ;  2.  Q.  Tullius 
Cicero,  praetor  62  b.c.  ;  3.  M. 
Tullius  Cicero,  son  of  the 
orator,  born  65  b.c. 

Cilicia,  -ae,  F.,  Cilicia,  a  Ro- 
man province  in  southern 
Asia  Minor. 

Cimber,  -bri,  M.,  Cimher,  a  cog- 
nomen ;  see  Gabinius. 

Cimbri,  -orum,  M.,  the  Cimbri,  a 
people  of  northern  Ger- 
many. 

Cimbricus,  -a,  -um  [Cimbri],  of 
the  Cimbri,  Cimbrian. 

cingo,  -ere,  cinxi,  cinctum,  tr., 
surround. 

cinis,  cineris,  M.,  ashes. 

Cinna,  -ae,  M.,  Cinna,  a  family 
name ;    L.    Cornelius    Cinna, 


consul  86-84  b.c,  leader  o! 
the  popular  party. 

circum,  prep.  w.  ace,  aroundy 
about;  as  prefix,  around. 

circumcludo,  -cludere,  -clusi, 
-clusum  [claudo],  tr.,  hetn  in. 

circumdo,  -dare,  -dedi,  -datum 
[do],  tr.,  place  around,  sur- 
round with. 

circumscribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!, 
-scriptum  [scribo],  tr.,  bound. 

circumscriptor,  -oris,  M.  [cir- 
cumscribo], cheat. 

circumsedeo,     -sedere,     -sedi, 
-sessum     [sedeo],     tr.,     sit 
around,  surround. 

circumspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi, 
-spectum  [specio],  tr.  and 
intr.,  look  about,  look  out  for; 
observe,  consider. 

circumsto,  -stare,  -steti,  [sto], 
tr.,  stand  around,  surround. 

cito,  adv.,  quickly,  promptly. 

civilis,  -e  [civis],  of  citizens,  civil. 

civis,  civis,  M.,  citizen,  fellow- 
citizen. 

civitas,  -tatis,  F.  [civis],  citizen^ 
ship,  state,  tribe,  nation. 

clam,  adv.,  secretly. 

clamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
and  intr.,  cry  out,  shout. 

clamor,  -oris,  M.  [clamo],  out- 
cry, shout. 

clarus,  -a,  -um,  clear,  bright; 
brilliant,  renowned,  famous, 
illustrious,  honorable,  eminent^ 
conspicuous. 

classis,  -is,  F.,  division;  fleet. 

Claudius,  -i,  M.,  Claudius,  a 
gentile  name ;  Appius  Clau- 
dius Pulcher,  praetor  89  b.c. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


427 


claudo,  -ere,  clausi,  clausum, 
tr.,  close. 

Clemens,  -entis,  adj.,  mild,  for- 
bearing,   merciful,    lenient. 

clientela,  -ae,  F.  [cliens],  client- 
ship,  clients. 

Cn.,  abbreviation  for   Gnaeus. 

Cnidus,  -i,  F.,  Cnidus  (ni'dus), 
a  city  of  Caria  in  Asia  Mi- 
nor. 

coepi,  def.  vb.  (App.  50),  began; 
w.  a  pass,  complementary 
inf.  coeptus  sum,  etc.,  is 
used. 

coeptus,  -us,  M.  [coepi],  begin- 
ning, undertaking. 

coerceo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itum  [con  + 
arceo,  confine],  tr.,  restrain, 
check,  correct,  repress. 

coetus, -us,  M.  [co  +  eo],  meeting, 
gathering,  assembly,  company. 

cogitate,  adv.  [cogito],  thought- 
fully, with  thought. 

cogitatio,  -onis,  F.  [cogito], 
thought,  purpose,  plan,  design. 

cogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [con  + 
agito],  tr.,  consider  (thor- 
oughly), ponder,  think,  think 
of,  plan,  plot, 

cognatio,  -onis,  F.,  relationship, 
kinship. 

cognitio,  -onis,  F.  [cognosce], 
a  becoming  acquainted  with, 
acquaintance. 

cognitor,  -oris,  M.  [cognosce], 
advocate,  supporter. 

cognomen,  -inis,  N.  [nomen], 
surname,  family  name. 

cognosce,  -gnoscere,  -gnovi, 
-gnitum  [con  +  gnosco],  tr., 
learn,     ascertain;      recognize; 


note,  notice,  observe;  perf., 
have  learned,  hence  know; 
plup.,  knew. 

cogo,  -ere,  coegl,  coactum  [con 
+  ago],  tr.,  drive  together  ^ 
collect,  assemble;  compel,  force. 

cohaereo,  -haerere,  -haesi, 
haesum  [haereo],  intr.,  cling 
together,   be  connected   (with). 

cohibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum  [habeo], 
tr.,  hold  together,  keep. 

cohors,  cohortis,  F.,  cohort 
(tenth  of  a  legion). 

cohortor,  -avi,  -atus  sum  [hor- 
tor],  dep.,  encourage,  urge. 

collectio,  -onis,  F.  [colligo],  a 
collecting,  gathering. 

collega,  -ae,  M.,  partner  in 
office,  colleague. 

collegium,  -i,  N.  [colligo],  asso- 
ciation, board,  college. 

colligo,  -ligere,  -legi,  -lectum 
[con  +  lego],  tr.,  gather,  col- 
lect;   se  colligere,  assemble. 

colo,  -ere,  -ui,  cultum,  tr.,  cul- 
tivate, cherish,  pay  respect  to; 
dwell  in. 

colonia,  -ae,  F.  [colo],  colony. 

colonus,  -i,  M.  [colo],  colonist. 

Colophon,  -onis,  M.,  Colophon, 
a  city  of  Asia  Minor,  north 
of  Ephesus. 

Colophonii,  -drum,  M.,  the  in- 
habitants of  Colophon. 

color,  -oris,  M.,  color. 

comes,  comitis,  M.  or  F.,  com- 
panion, associate,  comrade. 

comissatio,  -onis,  F.  [comissor, 
revel],  revelry. 

comitatus,  -us,  M.  [comito],  es- 
cort, retinue,  company. 


428 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


comitia,  -drum,  N.  [con  +  eo], 
assembly,  comitia;    election. 

comitium,  -i,  N.  [con,  eo],  the 
Comitium,  a  place  of  assem- 
bly adjoining  the  Forum. 

comitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [comes] 
dep.,  accompany,  attend. 

commeatus,  -us,  M.  [commeo], 
intercourse;  supplies,  pro- 
visions. 

commemoratio,  -onis,  F.,  re- 
membrance, Jiiention. 

commemoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[memoro],  tr.,  call  to  mind; 
relate,  mention,  speak  of. 

commendatio,  -onis,  F.  [com- 
mend©], a  commending,  recom- 
mendation. 

commendo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[mando],  tr.,  commit  for  protec- 
tion, intrust,  commend,  recom- 
mend. 

commeo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
go  and  come,  visit,  resort. 

committo,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sum  [mitto],  tr.,  send  together; 
intrust,  commit,  permit,  allow; 
begin. 

commode,  adv.  [commodus], 
conveniently. 

commodum,  -i,  N.  [commodus], 
advantage,  interest. 

commoratio.  -onis,  F.  [com- 
moror],  a  tarrying,  lingering. 

commoror,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [mo- 
ror],  dep.,  remain. 

^ommoveo,  -movere,  -movi, 
-motum  [moveo],  tr.,  put  in 
violent  motion,  move,  stir,  dis- 
turb, affect,  influence,  concern, 
grieve;     commovere,   te,    se, 


make  a  noise,  lift  a  finger^ 
stir. 

communis,  -e  [munus],  commony 
in  common,  general,  public. 

communiter,  adv.  [communis], 
in  common,  in  general,  Ar.  12. 

commute,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[muto],  tr.,  change  entirely, 
change. 

comparatio,  -onis,  F.  [compare], 
preparation. 

compare,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  1. 
[paro],  tr.,  prepare,  make  ready y 
provide;  make  up,  composCy 
procure,  acquire.  2.  [compar, 
like],  compare. 

compello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pul- 
sum  [pello],  tr.,  drive  together, 
drive,  force. 

comperio,  -perire,  -peri,  -pertum 
[pario],  tr.,  learn,  discover,  as- 
certain, detect. 

competitor,  -oris,  M.  [competo], 
rival  opposing  candidate,  com- 
petitor. 

complector,  -plecti,  -plexus  sum 
[com  +  plector],  dep.,  em- 
brace, receive;    comprehend. 

compleo,  -plere,  -plevi,  -pletum 
[pleo],  tr.,  fill  completely. 

complexus,  -iis,  M.  [complector] 
an  embracing,  embrace. 

complures,  -a(-ia)  [com  +  plures 
several,  many,  many  of. 

comprehend©,  -hendere,  -hendi, 
-hensum  [prehendo],  tr.,  seize, 
capture,   arrest,   grasp,   detect. 

comprimo,  -primere,  -pressi, 
-pressum  [premo],  tr.,  press 
together;  repress,  check,  curb; 
suppress. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


429 


comprobo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[probo],  tr.,  approve,  endorse, 
attest. 

con-,  com-,  co-,  prefix,  with,  to- 
gether, completely,  thoroughly, 
strongly. 

conatus,  -us,  M.  [conor],  at- 
tempt,   effort,    undertaking. 

concede,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -ces- 
sum  [cedo],  tr.,  and  intr.,  go 
away,  withdraw;  grant,  con- 
cede, give  up,  yield. 

concelebro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[celebro],  tr.,  attend  in  throngs, 
celebrate. 

concerto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[certo],  intr.,  dispute,  v)rangle, 
contend. 

concido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  — 
[cado],  intr.,  fall  (together), 
Jail  to  pieces,  collapse;  fail, 
P.  7. 

concilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [con- 
cilium], tr.,  bring  together,  win 
over,  win,  gain. 

concipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum 
[capio],  tr.,  take  up,  take,  re- 
ceive, incur,  conceive. 

concito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [cito], 
tr.,  rouse,  stir  up,  urge  on, 
excite,  agitate. 

Concordia,  -ae,  F.  [concors], 
union,  harmony,  concord;  the 
goddess  Concord,  in  whose 
temple  the  Senate  often  met. 

concupisco,  -cupiscere,  -cupivi, 
-cupitum  [inceptive  of  cupio], 
desire,  long  for,  covet. 

concurs©,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[cur so],  intr.,  run  to  and  fro, 
run  about. 


concursus,  -us,  M.  [concurro], 
running  together,  throng,  rally, 
assembly. 

condemn©,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[domno],  tr.,  condemn,  blame, 
convict,  find  guilty. 

condicio,  -onis,  F.  [condicd], 
agreement,  condition,  task,  lot; 
circumstances.  Cat.,  IV,  10. 

condo,  -ere,  condidi,  conditum 
[con  +  do],  tr.,  (put  together), 
found,  build;  store,  treasure. 
Cat.,  Ill,  11;  post  urbem 
conditam,  since  the  founding 
of  the  city. 

confero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum 
[fero],  tr.,  bring  together,  bring 
(upon),  take,  transfer;  com- 
pare; appoint,  fix,  set;  post- 
pone, put  off;  bestow,  apply, 
devote,  Ar.  9  ;  conferre  se,  te, 
etc.,    betake   oneself,  turn,  go. 

confertus,  -a,  -um  [confercio], 
(crowded),  filled,  full,  gorged. 
Cat.,  II,  5. 

confessio,  -onis,  F.  [confiteor], 
confession. 

confestim,  adv.,  immediately, 
loithout  delay,  at  once. 

conficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum 
[facio],  tr.,  do  (thoroughly), 
accomplish,  execute,  end,  fin~ 
ish;  raise  (an  army) ;  exhaust, 
overcome,  subdue,  weaken,  wear 
out,   P.  9. 

confido,  -ere,  -fisus  sum  [fido, 
trust],  semi-dep.,  trust  (fully), 
have  confidence,  be  confident, 
believe. 

confirm©,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[firmo],  tr.,  make  firm,  estah- 


430 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


lish,  secure,  confirm,  strength- 
en; prove,  assert,  promise, 
assure,  reassure,    P.    9. 

confiteor,  -fiteri,  -fessus  sum 
[fateor],  dep.,  confess,  admit; 
de  se  confiteri,  admit  one's 
guilt. 

conflagro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[flagro],  intr.,  burn  up,  be  con- 
sumed. 

confligo,  fligere,  -flixi,  -flic- 
tum  [fligo],  intr.,  strih:  to- 
gether, be  in  conflict,  co  ',end, 
engage. 

conflo,  -are,  -avi,  -at'  a  [flo, 
blow],  tr.,  blow  up,  kindle, 
cause;  bring  together,  make  up, 
compose. 

conformatio,  -onis,  F.  [con- 
formo],    shaping,    training. 

conformo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[formo],  tr,,  form,  mold, 
train. 

confringo,  -fringere,  -fregi,  -frac- 
tum  [frango],  tr.,  break  to 
pieces,  shatter. 

congero,  -gerere,  -gessi, -gestum 
[gero],  tr.,  bring  together,  col- 
lect. 

congrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[grex],  tr.,  collect;  pass.  w. 
reflex.  meaning,  assemble 
(themselves) ,  Cat.,  1,  13. 

conicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectum 
[iacio],  tr.,   hurl,  aim;    drive. 

coniectura,  -ae,  F.  [conicio], 
conjecture,  inference;  reflec- 
tion, P.  9. 

coniunctio,  -onis,  F.  [coniungo], 
union,  connection. 

coniungo,  -iungere,  -iunxi,  iunc- 


tum  [iungo],  tr,,  join  together^ 
connect,  unite. 

coniunx,  -iugis,  M.  or  F.  [con- 
iungo], (married  person),  hus- 
band, wife;   spouse. 

coniuratio,  -onis,  F.  [coniuro], 
conspiracy. 

coniurator,  -oris,  M.  [coniuro], 
conspirator. 

coniuratus,  -a,  -um  [coniiiro], 
(bound  together  by  an  oath), 
allied;  pi.  as  noun,  conspira- 
tors. 

coniuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
take  oath  together,  plot,  con- 
spire. 

coniveo,  -nivere,  -nivi,  [con  + 
niveo],  intr.,  shut  the  eyes; 
wink  at,  overlook,  connive. 

conloco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [loco], 
tr.,  place,  put,  pitch  (a  camp), 
set  up  (a  statue),  establish,  iri- 
vest  (money). 

Conor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  dep.,  at- 
tempt, try. 

conquiesco,  -ere,  conquievi,  con- 
quietum  [quiesco],  intr,,  fl7id 
rest,  cease. 

consceleratus,  -a,  -um  [con- 
scelero],  wicked,  depraved. 

conscientia  -ae  F.  [consciens], 
consciousness,  knowledge;  con- 
science. 

conscriptus,  -i,  M.  [conscribo], 
one  enrolled;  patres  (et)  con- 
script!, conscript  fathers,  i.e., 
senators  ;  see  note  on  Cat.,  L, 
1.  47. 

consecro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[sacro],  tr.,  dedicate,  conse' 
crate,  devote. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


•  431 


consensio,  -onis,  F.  [co^'s^ntio], 
agreement,  unanimity,  har- 
mony. 

consentio,  -^entire,  -sensi,  -sen- 
sum  [sentio],  intr.,  (I  think 
alike),  agree,  unite. 

eonsequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum 
[sequor],  dep.,  follow  up,  over- 
take, attain;  obtain,  secure, 
gain,  accomplish;  result,  en- 
sue. 

conservo,  -are,  avi,  -atum 
[servo],  tr,  save,  protect,  keep 
safe,  preserve,  maintain. 

considero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
look  at  closely,  consider. 

consido,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessum 
[sido],  intr.,  sit  down. 

consilium,  -i,  N.  [consulo],  plan, 
purpose,  design,  plot,  delib- 
eration, wisdom,  advice,  coun- 
sel; shrewdness.  Cat.,  Ill,  7 ; 
a  council,  deliberative  body. 

consisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  -stitum 
[sisto],   intr.,   stand  still. 

consoler,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [solor], 
dep.,  cheer,  comfort,  console. 

conspectus,  -us,  M.  [conspicio], 
sight. 

conspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spec- 
tum  Ispecio],  tr.,  see,  look  at, 
gaze  upon,  face. 

consplratio,  -onis,  F.  [conspiro], 
harmony. 

constanter,  adv.  [constans],  with 
firmness,  consistently,  without 
faltering. 

constantia,  -ae,  F.  [constans], 
steadfastness,  firmness,  con- 
sistency;  courage. 

constituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -sti- 


tutum  [statuo],  tr.  and  intr., 
place,  station,  set  up;  draw 
up,  arrange,  establish;  decide, 
decide  upon,  resolve,  fix;  des- 
ignate, select,  appoint,  mark; 
make,   prepare. 

consto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -statum 
[sto],  intr.,  (stand  together), 
consist  of,  depend  upon;  im- 
pers.,  it  is  agreed,  it  is  evident, 
it  is  proved. 

constringo,  -stringere,  -strinxi, 
-strictum  [stringo],  tr.,  bind, 
bind  fast,  fetter,  hold  in  check. 

consuetude,  -inis,  F.  [consue- 
sco],  custom,  usage;  intimacy. 

consul,  -is,  M.,  consul;  see 
Introd.  33. 

consularis,  -e  [consul],  of  a  con- 
sul, consular;  as  noun,  ex- 
consul,  a  man  of  consular  rank. 

consulatus,  -us,  M.  [consul], 
consulship. 

consulo,  -sulere,  -sului,  -sultum, 
tr.  and  intr.,  deliberate,  con- 
sider; w.  ace,  consult,  ask 
advice  of,  refer  to;  w.  dat. 
take  counsel  (for),  consult  for 
the  welfare  (of),  take  thought 
(for). 

1.  consult©,  adv.  [consultum], 
deliberately,   purposely. 

2.  consult©,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[consulo],  intr.,  take  counsel, 
deliberate. 

consultum,  -i,  N.  [consulo],  (de- 
liberation), decree,  decision; 
resolution ;    see  Introd.  30. 

consumo,  -sumere,  -sfimpsi, 
-sumptum  [slimo],  tr.,  co?i' 
sume,  waste,  use  up,  spend. 


432 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


contamino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
tr.,  stain,  defile,  dishonor,  con- 
taminate. 

contego,  -tegere,  -texi,  -tectum, 
[tego],  tr.,  cover,  conceal. 

contemno,  -temnere,  -tempsi, 
-temptum  [temno],  tr.,  think 
lightly  of,  ignore,  despise, 
scorn. 

contendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  ten- 
turn  [tendo],  tr.  and  intr.,. 
(stretch),  strive,  fight,  con- 
tend, contrast,  maintain,  Ar.  7. 

contentio,  -onis,  F.  [contendo], 
a  straining,  strain,  struggle, 
contest,  rivalry.  Cat.,  IV,  6 ; 
comparison. 

contentus,  -a,  -um  [contineo], 
content,  satisfied,  contented. 

conticesco,  -ere,  conticui,  — , 
[taceo],  intr.,  become  silent, 
he  silent. 

continens,  -entis,  adj.  [contineo], 
self-restrained,  moderate. 

continentia,  -ae,  F.  [continens], 
restraint,  self-control,  mod- 
eration. 

contineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentum 
[teneo],  tr.,  hold  together,  con- 
nect; hold  back,  restrain, 
check,  keep  off;  confine,  in- 
close, bound,  contain,  hold. 

contingo,  -tingere,  -tigi,  -tactum 
[tango],  tr.  and  intr.,  touch, 
border  on;  happen. 

continuus,  -a,  -um  [contineo], 
continuous. 

contio,  -onis,  F.  [conventio],  as- 
sembly, mass-meeting ;  speech, 
address,  delivered  before  an 
assembly. 


contionator,     -oris,     M.     [con- 

tionor],  agitator,  demagogue. 
contra,  prep.  w.  ace,  opposite, 

facing;     against,    in    hostility 

to,  Cat.,  I,  2. 
contraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -trac- 

tum  [traho],  tr.,  contract,  in- 
cur,   bring    upon. 
contrarius,     -a,     -um     [contra], 

opposite,     contrary,     opposed, 

confiicting. 
controversia,    -ae,    F.    [contro- 

versus],    controversy,    dispute, 

question. 
contumelia,  -ae,  F.,  insult,  re- 
proach, abuse. 
convenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ven- 

tum    [venio],    tr.    and    intr., 

come  together,  assemble,  unite; 

impers.,    it    is    fitting,    it    is 

proper. 
conventus,  -us,  M.   [convenio], 

(a  coming  together),  meeting, 

assembly. 
convert©,  -vertere,  -verti,  -ver- 

sum    [verto],     tr.    and   intr., 

turn,  change,  divert. 
convicium,    -i,    N.,    wrangling, 

strife,  disputation. 
convince,   -vincere,   -vici,   -vic- 

tum    [vinco],    tr.,    overcome; 

convict,   refute;    show  clearly, 

prove. 
convivium,     -I,     N.     [convivo], 

feast,  banquet. 
convoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [voco], 

tr.,  call  together,  summon. 
copia,   -ae,    F.,    supply,   plenty, 

abundance;         fluency        (of 

speech)  ;  pi.,  resources,  wealth, 

supplies;  forces,  troops. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


433 


copiosus,  -a,  -um  [copia],  well- 
supplied,  rich,  wealthy;  co- 
piose,  adv.,  fully. 

coram,  adv.  [co  +  6s],  face  to 
face. 

Corduba,  -ae,  F.,  Corduba,  a 
city  in  Spain,    now   Cordova, 

Corinthus,  -i,  F.,  Corinth,  a 
famous  city  of  Greece. 

Cornelius,  -i,  M.,  Cornelius,  a 
nomen  or  gentile  name;  see 
Scipio,  Lentulus,  Cinna,  Sulla. 

corpus,  -oris,  N.,  body. 

corrigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectum 
[con  +  rego],  tr.,  make  straight, 
set  right;  improve,  correct,  re- 
form. 

corroboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [con, 
robur],  tr.,  strengthen;  en- 
courage. 

corrumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -rup- 
tum  [con  +  rumpo],  tr.,  de- 
stroy, corrupt,  falsify,  tamper 
with. 

corruo,  -ruere,  -rui,  — ,  intr. 
[con  +  ruo],  fall  together,  fall. 

corruptela,  -ae,  F.  [corruptus], 
a  corrupting,  temptation;  pi., 
corrupting  arts. 

corruptor,  -oris,  M.  [corrumpo], 
corrupter,  seducer. 

corruptus,  -a,  -um  [corrumpo], 
depraved,    corrupt,    profligate. 

cotidianus,    -a,    -um    [cotidie], 

daily. 
cotidie,      adv.       [quot  +  dies], 

every  day,  daily. 
Cotta,  -ae,  M.,  Cotta,  a  family 
name ;      L.    Aurelius    Cotta, 
consul    65    B.C. 
eras,  adv.,  to-morrow. 


Crassus,  -I,  JVI.,  Crassus,  a  fam- 
ily name  ;  1.  L.  Licinius  Cras- 
sus, consul  95  B.C. ,  2.  P. 
Licinius    Crassus,   censor  89 

B.C. 

credo,  -ere,  credidi,  creditum, 
tr.  and  intr.,  believe,  suppose 
(often  w.  irony) ;  trust,  have 
confidence  in;  intrust. 

cresco,  -ere,  crevi,  cretum,  intr., 
grow-,   increase,   improve,   rise. 

Cretensis,  -e  [Creta],  Cretan; 
pi.  as  noun,  Cretans. 

criminor,       -ari,      -atus     sum 
[crimen],     dep.     charge,     aC" 
cuse. 

cruciatus,  -us,  M.  [crucio],  tor» 
ture,  torment,  punishment. 

crudelis,  -e  [crudus,  bloody], 
unfeeling,  unmerciful,  cruel. 

crudelitas,  -tatis,  F.  [crudelis], 
cruelty. 

crudeliter,  adv.  [crudelis],  cru- 
elly, severely. 

cruentus,  -a,  -um  [cruor],  blood' 
stained,  bloody. 

cubile,  -is,  N.,  bed,  couch. 

culpa,  -ae,  F.,  fault. 

cultura,  -ae,  F.  [cold],  cultiva- 
tion. 

1.  cum,  prep.  w.  abl.,  with, 
against;  written  as  an  en- 
clitic after  a  personal,  re- 
flexive, or  rel.  pron. 

2.  cum,  conj.,  when,  while,  since, 
although ;  whenever  ;  cum  .  .  . 
tum    (etiam),    not    only  .  . 
but  also. 

cumulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [cumu- 
lus, heap],  tr.,  heap  up,  add  to, 
crown. 


434 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


cunctus,   -a,   -um   [coniunctus], 

all  together,  all,  the  whole. 

cupiditas,  -tatis,  F.  [cupidus], 
desire,  passion,  ambition. 

cupidus,  -a,  -um  [cupio],  eager 
(for),  desirous  (of) ;  avari- 
cious. 

cupio,  cupere,  cupivi,  cupitum, 
tr.  and  intr.,  desire,  long  (for), 
wish  (for). 

cur,  adv.,  why. 

cura,  -ae,  F.,  care,  anxiety,  con- 
cern, trouble,  duty. 

curia,  -ae,  F.,  senate  house,  i.e. 
the  Curia  Hostilia  in  the 
Forum. 

Curio,  -onis,  M.,  Curio,  a  family 
name ;     C.    Curio,   consul  76 

B.C. 

euro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [cura], 
tr.,  care  for,  take  care;  main- 
tain; w.  gerundive,  cause, 
have    (something    done). 

curriculum,  -i,  N.  [currus], 
course. 

currus,  -us,  M.  [curro],  chariot. 

curso,  -are,  — ,  —  [freq.  of 
curio],  run  about. 

cursus,  -us,  M.  [curro],  a  run- 
ning, course,  career;  journey, 
P.  12 ;    progress,  P.  14. 

curulis,  e  [currus],  curule;  sella 
curulis,  the  curule  chair. 

custodia,    -ae,    F.     [custos],    a 
guarding;    guard,  watch,  sen- 
tinel;     custody,      protection; 
watch  station,    P.    6. 

custodio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum  [custos] 
tr.,  guard. 

custos,  custodis,  M.,  guard, 
guardian^ 


Cyziceni,  -drum,  M.,  the  people 

of     Cyzicus     (siz'i-kus),     the 

Cyzicene-i. 

D 

D.,  see  Decimus. 

damnatio,    -onis,    F.    [damno], 

condemnition. 

damno,  are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
[damnum,  loss],  (inflict  loss 
upon),  condemn,  convict. 

de,  prep.  w.  abl.,  down  from, 
from,  concerning,  about,  of, 
for,  over;  as  prefix,  down, 
off,  away,  completely,  not. 

debeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum  [de  + 
habeo],  tr.,  withhold,  hence 
owe;  ought  {w.ini.) ;  pass.,  6e 
due. 

debilis,  -e,  feeble,  helpless,  power' 
less. 

debilito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [de- 
bilis], tr.,  disable,  weaken, 
wear  out.  Cat.,  II,  5 :  over- 
come, overwhelm. 

debitus,  -a,  -um  [debeo],  de- 
served;  due. 

decedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -ces- 
sum  [cedo],  intr.,  go  away, 
depart,  withdraw. 

decem,  indecl.  adj.,  ten. 

decerno,  -cernere,  -crevi,  -cre- 
tum  [cerno],  tr.,  decide,  deter- 
mine;  decree,  vote,  vote  for. 

decet,  -ere,  -uit,  impers.,  it 
becomes,  is  proper. 

decimus,  -a,  -um  [decem], 
tenth. 

Decimus,  -i,  M.,  Decimus,  a 
praenomen. 

declare,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [claro], 
m,ake  clear,  make  evident,  prove. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


435 


declinatio,  -onis,  F.  [declino],  a 

turning  aside. 

decoctor,  -oris,  M.  [decoquo, 
hoil  away],  spendthrift,  bank- 
rupt. 

decoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [decus], 
tr.,  adorn,  honor,  distin- 
guish. 

decretum,  -i,  N.  [decerno],  de- 
cree, decision. 

decuma,  -ae,  F.  [decima,  sc. 
pars],  a  tenth  part,  tithe,  land 
tax. 

dedecus,  -oris,  N.  [de  +  decus, 
honor],  disgrace. 

dedico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [dico], 
tr.,  dedicate. 

deditio,  -onis.  F.  [dedo],  sur- 
render. 

dedo,  -ere,  dedidi,  deditum 
[do],  tr.,  give  up,  surrender; 
devote. 

dediico,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -duc- 
tum  [duco],  tr.,  lead  away, 
draw  away,  bring,  dissuade; 
drive. 

defatigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[fatigo],  tr.,  weary,  wear  out. 

defend©,  -fendere,  -fendi,  -fen- 
sum  [fendo,  strike],  tr.,  de- 
fend, protect. 

def  ero,  -f  erre,  -tuli,  -latum  [f  ero], 
tr.,  carry  down;  lay  before,  re- 
fer; report,  relate;  confer,  upon, 
bestow,  intrust,  proffer,  P.  24. 

defessus,  -a,  -um  [defetiscor], 
wearied,  exhausted. 

deficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum 
[facio],  tr.  and  intr.,  with- 
draw, revolt;  fail,  be  wanting, 
desert. 


defigo,     -figere,     -fixi,     -fixum 

[figo],  tr.,  fix,  fasten,  plunge. 
definio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum  [finio], 

tr.,  limit,  bound. 
defiagro,      -are,      -avi,      -atum 

[fiagro],  tr.,  burn  up,  destroy 

by  fire. 
deicio,     -icere,     -ieci,     -iectum 

[iacio],  tr.,  throw  down,  thrust 

aside. 
deinde,    adv.,    denoting   order, 

then,       afterward,       secondly^ 

furthermore. 
delabor,     -labi,     -lapsus     sum 

[labor],   dep.,    slip   down,  de- 

scend. 
delectatio,    -onis,    F.    [delecto], 

enjoyment,  pleasure,  delight. 
delecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq. 

of  delicio,  entice],  tr.,  delight^ 

charm,  please,  give  pleasure  to. 

1.  delectus,  -a,  -um  [deligo], 
chosen,  picked,  select. 

2.  delectus, -us,  M.,  see  dilectus. 
delego,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [lego], 

tr.,  send  away;    intrust. 

deleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  tr., 
blot  out,  destroy,  eradicate. 

deliberatio,  -onis,  F.  [delibero], 
deliberation;   question,  P.  10. 

delibero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[libero],  tr.  and  intr.,  think 
about,  consider,  deliberate. 

delicatus,  -a,  -um  [deliciae], 
alluring,  delightfid;  effemi- 
nate. Cat.,  II.,  10. 

deligo,  -ligere,  -legi,  -Iectum 
[lego,  gather],  tr.,  choose,  select. 

Delos,  -i,  F.  (App.  11),  De'los, 
an  island  in  the  Aegean  Sea. 

delubrum,   -i,   N.    [luo],    (place 


436 


LATIN-ENGLISH   t^OCABULARY 


of  purification),  shrine,  sanc- 
tuary, temple. 
demens,  -entis,  adj.  [mens],  (out 

of  one's  senses),  mad,  raving, 

maddened. 
dementer,  adv.  [demens],  madly, 

foolishly. 
dementia,     -ae,     F.     [demens], 

folly,  madness. 
demigro,      -are,      -avi,      -atum 

[migro],  intr.,  move  away;    go 

away,  depart. 
deminuo,     -uere,     -ui,     -utum 

[minuo],  tr.,  lessen,  diminish, 

take  away,  detract. 
deminutio,  -onis,  F.  [deminuo], 

diminution,  loss. 
demonstro,    -are,    -avI,    -atum 

[monstro],  tr.,  point  out,  show. 
demum,  adv.,  at  length,  at  last. 
denique,    adv.,    at    last,    lastly, 

finally;  in  short. 
denoto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [noto], 

tr.,    mark    out,    mark,    desig- 
nate. 
denuntio,     -are,     -avi.     -atum 

[nuntio],  tr.,  announce. 
depello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsum 

[pello],    tr.,    drive    out,    drive; 

ward  off,  avert,  remove;    over- 
throw. 
dependo,     -ere,     dependi,     — 

[pendo,  weigh],  pay. 
deploro, -are, -avi, -atum  [ploro], 

tr.    and    intr.,    weep    bitterly, 

lament;    mourn,  bewail. 
depono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 

tum  [pond],  tr.,  lay  aside,  give 

up,  abandon. 
deporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [porto], 

tr.,  bring  back,  bring  home. 


deposco,  -poscere,  -poposci,  — 

[posco],  tr.,  demand,  beg. 
depravo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [pra- 

vus,     crooked],     tr.,     pervert, 

corrupt,  deprave,  tamper  with. 
deprecator,  -oris,  M.  [deprecor], 

intercessor. 
deprecor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [pre- 

cor],    dep.,    avert    by    prayer^ 

deprecate,  avert. 
deprehendo,   -hendere,   -hendi, 

hensum  [prehendo],  tr.,  seize 

upon;    grasp,  detect,  discover. 
deprimo,       -primere,      -pressi, 

-pressum    [premo],   tr.,  pres? 

down,  sink. 
depromo,     -promere,     -prompsi, 

-promptum  [promo],  tr.,  draw, 

take  from. 
derelictus,    -a,    -um    [part,    of 

derelinquo],       deserted,      for- 
saken, abandoned. 
describe,      -scribere,      -scripsi, 

-scriptum    [scribo],    tr.,    write 

down,  lay  down,  arrange,  assign. 
desero,    -serere,    -semi,    -ser- 

tum   [sero],   tr.,   leave,   desert, 

give  up;  fail,  forfeit.  Cat.,  II.,  3 
desiderium,    -i,    N.    [desidero], 

a  longing  (for),  want,  desire; 

love. 
desidero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 

long    for,    demand,    call   for, 

desire. 
designatus,   -a,   -um   [designo], 
.  elect,   elected,   chosen;    consul 

designatus,  consul  elect. 
designo,      -are,      -avi,      -atum 

[signo],  tr.,  (mark  out),  point 

out,  mark,  designate. 
desino,     -sinere,     -sii,     -situm 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


437 


[sino],  tr.  and  intr.,  cease, 
desist. 

desisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  -stitum 
[sisto],  intr.,  (stand  away 
from),  desist,  cease. 

desperatio,  -onis,  F.  [despero], 
despair. 

desperatus,  -a,  -um  [despero], 
despaired  of,  desperate. 

despero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[spero],  tr.  and  intr.,  be  hope- 
less, despair,  despair  of. 

despicio,  -spicere,  -spexl,  -spec- 
turn  [specie],  tr.,  look  down 
upon,  despise. 

despoliatus,  -a,  -um,  impov- 
erished. 

destringo,  -stringere,  -strinxi, 
-strictum  [stringd],  tr.,  un- 
sheathe, draw. 

desum,  deesse,  defui  [sum], 
intr.,  he  lacking,  be  wanting, 
be  at  fault,  fail. 

detestor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [testor], 
dep.,  (curse),  avert  by  protest, 
remove. 

detraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -trac- 
tum  [traho],  tr.,  take  away, 
withdraw,  deny,  withhold. 

detrimentum,  -i,  N.  [detero, 
rub  away],  loss,  injury,  harm, 
damage;    defeat,  overthrow. 

deus,  -i,  M.  (App.  10),  god. 

devincio,  -vincire,  -vinxi,  -vinc- 
tum  [vincio],  tr.,  bind  fast, 
closely  attach. 

devinco,  -vincere,  -vici,  -vic- 
tum  [vinco],  tr.,  conquer. 

devoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [voco], 
tr.,  call  away,  turn  aside. 

devoveo,  -vovere,  -vovi,  -votum 


[voveo],  tr.,  vow,  devote,  offer ^ 

dedicate. 
dextera,     or     dextra,     -ae,     F. 

[dexter,     right;      sc.     manus] 

right  hand. 
di,  pi.  of  deus. 
dico,    -ere,     dixi,    dictum,    tr.^ 

say,    express,    speak,    declarCj 

call. 
dictator,  -oris,  M.    [dicto],   dic- 
tator; see  Introd.  39. 
dictatura,     -ae,     F.     [dictator], 

dictatorship. 
dictito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq. 

of   dicto],  tr.,  say  repeatedly ^ 

keep  saying. 
dido,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq.  of 

dico],  tr.,  repeat;  dictate. 
dies,   diei,  sing.  M.  or  F.,  pi. 

M.,    day,    time,    season.     See 

singuli. 
diflfero,    differre,    distuli,    dila- 

tum  [fero],  tr.  and  intr.,  bear 

apart,  differ. 
difficilis,   -e   [dis  +  facilis],   not 

easy,  difficult. 
difficultas,    -tatis,   F.   [difficilis], 

difficulty,  trouble. 
diffido,  -fidere,  -fisus  sum  [fido], 

semidep.,      distrust,      despair 

of. 
dignitas,     -tatis,     F.      [dignus], 

dignity,  merit,  worth,  authority. 

Cat.,  Ill,  12. 
dignus,    -a,    -um,    worthy    (of), 

deserving,  befitting;   w.  abl. 
diiudico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [iu- 

dico],  tr.,  distinguish;   decide^ 

settle. 
dilatio,  -onis,  F.  [dififero],  post- 
ponement, adjournment. 


438 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


dilectus,  -us,  M.  fdiligo],  a 
choosing,  choice,  levy,  enroll- 
ment. 

diligens,  -entis,  adj.  [diligo], 
industrious,  attentive,  diligent, 
faithful,  careful,  scrupulous, 
P.  19. 

diligenter,  adv.  [diligens],  care- 
fully, diligently,  attentively, 
Ar.  8 ;  faithfully. 

diligentia,  -ae,  F.  [diligens], 
carefulness,  industry,  atten- 
tion, diligence,  care. 

diligo,  -ligere,  -lexi,  -lectum 
[lego],  tr.  (choose  out),  esteem, 
love. 

diliicesco,  -ere,  diluxi,  — 
[lucesco],  intr.,  grow  light. 

dimetior,  -metiri,  -mensus  sum 
[metior],  dep.,  measure,  meas- 
ure out. 

dimicatio,  -onis,  F.  [dimico], 
contest,  struggle. 

dimico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [mico, 
brandish],  intr.,  fight,  contend, 
struggle. 

dimitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sum  [mitto],  tr.,  send  away, 
discharge;  dismiss,  adjourn, 
break  up;  discontinue,  Ar. 
11. 

direptio,  -onis,  F.  [diripio],  a 
plundering,  pillaging. 

direptor,  -oris,  M.  [diripio], 
plunderer. 

diripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptum 
[rapio],  tr.,  tear  asunder; 
plunder,  pillage. 

dis-,  di-,  prefix,  apart,  away,  not. 

dis,  see  deus. 

disced©,   -cedere,   -cessi,   -ces- 


sum  [cedo],  intr.,  go  away, 
depart,  withdraw. 

discemo,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretum 
[cemo],  tr.,  separate,  distin- 
guish. 

discessus,  -lis,  M.  [discedo], 
departure,  withdrawal. 

disciplina,  -ae,  F.  [disco],  train- 
ing, teaching,  discipline,  in- 
struction. 

disco,  -ere,  didici,  — ,  tr.,  learn. 

discordia,  -ae,  F.  [discors], 
discord;  sedition  (w.  civilis). 

discribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!, 
-scriptum  [scribo],  tr.,  mark 
out,  divide,  assign,  distribute. 

discrimen,  -inis,  N.  [discerno], 
(that  which  parts),  decision, 
crisis,  peril,  danger. 

disiunctus,  -a,  -um  [disiungo], 
separated. 

dispar,  -paris  [par],  adj.,  dif- 
ferent. 

dispersus,  -a,  -um  [dispergo], 
scattered,  dispersed. 

dispertio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum  [partio], 
tr.,  distribute. 

dispute,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [puto], 
tr.,  discuss,  argue. 

dissemino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [se- 
min5,  sow],  tr.,  scatter  widely, 
spread  abroad,  disseminate. 

dissensio,  -onis,  F.  [dissentio] 
(difference  of  opinion),  dis- 
sension, strife,  quarrel. 

dissentio,  -sentire,  -sensi,  sen- 
sum  [sentio],  intr.,  disagree, 
dissent,  differ. 

dissero,  -serere,  -serui,  -ser- 
tum,  tr.  and  intr.,  ar^ue,  diS' 
cuss,  explain,  talk. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


439 


dissimilis,  -e  [similis],  unlike, 
different. 

dissimulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[simulo],  tr.  and  intr.,  (make 
unlike),  dissemble,  pretend  not 
to;  conceal. 

dissipo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [supo, 
throw],  tr.,  spread  abroad, 
scatter,  disperse. 

dissolutus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of 
dissolve],  lax,  remiss,  neg- 
lectful of  duty. 

dissolve,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -solu- 
tum  [solvo],  tr.,  separate,  free 
(from  debt),  dissolve. 

distribuo,  -tribuere,  -tribui,  -tri- 
butum  [tribuo],  tr.,  assign, 
distribute. 

distringo,  -stringere,  -strinxl, 
-strictum  [stringo],  tr., 
(stretch  apart),  distract,  oc- 
cupy. 

diu,  adv.  (App.  20),  long  (in 
time),  for  a  long  time;  quam 
diu  etiam?  how  much  longer? 
Cat.,  1,  1 ;  iam  diu,  long 
since. 

diutius,  comp.  of  diu. 

diuturnitas,  -tatis,  F.  [diutur- 
nus],  length  of  time,  long 
duration. 

diuturnus,  -a,  -um  [diu],  long- 
continued,  long,  lasting. 

divello,  -vellere,  -velli,  -vul- 
sum  [vello],  tr.,  tear  apart, 
tear  away,  separate. 

diversus,  -a,  -um  [diverts], 
separated,  different,  diverse, 
remote,  P.  4. 

divido,  -videre,  -visi,  -vi- 
sum,    tr.,     divide^     separate; 


extend,  P.  11 ;  distribute  ^ 
P.  13. 

divinitus,  adv.  [divinus],  di- 
vinely, by  the  gods,  provi- 
dentially. 

divinus.  -a,  -um  [divus],  divine^ 
godlike,  marvelous,  providen- 
tial. 

divitiae,  -arum,  F-  [dives], 
riches,  wealth. 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datum  (App. 
49),  tr.,  give;  put,  place;  allot. 

doceo,  -ere,  -ui,  doctum,  tr., 
teach. 

doctrina,  -ae,  F.  [doceo],  teach- 
ing, learning,  knowledge,  in- 
struction. 

doctus,  -a,  -um  [doceo],  taught, 
learned. 

documentum,  -i,  N.  [doceo], 
proof,  evidence. 

doleo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  tr.  and 
intr.,  grieve,  deplore. 

dolor,  -oris,  M.  [doled],  pain, 
grief,  distress,  sorrow,  horror, 
torture. 

domesticus,  -a,  -um  [domus], 
of  the  house,  of  the  family, 
domestic,  internal;  w.  bellum, 
civil. 

domicilium,  -i,  N.  [domus], 
habitation,  dwelling,  home, 
seat,  abode,  residence. 

dominatio,  -onis,  F.  [dominus], 
mastery,  supreme  power, 
tyranny. 

dominor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [domi- 
nus], dep.,  rule. 

domo,  -are,  -ui,  -itum,  tr., 
overcome,  subdue. 

domus,  -us,  F.  (decl.,  App.  8), 


440 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


house,  home;  domi,  loc,  at 
home. 

dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [donum], 
tr.,  present'  (as  a  gift). 

donum,  -i,  N.  [do],  gift. 

dormio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  intr., 
sleep. 

Drusus,  -1,  M.,  Drusus,  a 
family  name ;  M.  Livius 
Drusus,  tribune  91  b.c. 

dubitatio,  -onis,  F.  [dubito], 
doubt,  hesitation. 

dubito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [du- 
bius],  intr.,  doubt  (usually- 
followed  by  quin) ;  delay, 
hesitate  (usually  w.  comple- 
mentary inf.). 

dubius,  -a,  -um,  doubtful;  neut. 
as  noun,  sine  dubio,  beyond 
doubt. 

duco,  -ere,  duxi,  ductum,  tr., 
lead,  draw,  attract,  take;  think, 
consider. 

ductus,  -us,  M.  [duco],  leader- 
ship, command. 

dudum,  adv.  [diu  +  dum],  a 
while  ago;  iam  dudum,  this 
long  time,  now  for  a  long  time. 

duint,  an  old  pres.  subjv.  of  do, 
=  dent. 

dulcedo,  -inis,  F.  [dulcis],  sweet- 
ness, charm. 

dulcis,  -e,  sweet,  delightful. 

dum,  conj.,  while,  as  long  as, 
until;  dum  modo,  if  only, 
provided  that. 

duo,  duae,  duo,  adj.  (App.  17), 
two. 

duodecim  [duo  +  decem],  twelve. 

durus,  -a,  -um,  hard,  harsh, 
rude,  insensible. 


dux,   ducis,   M.    [duco],   leader^ 

general. 

E 

e  (before  cons.),  ex  (before 
vowels  or  cons.),  prep.  w. 
abl.,  out  of,  from,  of;  accord- 
ing to,  on,  after;  as  prefix, 
out,    forth,     completely,     up, 

off. 
ebriosus,  -a,  -um  [ebrius],  given 

to  drink,  drunk. 
ecquid,  adv.  interrog.   [ecquis], 

at  all?    indir.,  whether,  if  at 

all. 
ecquis,   -quid,    interrog.    pron., 

any    one,    anything;    whether 

any    one,    whether    anything; 

as  adj.,  any. 
edictum,    -i,    N.    [edico],    edict, 

proclamation. 
edo,  edere,  edidi,  editum  [do], 

tr.,  give  out,  publish,  record. 
edoceo,   -docere,   -docui,   -doc- 

tum       [doceo],       tr.,       teach 

(thoroughly)  ;  show. 
educo,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductum 

[duco],  tr.,  lead  out,  take  out; 

(of  swords)  draw. 
efifero,    efiferre,    extuli,    elatum 

[ex  +  fero],     tr.,     bear     out, 

carry  out,  bring;    bring  forth; 

raise   up,    exalt.    Cat.,    I,  11; 

praise,  extol,  Ar.  7,  9. 
efRcio,    -ficere,    -feci,    -fectum 

[ex  +  facio],   tr.,   accomplish, 

produce,  cause,  do. 
effigies,   -ei,   F.    [effingo],   copy, 

image,  portrait,  effigy. 
effrenatus,  -a,  -um  [ex  +  frena- 

tus],     unbridled,     ungoverned. 

unrestrained. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


441 


eflfugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  -fugitum 
[fugio],  tr.,  escape. 

egens,  -entis,  adj.,  needy,  desti- 
tute, poor. 

egeo,  -ere,  ui,  — ,  intr.,  need, 
lack,  not  to  have. 

egestas,  -tatis,  F.  [egens], 
poverty,  destitution,  want. 

ego,meI,  pers.  pron.  (App.  21), 
/;  egomet,  emphatic  nom. 
form,   /  myself. 

egredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum 
[gradior],  dep.,  go  out,  depart. 

egregius,  -a,  -um  [grex],  excel- 
lent, extraordinary,  superior, 
distinguished,  eminent. 

eicio,  eicere,  eieci,  eiectum 
[iacio],  tr.,  throw  out,  cast  out, 
drive  out,  banish.  Cat.,  1,  12 ; 
reject,  Ar.  10. 

elabor,  -labi,  -lapsus  sum 
[labor],  dep.,  slip  away. 

§laboro,  -are,  -avi.  -atum 
[laboro],  tr.,  work  out,  elabo- 
rate. 

eludo,  -ludere,  -lusi,  -lusum 
[ludo,  play],  tr.,  elude,  avoid, 
baffle;   mock,  make  sport  of. 

emerge,  -mergere,  -mersi,  -mer- 
sum  [mergo],  tr.  and  intr., 
raise  up;  rise,  emerge,  come 
forth,  escape,  free  oneself. 

emitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sum  [mitto],  tr.,  send  out, 
drive  out;  let  go. 

emorior,  -mori,  -mortuus  sum 
[morior],  dep.,  (die  off),  die. 

enim,  conj.,  postpositive  (App. 
233,  h),  for;  indeed,  now  (in 
transitions). 

Ennius,    -i,    M.     Ennius,    the 


father     of     Roman     poetry, 
born  239  b.c. 

1.  eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itum  (App. 
46),  go. 

2.  eo,  adv.  [is],  to  that  place. 
eodem,     adv.     [idem],     to     the 

same  place,  in  the  same  place. 

epigramma,  -atis,  N.  (Greek), 
an  epigram. 

epistula,  -ae,  F.,  letter. 

eques,  equitis,  M.  [equus], 
horseman;  knight,  one  of  the 
equestrian  order. 

equidem,  adv.,  indeed,  verily. 

equitatus,  -lis,  M.  [eques], 
cavalry. 

erga,  prep.  w.  ace,  towards,  for, 

ergo,  adv.,  therefore,  conse- 
quently, then;  now  (in  argu- 
ment). 

erigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectum, 
[rego],  tr.,  raise  up;  animate, 
encourage. 

eripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptum 
[rapio],  tr.,  snatch  away,  take 
away,  wrest;  rescue,  free, 
deliver. 

erro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
err,  be  mistaken. 

eructo,  -are,  — ,  —  [ructo],  tr., 
belch  forth. 

erudio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum  [rudio], 
tr.,  educate,  train. 

eruditus,  -a,  -um  [erudio],  edu- 
cated,  cultivated,  learned,  ac-' 
complished. 

erumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -rup- 
tum  [rumpo],  tr.  and  intr., 
break  out,  burst  forth,  be  diS" 
closed;   rush  out.    Cat.,  II,  1. 

escendo,  -ere,   escendi,   escen- 


442 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


sum  [scando,  climb],  tr.  and 

intr.,  climb  up,  m,ount,  ascend. 
et,  conj.,  and;    et  .  .  .  et,  both 

.  .  .  and. 
ctenim,   conj.    [et  +  enim],  for 

indeed,     for;      and     indeed; 

stronger   than    enim. 
etiam  [et  +  iam],  adv.  and  conj., 

also,  and    also,  even,  further- 
more,   now    too,    still;  etiam 

atque  etiam,  again  and  again; 

see  diu. 
etiamsi,  conj.  [etiam  +  si],  even 

if,  although. 
Etruria,    -ae,     F.,     Etruria,    a 

division    of    Italy,    north    of 

Latium. 
etai,    conj.    [et  +  si],    although, 

and  yet. 
evado,   -vadere,   -vasi,   -vasum 

[vado],  intr.,  escape. 
everto,    -vertere,    -verti,    -ver- 

sum     [verto],     tr.,     overturn, 

overthrow,  subvert,  destroy. 
evocator,     -oris,     M.     [evoco], 

summoner,  instigator. 
evomo,  -vomere,  -vomui,  -vomi- 

tum  [vomo],   tr.,  vomit  forth, 

cast  out,  expel. 
ex,  see  e. 
exaggero,     -are,     -avi,     -atum 

[agger],  tr.,  heap  up. 
exanimatus,  -a,  -um  [exanimo], 

(out  of  breath),  fainting,  ex- 
hausted. 
cxaudio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum  [audio], 

tr.,    overhear,    hear    (from    a 

distance). 
cxcedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum 

[cedo],   intr.,   go  out,   depart, 

withdraw. 


excellens,  -entis,  adj.  [excello], 
eminent,  distinguished,  su- 
perior, excellent. 

excello,  -cellere,  -celsi,  -eel- 
sum  [cello],  intr.,  be  eminent, 
be  superior,  surpass. 

excelsus,  -a,  -um  [excello],  ele- 
vated, high;  neut.  as  noun, 
a  high  position. 

excido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  —  [cado], 
intr.,  fall,  drop. 

excipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum 
[capio],  tr.,  take  out,  except; 
take  up,  undertake,  catchy 
intercept. 

excito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq. 
of  excio],  tr.,  c,all  out,  raise. 
Cat.,  II,  9;  excite,  rouse, 
stimulate,  Ar.  8. 

exclude,  -cludere,  -cliisi,  -clu- 
sum  [claudo],  tr.,  shut  out, 
exclude,  refuse  to  admit. 

excolo,  -ere,  -ui,  excultum  [colo], 
tr.,  cultivate,  refine,  im- 
prove. 

excrucio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [cru- 
cio],  tr.,  torment,  torture. 

excursio,  -onis,  F.  [excurro],  (a 
running  out),  expedition,  ex- 
cursion, sally,  raid,  inroad. 

exemplum,  -i,  N.  [eximo], 
sample,  example,  precedent, 
Ar.  6 ;    instance. 

exeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  [eo],  intr., 
go  out,  go  forth,  withdraw. 

exerceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum  [arced], 
tr.,  train,  exercise,  employ, 
keep  busy;  trouble,  distress; 
conduct,  preside  over,  Ar.  2; 
collect,  farm  (vectigalia). 

exercitatio,  -onis,  F.  [exerceo], 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


443 


■practice,  exercise,  training, 
skill. 

exercitatus,  -a,  -um  [exercito], 
practiced,  trained. 

exercitus,  -us,  M,  [exerceo],  (a 
trained  body  of  men),  army. 

exhaurio,  -haurire,  -hausi, 
-haustum  [haurio],  tr.,  draw 
out,  drain,  take  away,  remove, 
exhaust. 

exigo,  -igere,  -egl,  -actum  [ago], 
tr.,  drive  out;  collect,  P.  6 ; 
of  time,  spend,  pass,  end. 

exiguus,  -a,  -um  [exigo],  (driven 
out),  limited,  narrow,  little, 
slight. 

eximie,  adv.  [eximius],  exceed- 
ingly, greatly. 

eximius,  -a,  -um  [eximo],  (taken 
out),  exceptional,  conspicuous, 
extraordinary,  excellent. 

existimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[aestimo,  value],  tr.,  estimate, 
judge,  consider,  deem,  sup- 
pose, think. 

exitiosus,  -a,  -um  [exitium], 
destructive,  dangerous. 

exitium,  -i,  N.  [exeo],  destruc- 
tion, ruin. 

exitus,  -us,  M.  [exeo],  (a  going 
out),  outcome,  result,  end, 
termination. 

exorno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [orno], 
tr.,  adorn. 

exorsus,  -us,  M.  [exordior], 
beginning. 

expello,  -pellere,  -pull,  -pulsum 
[pello],  tr.,  drive  out,  expel. 

expers,  -pertis,  adj.  [pars],  with- 
out part  in,  without. 

expeto,   -petere,   -petivi,   -peti- 


tum  [peto],  tr.,  seek  after, 
seek,  claim,  request. 

expilo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [pilo, 
roh],  tr.,  pillage. 

explano,  -are,  avi,  atum  [planus], 
tr.,  make  plain,  clear. 

explico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [plied, 
fold],  tr.,  extricate. 

explore,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [ploro], 
tr.,  explore. 

expono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 
tum  [pono],  tr.,  set  forth; 
declare,  tell,  relate;  explain. 

exporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [porto], 
tr.,  carry  out,  carry  away^ 
export. 

exprimo,  -primere,  -press!,  -pres- 
sum  [premo],  press  out,  set 
forth,  relate;  draw,  portray^ 
Ar.  6. 

expromo,  -promere,  -prompsi, 
-promptum  [promo],  tr.,  ex- 
hibit, display. 

expiignatio,  -onis,  F.  [expugno], 
a  taking  by  storm,  capture. 

exquiro,  -quirere,  -quisivi,  -qui- 
situm  [quaero],  tr.,  search 
out,  arrive  at  (w.  Veritas). 

exsilium,  -i,  N.  [exsul],  banish- 
ment, exile. 

exsisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  —  [sisto], 
intr.,  (stand  forth),  arisen 
appear;  be  done,  be  com- 
mitted; exist,  be. 

exsolvo,  -ere,  -solvi,  -solutum 
[solvo]  tr.,  set  free,  deliver. 

exspectatio,  -onis,  F.  [exspecto], 
a  waiting,  anticipation,  ex- 
pectation. 

exspecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[specto],    tr.   and   intr.,    wait 


444 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


/or,  await,  expect,  look  for; 
wait. 

exstinguo,  -ere,  exstinxi,  ex- 
stinctum  [stinguo,  quench], 
tr.,  destroy,  extinguish. 

exstiti,  from  exsisto. 

exsul,  -is,  M.  or  F.,  exile. 

exsulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq. 
of  exsilio,  spring  forth],  intr., 
exult,  revel,  indulge. 

exsupero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
exceed,  transcend. 

extermino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [ter- 
minus], tr.,  drive  out,  banish. 

fcxternus,  -a,  -um  [extra],  ex- 
ternal, foreign. 

exterus,  -a,  -um  [ex],  on  the 
outside,  foreign. 

extoUo,  -tollere,  — ,  — ,  tr., 
lift  up,  exalt,  praise. 

extorqueo,  -torquere,  -torsi,  -tor- 
tum  [torqueo,  twist],  wrest 
away,  obtain  by  force,  extort. 

extra,  prep.  w.  ace,  outside  of, 
beyond,  apart  from,  without. 

extremus,  -a,  -um  [sup.  of 
exterus],  outermost,  extreme, 
last,  the  end  (close)  of;  ad 
extremum,  at  last. 

exiiro,  -urere,  -ussi,  -ustum 
[uro],  tr.,  burn  up,  burn. 

exuviae,  -arum,  F.  [exuo],  (that 

which  is  stripped  off),  spoils, 

booty. 

F 

facile,  adv.  [facilis],  easily. 

facilis,  -e  [facio],  (App.  18), 
easy. 

/acilitas,  -tatis,  F.  [facilis],  affa- 
bility, accessibility. 

facinorosus,  -a,   -um   [facinus]. 


criminal;    as  noun,  a  crimi- 
nal. 
facinus,  -oris,  N.  [facio],  deed; 

misdeed,    reckless    act,    crime, 

villainy. 
facio,  facere,  feci,  factum,  tr., 

do,  make;   cause,  bring  about; 

offer;    pass.,  fio,  fieri,  f actus 

sum,  irr.  (App.  45),  be  made, 

be  done,  become,  happen. 
factiosus,  -a,  -um  [factio],  partis 

san,  factious. 
factum,  -i,  N,  [facio],  action,  act, 

deed,  fact. 
facultas,  tatis,  F.  [facilis],  ability; 

opportunity,     means,     power, 

advantage;  facility. 
Faesulae,   -arum,   F.,    Faesulae 

(fes'u-le),  a  city  of  Etruria, 

now  Fiesole. 
Faesulanus,  -a,  -um  [Faesulae], 

of  Faesidae,  Faesulan. 
falcarius,   -i,   M.    [falx,    scythe], 

scythe-maker. 
Falcidius,  -i,   Is/L.,   Folcidius,  a 

gentile  name ;  C.  Falcidius,  a 

tribune, 
fallo,  -ere,   fefelli,   falsum,   tr., 

deceive,  disappoint-'  pass.,  be 

deceived,  be  mistaken. 
falso,  adv.  [falsus],  falsely. 
falsus,  -a,  -um  [fallo],  deceptive, 

false,    unfounded,   undeserved. 
fama,  -ae,  F.  [for,  speak],  report, 

fame,  reputation,  renown. 
fames,  famis,  F.,  hunger,  famine. 
familia,  -ae,  F.  [famulus,  slave], 

slaves  of  a  household,  servants, 

retinue:      household,    family; 

familias,  old  gen.  sing, 
familiaris,   -e    [familia],    of   the 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


445 


household;  familiar,  intimate, 
friendly;  as  noun,  friend, 
comrade;  sup.,  intimate  friend. 

familiariter,  adv.  [familiaris], 
intimately. 

fanum,  -i,  N.  [for,  speak],  shrine, 
teriiple. 

fascis,  -is,  M.,  bundle;  pi,,  the 
fasces,  a  bundle  of  rods  con- 
taining an  ax  as  a  symbol  of 
authority. 

fatalis,  -e  [fatum],  of  fate,  or- 
dained or  decreed  by  fate,  des- 
tined, connected  by  destiny. 

fateor,  -eri,  -fassus  sum  [for, 
speak],  dep.,  admit,  own,  con- 
fess, acknowledge. 

fatum,  -i,  M.  [for,  speak],  (utter- 
ance), fate,  destiny;  oracle, 
prophecy. 

fauces,  -ium,  F.  pi.,  throat,  jaws; 
pass,  defile,  entrance. 

faveo,  -ere,  -favl,  fautum,  intr., 
favor. 

fax,  facis,  F.,  torch,  firebrand; 
meteor,  shooting  star. 

febris,  -is  (abl.  -i),  F.,  fever. 

fefelli,  see  fallo. 

felicitas,  -tatis,  F.  [felix],  good 
fortune,  felicity. 

femina,  -ae,  F.,  woman. 

fere,  adv.,  almost,  about, 
nearly. 

fero.  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  tr.,  bear, 
carry;  endure,  suffer,  tolerate; 
say,  report,  talk  about.  Cat.,  I, 
10;  w.  responsum,  receive; 
w.  lex,  propose. 

ferox,  -ocis,  adj.,  wild,  violent. 

ferocitas,  -tatis,  F.  [ferox],  fierce- 
ness^ cruelty. 


ferramentum,  -i,  N.  [ferrum], 
(implement  of  iron),  tool, 
weapon. 

ferreus,  -a,  -um  [ferrum],  made 
of  iron;  unfeeling,  hard' 
hearted. 

ferrum,  -i,  N.,  iron;  (iron  im- 
plement),   sword,    weapon. 

fertilis,  -e  [fero],  fertile,  produc- 
tive. 

festino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
make  haste. 

festus,  -a,  -um,  festal,  festive. 

fictus,  -a,  -lun  [fingo]  false,  imag- 
inary, fictitious. 

fidelis,  -e  [fides],  faithful,  loyaL 

fides,  ei,  F.  [fido],  trust,  pledge, 
faith,  good  faith,  confidence^ 
protection;  honesty;  cre- 
dence; credit,  Cat.,  II,  8. 

Fidius,  -i,  M.  [fides],  the  god  of 
faith,  a  surname  of  Jupiter. 

figo,  -ere,  fixi,  fixum,  tr.,  fix, 
fasten,  establish. 

filia,  -ae,  F.,  daughter. 

filius,  fill,  M.,  son. 

fingo,  -ere,  finxi,  fictum,  tr., 
form;    imagine,  devise. 

finis,  -is,  M.,end,  limit;  pi.,  bor- 
ders, territory;  quem  ad  finem 
to  what  limit  f  to  what  lengths  f 

finitimus,  -a,  -um  [finis],  border- 
ing on,  adjoining,  neighboring; 
as  noun,  neighbor. 

fio,  fieri,  factus  sum,  irr.,  see 
facio. 

firmamentum,  -i,  N.  [firmo], 
strengthening,  support,  main- 
stay. 

firmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [firmus], 
strengthen,  secure. 


446 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


firmus,  -a,  -um,  strong,  firm, 
powerful;   trusty,  trustworthy. 

Flaccus,  -i,  M.,  Flaccus,  a  fam- 
ily name;  1.  M.  Fulvius 
Flaccus,  consul  125  b.c.  ; 
2.  L.  Valerius  Flaccus,  con- 
sul 100  B.C. ;  3.  L.  Valerius 
Flaccus,  praetor,  63  b.c. 

flagitiose,  adv.  [flagitiosus], 
basely,  infamously,  shame- 
fully. 

flagiti5sus,  -a,  -um  [flagitium], 
shameful,  disgraceful,  infa- 
mous. 

flagitium,  -i,  N.  [flagito],  shame- 
ful act,  outrage,  disgraceful 
thing. 

flagito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
demand  (urgently),  clamor 
for. 

flamma,  -ae,  F.  [flagro],  flame, 
fire. 

flecto,  -ere,  flexi,  flexum,  tr., 
turn,  move,  appease. 

fletus,  -us,  M.   [fleo],   weeping. 

florens,  -entis,  adj.  [floreo], 
blooming,  fiourishing. 

floreo,  -ere,  -ui,  —  [flos],  intr., 
fiourish;    be  eminent. 

flos,  floris,  M.,  flower. 

flumen,  -inis,  N.  [fluo],  river, 
stream. 

fluo,  -ere,  fluxl,  fluxum,  intr., 
flow. 

focus,  -1,  M.,  fire-place,  hearth; 
home. 

foederatus,  -a,  -um  [2.  foedus], 
allied,  confederate. 

1.  foedus,  -a,  -um.,  foul;  shame- 
ful, disgraceful,  impious,  Cat., 
IV.  1. 


2.  foedus,  -eris,  N.,  league, 
treaty,  compact,  association. 

fons,     fontis,     M.,     fountain^ 
source. 

foras,  adv.  [ace.  of  fora],  out  of 
doors,  forth. 

fore,  =  futurus  esse. 

forensis,  -e  [forum],  of  (in)  the 
Forum,    public,  forensic. 

foris,  adv.  [abl.  of  fora,  door], 
out  of  doors,  outside,  abroad. 

formido,  -inis,  F.,  dread,  fear, 
terror. 

formidolosus,  -a,  -um  [formido], 
formidable. 

fortasse,  adv.,  perhaps,  pos- 
sibly. 

forte,  adv.  [abl.  or  fors],  by 
chance,  perchance. 

fortis,  -e,  strong,  brave,  coura- 
geous, gallant,  fearless,  stal- 
wart, Ar.  7 ;  pi.  as  noun, 
brave  men. 

fortiter,  adv.  [fortis],  bravely. 

fortitudo,  -inis.  F.  [fortis],  brav- 
ery, courage,  fortitude. 

fortuna,  -ae,  F.  [fors],  fortune, 
chance,  good  fortune,  mis- 
fortune; lot,  fate,  destiny;  pi., 
fortunes,  property,  possessions. 

fortunatus,  -a,  -um  [fortune], 
happy,  fortunate. 

forum,  -i,  N.,  open  space,  court, 
market  place,  forum;  espe- 
cially the  Forum  (the  open 
space  between  the  Capitoline 
and  Palatine  hills). 

Forum  Aurelium,  -i,  N.,  Forum 
Aurelium,  a  small  town  in 
Etruria  on  the  Via  Aurelia. 

frango,  -ere,  fregi,  fractum,  tr.. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


447 


break,  subdue,  crush,  weaken, 
bend,  wear  out,  Ar.  11. 

f rater,  fratris,  M.,  brother. 

fraudatio,  -onis,  F.  [fraudo, 
cheat],  fraud. 

frequens,  -entis,  adj.,  repeated, 
frequent,  crowded,  full;  pL, 
in  crowds,  in  great  numbers. 

frequentia,  -ae,  F.  [frequens], 
assembly,  crowd,  throng,  mul- 
titude. 

frequento,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[frequens],  tr.,  visit  frequently, 
bring  in  crowds. 

fretus,  -a,  -um,  relying,  depend- 
ing, trusting. 

frigus,  -oris,  N.,  cold. 

frons,  frontis,  F.,  forehead, 
brow. 

fructus,  -us,  M.  [fruor],  enjoy- 
ment, fruit,  benefit,  advantage, 
gain,  reward,  profit.  Cat.,  II, 
8.  income,  products. 

frumentarius,  -a,  -um  [frumen- 
tum],  of  grain;  res  frumen- 
taria,   grain  supply,   grain. 

fruor,  frui,  fructus  sum,  dep., 
enjoy. 

fuga,  -ae,  F.,  flight. 

fugio,  fugere,  fugl,  fugitum,  tr. 
and  intr.,  flee,  escape,  elude. 

fugitivus,  -a,  -um  [fugio],  fleeing, 
fugitive;  as  noun,  runaway 
slave. 

fulgeo,  -ere,  fulsi,  — ,  intr., 
glitter,  gleam. 

fulmen,  -inis,  N.  [fulgeo],  thun- 
derbolt, lightning. 

Fulvius,  -i,  M.,  Fulvius,  a  gen- 
tile name;  1.  M.  Fulvius 
Flaccus,  consul  125  b.c,  parti- 


san of  C.  Gracchus ;  2.  M. 
Fulvius  Nobilior,  consul  189 
B.C.,  a  patron  of  Ennius,  the 
poet, 
fundamentum,  -i,  N.  [fundo], 
foundation. 

1.  fundo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
found,  establish. 

2.  fundo,  -ere,  fudi,  fusum, 
pour,  scatter,  rout. 

funestus,-a,  -um  [funns],  deadly ^ 

fatal,  destructive. 
fungor,  fungi,  functus  sum,  dep. 

perform,  fulfill. 
furiosus,  -a,  -um  [furia],  (full  of 

madness),     raging,    frenzied, 

furious. 
Furius,  -i,  M.,  Furius,  a  nomen 

or  gentile  name  ;   1.  P.  Furius, 

a  confederate  of  Catiline ;    2 

L.  Furius  Philus,  consul  136 

B.C. 

furo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  intr.,  rage, 
rave,  be  mad. 

furor,  furoris,  M.,  madness,  rage, 
frenzy. 

fiirtim,  adv.  [furtum],  by  stealth, 
stealthily. 

furtum,  -i,  N.  [fur],  theft,  rob- 
bery. 


Gabinius,  -i,  M.,  Gabinius  (ga- 
bin'i-us),  a  gentile  name ;  1. 
P.  Gabinius,  praetor  89  B.C. ; 
2.  P.  Gabinius  Cimber,  a  con- 
federate of  Catiline ;  3.  A. 
Gabinius,    tribune    67     b.c. 

Gabinius,  -a,  -um,  of  Gabinius^ 
Gabinian. 

Gains,     Gai,     Gaio,    etc.,    ]M., 


448 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


Gains  (ga'yus),  a  praenomen 

or  personal  name ;    abbr.  C. 
Gallia,  -ae,  F.,  Gaul. 
Gallicanus,  -a,  -um,  Gallic. 
Gallicus,  -a,  -um  [Gallia],  Gallic, 

of  Gaul. 
Gallus,  -a,  -um,  of  Gaul,  Gallic: 

masc.  as  noun,   a  Gaul;  pL, 

the  Gauls. 
ganeo,  -onis,  M.  [ganea],  glutton, 

debauchee. 
gaudeo,     -ere,     gavisus     sum, 

semidep.,  rejoice,  be  glad. 
gaudium,  -i,  N.   [gaudeo],  joy, 

gladness. 
gaza,  -ae,  F.,  treasure,  wealth. 
gelidus,    -a,    -um     [gelu,    ice], 

very  cold. 
gener,  -eri,  M.,  son-in-law. 
gens,    gentis,    F.,    tribe,    race, 

nation. 
genus,  generis,  N,,  birth,  race; 

nation;   kind,  class,  character, 

style,  nature. 
gero,   -ere,   gessi,   gestum,   tr., 

do,   manage,   carry  on,   wage; 

se     gerere,     conduct    oneself, 

act;    res    gestae,    deeds,    ex- 
ploits. 
Glabrio,   -onis,   M.,   Glabrio,   a 

family    name;     M'.     Acilius 

Glabrio,  a  Roman  commander 

in  the  Third  Mithridatic  War. 
gladiator,    -oris,    M.    [gladius], 

gladiator,  ruffian. 
gladiatorius,  -a,  -um  [gladiator], 

of  gladiators. 
gladius,  -i,  M.,  sword. 
Glaucia,    -ae,    M.,    Glau'cia,    a 

family    name ;     C.    Servilius 

Glaucia,  praetor  100  b.c. 


gloria,  -ae,  F.,  glory,  fame, 
honor,  renown. 

Gnaeus,  -i,  yL.,Gnaeus  (ne'us),  a 
praenomen  or  personal  name. 

gnavus,  -a,  -um  [cf.  (g)n6sc6], 
busy,  diligent,  active. 

Gracchus,  -i,  M.,  Gracchus; 
pi.,  the  Gracchi;  a  family 
name;  1.  Tiberius  Sem- 
pronius  Gracchus,  tribune, 
133  B.C. ;  2.  Gains  Sem- 
pronius  Gracchus,  brother  of 
Tiberius,  tribune  123  and  122 

B.C. 

gradus,  -us,  IVE.,  step,  grade, 
degree,  rank. 

Graecia,  -ae,  F.,  Greece. 

Graecus,  -a,  -um,  Greek,  Gre- 
dan. 

gratia,  -ae,  F.  [gratus],  favor, 
good  will,  influence;  thanks, 
gratitude;  gratias  agere, 
thank,  give  (express)  thanks; 
gratiam  referre,  show  grati- 
tude, reward. 

Grattius,  -i,  Grattius,  the  prose- 
cutor of  Archias ;  see  note, 
Ar.,  1,  112. 

gratuito,  adv.,  without  pay,  for 
nothing,  for  no  particular 
reason. 

gratulatio,  -onis,  F.  [gratulor], 
manifestation  of  joy,  public 
thanksgiving.  Cat.,  IV,  5. 

gratus,  -a,  -um,  acceptable,  wel- 
come; thankful,  grateful; 
pleasing. 

gravis,  -e,  heavy,  weighty,  bur- 
densome; severe,  authorita- 
tive; august^  dignified;  im- 
portant, grave,  serious.  P.,  2, 9. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


449 


gravitas,     -tatis,     F.     [gravis], 

weight;  authority,  dignity. 
graviter,  adv.   [gravis],   heavily, 

seriously,      severely,      deeply, 

gravely. 
gravo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [gravis], 

tr,,   weigh  down,  load;    pass., 

object,  he  unwilling. 
grex,    gregis,    M.,    flock,   herd; 

hand,  throng. 
gubernatio,  -onis,  F.  [guberno], 

(a  pHoting) ,  direction,  manage- 
ment. 
guberno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 

steer,  pilot,  manage. 
gusto,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr., 

taste,  appreciate. 

H 

habeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  tr., 
have,  hold;  feel,  entertain, 
consider;  w.  oratio,  deliver, 
make;   w.  honor,  pay. 

liabita,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq. 
of  habito],  intr,,  dwell,  re- 
side, live. 

habitus,  -us,  M.  [habeo],  con- 
dition, quality,  Ar.,  7. 

haereo,  -ere,  haesi,  haesum, 
intr.,  stick,  cling,  adhere,  he 
fixed,  remain. 

haesito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq. 
of  haereo],  intr.,  (stick  fast), 
hesitate. 

Hannibal,  -is,  M.,  Hannihal, 
the  Carthaginian  general. 

haruspex,  -ids,  M.,  soothsayer; 
see  Classical  Dictionary. 

haud,  adv.,  not,  not   at   all. 

haurio,  -ire,  hausi,  haustum, 
tr.,  draw,  derive. 


hebesco,  -ere,  — ,  — ,  incep- 
tive vb.  [hebeo,  he  dull], 
grow  dull,  83,  h. 

Heraclia  (-ea),  -ae,  F.,  Heraclea 
(her-a-kle  a) ,  a  Greek  city  of 
southern  Italy. 

Heracliensis,  -e  [Heraclia], 
Heracle'an;  as  noun,  Hera- 
cle'an,  inhabitant  of  Heraclea. 

hercule,  adv.,  or  interj.  [voc. 
of  Hercules],  by  Hercules^ 
verily. 

hereditas,  -tatis,  F.  [heres],  in- 
heritance. 

hesternus,  -a,  -um,  of  yesterday; 
hesterno  die,  yesterday. 

hiberno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [M- 
bernus],  winter,  pass  the  win- 
ter. 

hibernus,  -a,  -um,  pertaining  to 
winter;  hiberna  (sc.  castra), 
winter  quarters. 

1.  hie,  haec,  hoc,  dem.  pron., 
this,  this  man,  this  thing,  he, 
she,  it;  pi.,  these,  these  men, 
these  things. 

2.  hie,  adv.,  here;  at  this  point 
(of  time),  hereupon;  on  this 
point  (subject). 

hiems,  hiemis,  F.,  winter. 
hine,  adv., /row  this  place,  hence; 

from  this  fact;  on  this  side. 
hisce  =  his,  w.  emphasis. 
Hispania,  -ae,  F.,  Spain. 
Hispaniensis,      -e,       [Hispania], 

Spanish,  of  Spain. 
Hispanus,    -a,    -um,    Spanish; 

masc.  as  noun,  a  Spaniard. 
hodie,   adv.    [hie,   dies],   to-day, 

this  day. 
hodiernus,  -a,  -um   [hodie],  of 


450 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


this  day;  hodiernus  dies, 
to-day,  this  day. 

Homerus,  -i,  M.,  Homer. 

homo,  hominis,  M.  or  F., 
(human  being),  man. 

honestas,  -tatis,  F.  [honor], 
honor. 

honeste,  adv.  [honestus],  with 
honor,  honorably. 

honesto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[honestus],  honor,  distinguish, 
grace. 

honestus,  -a,  -um  [honSs], 
honored,  respected,  honorable, 
distinguished,  respectable,  Cat., 
II,  8. 

honor  (or  honos),  honoris,  M., 
honor,  respect;  an  honor. 

honoratus,  -a,  -um  [honoro], 
honored,  respected. 

hora,  -ae,  F.,  hour. 

horribilis,  -e  [horreo  +  bilis], 
terrible,  dreadful,  horrible. 

hortatus,  -us,  M.  [hortor],  en- 
couragement. 

Hortensius,  -i,  M.,  Hortensius, 
a  gentile  name ;  Q.  Horten- 
sius,   the    orator,  consul   69 

B.C. 

hortor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  dep., 
urge,  encourage,  exhort. 

hosce,  emphatic  form  of  hos. 

hospes,  -itis,  M.,  guest-friend, 
guest,  friend. 

hospitium,  -i,  N.  [hospes],  (the 
relation  of  host  and  guest), 
hospitality,  tie  of  friendship. 
Cat.,  IV,  11. 

hostilis,  -e  [hostis],  of  an 
enemy,  hostile. 

hostis,    hostis,    M.,    (stranger), 


an  enemy  (of  the  state) ;  pl^ 
the  enemy. 

hue,  adv.,  hither,  to  this  place; 
to  this  point. 

huiusce,  more  emphatic  than 
huius,  this  very,  this. 

humanitas,  -tatis,  F.  [humanus], 
human  nature,  humanity; 
kindness;  refinement,  culture, 
civilization. 

humanus,  -a,  -um  [homo],  hu- 
man, cultured,  refined;  reason- 
able, Ar.  7. 

humilis,  -e  [humus],  low,  ob- 
scure, humble,  inferior. 

humus,  -i,  F.,  earth,  ground, 
soil;  humi,  loc,  on  the 
ground. 


iaceo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  intr.,  lie^ 
lie  prostrate,  be  powerless. 

iacio,  iacere,  iecl,  iactum,  tr., 
throw;  w.  voces,  utter. 

iacto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq.  of 
iacio],  tr.,  throw,  toss,  toss 
about;  w.  se,  vaunt,  display; 
make  a  display. 

iactura,  -ae,  F.  [iacio],  (a  throw- 
ing away),  loss. 

iactus,  -us,  M.  [iacio],  a  throw- 
ing, hurling,  falling.  Cat.,  Ill, 
8. 

iam,  adv.,  w.  pres.  tense,  by  this 
time,  now;  w.  past  tense,  al- 
ready, at  length,  now,  hitherto; 
w.  fut.  tense,  presently,  at 
once,  now;  w.  negatives  and 
interrogatives  implying  a  neg- 
ative, longer;  see  diu,  pridem, 
tum,  vero. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


451 


lanuarius,  -a,  -itm  [ianua],  of 
January. 

ibi,  adv.,  there,  in  that  place; 
then,  thereupon. 

idcirco,  adv.  [id  +  abl.  of  cir- 
cus], on  that  account,  for  that 
reason. 

idem,  eadem,  idem,  dem.  pron., 
[is],  (App.  23),  the  same,  the 
same  man;  also. 

ideo,  adv.,  on  that  account,  there- 
fore. 

idoneus,  -a,  -um,  suitable,  fit, 
deserving. 

Idus,  -uum,  F.,  the  Ides,  the 
fifteenth  day  of  March,  May, 
July,  and  October,  the  thir- 
teenth of  other  months. 

igitur,  conj.,  then,  therefore,  ac- 
cordingly. 

ignavia,  -ae,  F.  [ignavus],  inac- 
tivity, laziness,  cowardice. 

ignis,  -is,  M..,  fire. 

ignominia,  -ae,  F.  [in  +  nomen], 
disgrace,  dishonor,  ignominy. 

ignoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
not  to  know,  be  ignorant  of, 
be  unaware. 

ignosco,  -ere,  ignovi,  ignotum, 
intr.,  (not  to  linow),  par- 
don. 

ignotus,  -a,  -um  [ignosco],  un- 
known;   as  noun,  stranger. 

Ilias,  -adis,  F.,  the  Iliad,  the 
epic  poem  by  Homer. 

ille,  ilia,  illud,  dem.  pron.,  that 
(yonder),  that  man,  he,  she, it; 
the  famous,  the  great;  pi.,  those, 
they,  those  men,  those  things. 

illinc,  adv.  [ille],  from  that  place, 
thence;  on  that  side. 


Illyricus,  -a,  -um,  of  Illyricum, 
Illyrian. 

im-,  see  in-,  as  prefix. 

imago,  -inis,  F.  [cf.  imitor],  (an 
imitation),  likeness,  image^ 
portrait,  model. 

imberbis,  -e  [barba],  without  a 
beard,  beardless. 

imitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  dep., 
copy,  imitate. 

immanis,  -e,  monstrous,  enor- 
mous, frightful,  savage,  Ar.  8. 

immanitas,  -tatis,  F.  [immanis], 
monstrous  size,  vastness,  enor- 
mity. 

immatiirus,  -a,  -um  [maturus], 
unripe,    premature,    untimely. 

immineo,  -ere,  — ,  —  [mined], 
intr.,  impend,  threaten. 

imminuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utum 
[minuo],  tr.,  lessen,  diminish, 
encroach  upon. 

immitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sum  [mitto],  tr.,  send  intOy 
let  in. 

immo,  adv.,  on  the  contrary; 
immo  vero,  nay  more,  aye, 
indeed,  or  rather,  Why!  Cat.^ 

1,1. 

immortalis,  -e  [mortalis],  im- 
mortal. 

immutatus,  -a,  -um  [immuto], 
changed,  altered,  transformed. 

impedio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -Itum  [in, 
pes],  tr.,  entangle,  hinder,  en- 
cumber, prevent;  suspend,  P. 
7. 

impello,  -pellere,  -pulT,  -pulsum 
[pello],  tr.,  strike  against;  in- 
cite, instigate,  rouse. 

impended,  -ere,  — ,  —  [pendeo, 


452 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


hang],  intr. ,  overhang ;  threaten ; 
he  near,  he  at  hand,  impend. 

imperator,  -oris,  M.  [impero], 
commander-in-chief,  general. 

imperatorius,  -a,  -um  [impera- 
tor], oj  a  commander,  worthy 
of  a  commander. 

imperitus,  -a,  -um  [peritus],  in- 
experienced,  ignorant. 

imperium,  -i,  N.  [impero],  com- 
mand, control,  power,  supreme 
power,  authority,  dominions- 
government,    office,    empire. 

impero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and 
intr.,  command,  demand,  levy 
(upon). 

impertio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum  [par- 
tio],  tr.,  share  with;  give,  he- 
stoiD  (upon),  impart. 

impetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
ohtain  one's  request,  gain  one^s 
end;  secure,  ohtain. 

impetus,  -us,  M.,  attack;  vio- 
lence, fury. 

impius,  -a,  -um  [plus],  irreverent, 
ungodly,  treasonable,  wicked, 
impious. 

implico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [plico], 
tr.,  fold  into;   involve. 

imploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [ploro], 
tr.,  heg  earnestly,  implore. 

importunus,  -a,  -um,  unfit, 
rude,  cruel,  unnatural,  un- 
feeling, relentless. 

improbitas,  -tatis,  F.  [impro- 
bus],  wickedness,  iniquity,  de- 
pravity, recklessness. 

improbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [im- 
probus,]  tr.,  reject,  disapprove. 

improbus,  -a,  -um  [probus], 
wicked,     depraved^    shameless, 


worthless;  pi.  as  noun,  profli- 
gates, scoundrels,  the  ill-dis- 
posed. 

impiibes,  -eris,  adj.  [piibes], 
youthful,  heardlcss. 

impudens,  -entis,  adj.  [pudens], 
shameless,  impudent,  pre^ 
sumptuous,  P.  16. 

impudenter,  adv.  [impudens], 
shamelessly,  impudently. 

impudentia,  -ae,  F.  [impudens], 
shamelessness,  impudence. 

impudicus,  -a,  -um  [pudicus], 
shameless,  without  modesty. 

impiinitus,  -a,  -um  [punitus], 
unpunished,  unrestrained. 

impiirus,  -a,  -um  [purus],  un- 
clean, impure. 

in,  prep.  w.  ace.,  (of  motion) 
into,  to,  on,  upon,  toward, 
against,  for,  concerning ;  w. 
abl.,  (of  rest)  in,  on,  at,  in 
the  case  of,  in  regard  to;  as 
prefix,  in,  into,  over,  on,  at, 
against;   neg.  prefix,  not. 

inanis,  -e,  empty,  deserted;  use- 
less, idle,  vain. 

inauditus,  -a,  -um  [audio],  un- 
heard of,  unknown. 

inauratus,  -a,  -um  [inauro], 
gilded. 

incedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum 
[cedo],  intr.,  advance;  per- 
vade. 

incendium,  -i,  N.  [incendo],  a 
burning,  fire,  flame,  confla- 
gration. 

incendo,  -cendere,  -cendi,  -cen- 
sum,  tr.,  set  fire  to,  burn. 

incensid,  -onis,  F.  [incendo], 
burning. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


453 


inceptum,  -i,  N.  [incipio],  be- 
ginning, undertaking. 

incertus,  -a,  -um  [certus],  un- 
certain;   unsettled. 

incido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  —  [cado], 
intr.,  fall  in,  fall  into,  incur. 

incido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisum 
[caedo],  tr.,  cut  into,  cut. 

incipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum 
[capio],  tr.  and  intr.,  under- 
take;  begin. 

incitamentum,  -i,  N.  [incite], 
incentive,  inducement. 

incite,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [cito], 
rouse,  urge  on. 

inclino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
and  intr.,  turn,  incline,   lean. 

include,  -cludere,  -clusi,  -clu- 
sum  [claudo],  tr.,  shut  up,  con- 
fine, inclose. 

incoho,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
begin,  begin  to  treat,  Ar.  11. 

mcolumis,  -e,  safe,  unharmed. 

incommodum,  -i,  N.  [incom- 
modus],  inconvenience,  dis- 
advantage;  loss,  disaster. 

incredibilis,  -e  [credibilis],  in- 
credible, marvelous,  extraor- 
dinary. 

increpo,  -are,  -ui,  -itum   [crepo, 
P         rattle],    intr.,    make    a    noise, 
sound. 

incumbo,     -cumbere,      -cubui, 
cubitum,  intr.,  bend  to,  devote 
oneself,  apply  oneself. 

inde,  adv.,  thence  (of  time  or 
space),  from  that  place,  from 
that  point,  P.  2. 

Iindemnatus,  -a,  -um  [damna- 
tus],  uncondemned,  without 
a  trial. 


index,  -dicis,  M.  or  F.  [indico], 
(one  who  points  out),  in- 
former, witness,  accuser. 

indicium,  -i,  N.  [indico],  in- 
formation, proof,  evidence^ 
testimony,  indication. 

indico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [index], 
tr.,  point  out,  indicate,  de- 
clare, reveal,  tell,  prove;  be- 
tray, accuse. 

indico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictum 
[dic5],  tr.,  proclaim,  declare 
(upon). 

indigne,  adv.  [indignus],  un- 
worthily, undeservedly. 

indignus,  -a,  -um  [dignus],  un- 
worthy. 

induce,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductum 
[duco],  tr.,  lead  into,  lead  on^ 
bring  to,  induce. 

industria,  -ae,  F.  [industrius], 
diligence,  industry. 

industrius,  -a,  -um,  industrious, 
enterprising . 

indutiae,  -arum,  F.,  truce. 

ineo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  [eo],  tr., 
enter,  enter  upon,  form,  engage 
in,  begin;  pres.  part,  as  adj., 
early,  the  beginning  of. 

iners,  -ertis,  adj.,  unskillful^ 
inactive,  indolent.  Cat.,  II,  5. 

inertia,  -ae,  F.  [iners],  inactivity, 
idleness,  indolence. 

infamia,  -ae  [infamis],  ill  report, 
disgrace,  infamy. 

infamis,  -e  [fama],  notorious,  in^ 
famous. 

inf ero,  -f erre,  -tuli,  -latum  [fere], 
tr.,  bring  upon,  lay  upon,  ap- 
ply:   wage,  make  upon. 

inferus,  -a,  -um,   below,  lower: 


454 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


m.  pi.  as  noun,  the  dead; 
apud  inferos,  in  the  lower 
world. 

infestus,  -a,  -um,  unsafe,  hostile, 
dangerous,  troublesome;  in- 
dignant (at). 

infidus,  -a,  -um,  faithless. 

infimus,  -a,  -um  [sup.  of  in- 
ferus],  lowest,  meanest,  basest. 

infinitus,  -a,  -um  [finitus],  end- 
less, countless. 

infirmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [in- 
firmus],  tr.,  weaken,  refute, 
disprove. 

infirmus,  -a,  -um  [firmus],  weak, 
powerless,  delicate,  infirm. 

infitiator,  -oris,  M.  [infitior], 
denier ;   debtor. 

infitior,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [infitiae], 
dep.,  deny. 

inflammo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[flammo],  tr.,  kindle,  set  fire 
to,   burn;    inflame,    arouse. 

inflo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [flo, 
blow],  tr.,  (blow  into),  inspire. 

informo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[formo],  tr.,  mold,  train. 

ingenium,  -i,  N.  [cf.  gigno], 
native  talent,  ability,  genius. 

ingens,  -gentis,  adj.,  vast,  great. 

ingenuus,  -a,  -um,  native,  free- 
born. 

ingratus,  -a,  -um,  ungrateful. 

ingravesco,  -ere,  — ,  —  [in- 
ceptive of  ingravo,  weigh 
down],  intr.,  increase,  grow 
worse. 

ingredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum 
[gradior],  dep.,  go  into,  enter, 
enter  upon,  come  upon. 

inhio,    -are,    -avi,    -atum    [hio], 


intr.,    open   the   mouth    (for), 
gape. 
inhumanus,  -a,  -um  [humanus], 

inhuman. 
inicio,     -icere,     -ieci,     -iectum 

[iacio],  tr.,  throw  in,  cast  on; 
cause;  inspire. 

inimicitia,  -ae,  F.  [inimicus], 
unfriendliness,  enmity. 

inimicus,  -a,  -um  [amicus],  un- 
friendly, hostile;  as  noun 
(personal),  enemy,  foe. 

iniquitas,  -tatis,  F.  [iniquus], 
unfairness,  injustice. 

iniquus,  -a,  -um  [aequus],  un- 
even, unfair,  unjust. 

initio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [initium], 
tr.,  initiate,  consecrate. 

initium,  -i,  N.  [ineo],  a  begin- 
ning. 

iniiiria,  -ae,  F.  [ius],  wrong,  in- 
justice, injury;  iniiiria,  un- 
justly. 

iniuriose,  adv.  [iniiiridsus],  un- 
justly, unfairly. 

iniussu,  abl.  sing.  M.,  without 
the  command. 

inlecebra,  -ae,  F.  [inlicid],  en- 
ticement,   allurement,    charm. 

inliistris,  -e  [lux],  bright,  brilliant^ 
illustrious;  famous,  glori- 
ous. 

inliistro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [lus- 
tro],  tr.,  light  up,  illuminate^ 
make  illustrious,  bring  to  lights 
make  clear,  explain. 

innocens,  -entis,  adj.  [nocens], 
harmless,  blameless,  innocent^ 
honest,  P.  10. 

innocentia,  -ae,  F.  [innocens], 
innocence,  integrity,  P.  13. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


455 


innumerabilis,  -e  [numerus], 
countless,  innumerable. 

inopia,  -ae,  F.  [inops],  want, 
lack,  scarcity. 

inquam  (inquis,  inquit),  def. 
vb.  (App.  51),  /  say. 

inrepo,  -repere,  -repsi,  — 
[repo,  creep],  intr.,  creep  in, 
he  stealthily  inserted. 

inretio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum  [rete, 
net],  tr.,  catch  in  a  net,  en- 
snare, entrap. 

inscribo,     -scribere,     -scripsi, 
-scriptum    [scribo],    tr.,    write 
upon,    inscribe,    entitle. 

insepultus,  -a,  -um  [sepelid], 
unburied. 

insideo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  — 
[sedeo],  tr,  and  intr.,  sit  upon, 
he  seated,  dwell,  exist. 

insidiae,  -arum,  F.  [insideo], 
snare,  ambush,  plot,  treachery. 

insidiator,  -oris,  M.  [insidior], 
(one  who  lies  in  wait),  high- 
wayman 

insidior,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [in- 
sidiae], dep.,  lie  in  wait  (for), 
plot  against. 

insidiosus,  -a,  -um  [insidiae], 
treacherous. 

insido,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessum 
[sido,  sit],  tr.  and  intr.,  sit  in, 
settle  on,  he  fixed,  sink  in,  P. 
3. 

insigne,  -is,  N.  [insignis],  mark, 
badge,  sign,  token. 

insignis,  e  [signimi],  marked,  dis- 
tinguished, notable. 

insimulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[simulo],  tr.,  charge,  accuse, 
allege. 


insipiens,  -entis,  adj.  [sapiens], 

unwise,  foolish. 
insolens,    -entis,     adj.    [soleo], 

(unusual),  insolent. 

insolenter,  adv.  [insolens],  un^ 
usually,  insolently. 

insolitus,  -a,  -um  [insoleo],  un* 
usual,  strange. 

inspect©,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [in- 
spicio],  tr.  and  intr.,  look  at^ 
look  on,  observe. 

insperatus,  -a,  -um  [spero],  un- 
expected. 

instituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stitfl- 
tum  [statuo],  tr.  and  intr., 
put  in  place,  establish,  train^ 
Ar.  8 ;  begin;  determine,  de- 
cide, intend. 

institutum,  -i,  N.  [instituo],  cus- 
tom,  institution. 

insto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -statum 
[sto],  intr.,  be  at  hand,  draw 
nigh. 

instrumentum,  -i,  N.  [instruo], 
instrument,  tool,  means,  stock 
in  trade.  Cat.,  IV,  8. 

instruo,  -struere,  -struxi,  -struc- 
tum  [struo],  tr,,  build;  array, 
marshal,  draw  up;  equip,  P.  8. 

insula,  -ae,  F.,  island. 

insum,  inesse,  infui  [sum],  be 
in,  exist  in,  be  present. 

integer,  -gra,  -grum  [ef.  tango], 
untouched,  whole,  unbroken, 
sound,  entire,  unhurt;  fresh; 
irreproachable,  of  integrity. 

integre,  adv.  [integer],  wholly^ 
without  reproach. 

integritas,  -tatis,  F.  [integer], 
(soundness),  integrity. 

intellego,  -legere,  -lexi,  -lectum 


456 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


[inter  +  lego,  gather],  tr.,  learn, 
perceive,  know,  understand, 
be  sure,  recognize,  see  clearly. 

intendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -ten- 
turn  [tendo],  tr.  and  intr., 
stretch  out;  aim,  purpose,  in- 
tend. 

inter,  prep.  w.  ace,  between, 
among;    as  prefix,  between. 

intercede,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -ces- 
sum  [cedo],  intr.,  go  between, 
intervene,  elapse. 

intercessio,  -onis,  F.  [intercede], 
intervention,  veto,  protest. 

interea,  adv.  [inter  +  ea],  in 
the    meantime,     meanwhile. 

intereo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  [eo],  intr., 
perish,  be  lost. 

interficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum 
[facio],  tr.,  kill,  put  to  death, 
murder. 

interim,  adv.,  meanwhile,  in 
the  meantime. 

interimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptum 
[emo],  tr,,  (take  from  the 
midst),  kill,  murder. 

interior,  -ius,  eomp.  adj.  [intra], 
interior,  inland,  P.  22. 

interitus,  -lis,  M.  [intereo],  ruin, 
destruction,    death,    overthrow. 

internecio,  -onis,  F.  [nex],  mas- 
sacre. 

interrogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[rogo],  tr.,  ask,  inquire  of, 
question. 

intersum,  -esse,  -fui  [sum], 
be  between;  be  different,  differ; 
be  present;  impers.,  it  con- 
cerns, it  interests. 

intervallum,  -i,  N.,  interval  (of 
space  or  time). 


interventus,-us,M.  [intervenio], 
(a  coming  between),  inter- 
vention. 

intestinus,  -a,  -um  [intus],  in- 
ternal;  civil. 

intimus,  -a,  -um  [sup.  of  in- 
terior], inmost;  as  noun. 
most  intimate  friend,  bosom 
friend. 

intra,  prep.  w.  aec,  within. 

introduce,  -diicere,  -duxi,  -duc- 
tum  [intro  +  duco],  tr.,  lead 
in,  bring  in,  introduce. 

intueor,  -tueri,  -tuitus  sum 
[tueor],  dep.,  look  upon,  gaze 
at. 

intus,  adv.  [in],  within,  on  the 
inside. 

inultus,  -a,  -um  [ulciscor],  un- 
punished. 

inuro,  -urere,  -ussi,  -ustum 
[uro],  tr.,  burn  in,  brand  upon, 
impress  (upon).  Cat.,  II,  9. 

inusitatus,  -a,  -um  [usitor],  un- 
usual. 

inutilis,  -e  [utilis],  useless,  un- 
profitable. 

invado,  -vadere,  -vasi,  -vasum 
[vado],  tr.,  enter;  possess. 

invenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventum 
[venio],  tr.,  (come  upon),  find, 
discover,  detect,  invent. 

investig5,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[vestigium],  tr.,  track,  hunt 
out,  investigate. 

inveterasco,  -ere,  inveteravi, 
—  [inceptive  of  invetero], 
intr.,  grow  old,  become  estab- 
lished, become  fixed. 

invictus,  -a,  -um  [victus],  un- 
conquered,  invincible. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


457 


invidia,  -ae,  F.  [invidus],  envy, 
hatred,    unpopularity,    odium. 

invidiosus,  -a,  -um  [invidia], 
causing  unpopularity,  hate- 
ful. 

invidus,  -a,  -um,  envious;  as 
noun,  envious  person. 

invisus,  -a,  -um  [invideo],  dis- 
pleasing, detested. 

invitatus,  -us,  M.  [invito],  in- 
vitation. 

invito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr,,  in- 
vite, summon. 

invitus,  -a,  -um,  against  the  will, 
unwillingly. 

lovis,  see  luppiter. 

ipse,  -a,  -um,  intensive  pron. 
(App.  24),  self;  (I)  myself, 
(you)  yourself,  (he)  himself, 
etc. ;   very. 

ira,  -ae,  F.,  anger. 

iracundia,  -ae,  F.  [ira],  excessive 
anger,  wrath. 

irascor,  -i,  iratus  sum  [ira],  dep., 
he  angry. 

irruptio,  -onis,  F.  [irrumpo], 
(a  breaking  in),  invasion, 
incursion,  attack. 

is,  ea,  id,  dem.  pron.  (App.  23), 
that,  this,  he,  she,  it;  such; 
pi.,  these,  those,  they. 

isdem  =  eisdem. 

isse  =  ivisse    [1.    eo]. 

iste,  ista,  istud,  dem.  pron. 
(App.  23),  that  (of  yours), 
yonder;  that  man  (in  irony  or 
scorn),  that  scoundrel;  such, 
he. 

ita,  adv.,  so,  thus,  in  such  a  man- 
ner;  ita  ut,  just  as. 

Italia,  -ae,  F.,  Italy. 


italicus  -a,  -um,  Italian. 

itaque,  conj.  [ita  +  que],  and 
so,  therefore,  accordingly. 

item,  adv.,  likewise,  also,  be- 
sides. 

iter,  itineris,  N.  [1.  eo],  way^ 
course,  road;  journey,  march. 

iterum,  adv.,  again,  a  second 
time;  iterum  et  saepius, 
again  and  again. 

iubeo,  -ere,  iussi,  iussum,  tr., 
order,  direct. 

iiicundus,  -a,  -um  [iuvo],  pleas- 
ing, pleasant,  agreeable. 

iudex,  iudicis,  M.  [ius  +  dico], 
judge,  juror. 

iiidicialis,  -e  [iiidex],  of  a  court, 
judicial. 

iudicium,  -i,  N.  [iiidex],  judg- 
ment, decision,  verdict,  opin- 
ion;   trial,  court  of  justice. 

iudico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [iiidex], 
tr.,  judge,  decide,  determine, 
think,  consider. 

iugulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
kill. 

iugulum,  -i,  N.  [iugum],  (coUar 
bone),  throat. 

lugurtha,  -ae,  M.,  Jugurtha, 
a  king  of  Numidia. 

lulius,  -i,  M.,  Julius,  a  gentile 
name ;   see  Caesar. 

iungo,  -ere,  iiinxi,  iiinctum,  tr., 
join. 

luppiter,  lovis  (App.  11),  M., 
Jupiter,  the  chief  god  of  the 
Romans. 

ius,  iiiris,  N.,  right,  justice;  the 
principle  of  right  apon  which 
law  (lex)  is  based:  iure. 
rightly. 


458 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


iusiurandum,   iurisiurandi,   N., 

oath. 
hissu,   abl.   of  obsolete  iussus 

[iubeo],  by  order. 
iuste  [iustus],  adv., rightly,  justly. 
iustus,  -a,  -um  [ius],  just,  right, 

proper,  fair,  regular.  Cat.,  II, 

1. 
iuvenis,    -is,    adj.,    young;     as 

noun,  youth,  young  person. 
iuventus,    -tutis,    F,    [iuvenis], 

youth,  young  person. 
iuvo,  -are,  -iuvi,  -iutum,  tr.,  help, 

aid,  assist. 

K 

Kalendae,  -arum,  F.  pi.  (abbr. 

Kal.),   the   Calends,    the   first 

day  of  a  month. 
Karthago,  -inis,  F.,  Carthage. 


L.,  see  Lucius. 

labefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -fac- 
tum [labo  +  facio],  tr.,  shake, 
disturb,  overthrow. 

labefacto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[labefacio],  tr.,  freq.,  cause 
to  totter,  weaken,  destroy. 

labes,  -is,  F.,  spot,  stain. 

labor,  -oris,  M.,  exertion,  labor, 
work,  hardship,  activity;  in- 
dustry. 

laboriosus,  -a,  -um  [labor], 
laborious. 

laboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [labor], 
intr.,  labor,  toil,  strive,  be 
careful;  suffer. 

lacesso,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itum  [lacio, 
entire],  tr.,  challenge,  provoke, 
rouse. 


lacrima,  -ae,  F.,  tear. 

lactans,      -antis,      pres.      part. 

[lacto],    (taking   milk),   suck' 

ling. 
Laeca,  -ae,  M.,  Laeca,  a  family 

name ;    M.  Porcius  Laeca,  a 

Roman     senator,    at     whose 

house  the  conspirators  met. 
laedo,  -ere,  laesi,  laesum,  tr., 

wound,  injure. 
Laelius,  -i,  M.,  Laelius,  a  gentile 

name  ;   C.  Laelius,  consul  140 

B.C. 

laetitia,  -ae,  F.  [laetus],  glad- 
ness, joy,  delight,  happiness. 

laetor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [laetus], 
dep.,  rejoice,  be  glad;  rejoice 
over. 

lamentatio,  -onis,  F.  [lamentor], 
wailing,  lamentation. 

lamentor,  —ari,  -atus  sum  [la- 
mentum],  dep.,  bewail,  lament. 

languidus,  -a,  -um,  stupid,  lan- 
guid. 

largior,  -iri,  -itus  sum  [largus], 
dep.,  give  bountifully,  bestow^ 
confer. 

largitio,  -onis,  F.  [largior],  lavish 
giving,  bribery,  corruption. 

largitor,  -oris,  M.  [largior],  (one 
who  gives  lavishly),  a  liberal 
man. 

late,  adv.  [latus],  widely. 

latebra,  -ae,  F.  [lateo],  hiding 
place,  recess. 

lateo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  intr.,  lie 
concealed,  lie  hid,  escape  notice. 

Latiniensis,  -e  [Latium],  of 
Latium;  as  noun,  a  surname. 

Latinus,  -a,  -um  [Latium],  Latin. 

Latium,    -i,    N.,    Latium    (la'- 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


459 


sh(y)um),  a  district  in  central 
Italy. 

lator,  -oris,  M.  [fero],  bearer, 
proposer. 

latro,  -onis,  M.,  robber,  brigand. 

latrocinium,  -i,  N.  [Iatr5],  brig- 
andage, robbery;  concretely, 
band  of  brigands. 

latrocinor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [latro], 
dep.,  be  a  brigand,  live  as  a 
bandit. 

latus,  lateris,  N.,  side,  body. 

latus,  -a,  -um,  broad,  wide. 

laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
praise. 

laus,  laudis,  F.,  praise,  merit, 
fame,  renown,  glory. 

lectulus,  -i,  M.  [lectus],  small 
couch,  bed. 

lectus,  -i,  M.,  couch,  bed. 

lectus,  -a,  -um  [lego],  chosen, 
choice.  Cat.,  II,  9 ;  excellent, 
eminent. 

legatio,  -onis,  F.  [lego],  em- 
bassy. 

legatus,  -i,  M.  [lego],  ambassa- 
dor, envoy;  lieutenant. 

legio,  -onis,  F.  [lego,  collect], 
legion. 

legitimus,  -a,  -um  [lex],  estab- 
lished by  law,  legal. 

lego,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
appoint  (or  commission)  as 
lieutenant. 

lego,  -ere,  legi,  lectum,  tr., 
gather,  collect;  choose,  select; 
read,  read  of,  P.  10. 

lenio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum  [lenis], 
tr. ,  soften,  soothe,  alleviate. 

lenis,  -e,  soft,  smooth;  mild, 
moderate,  merciful,  lenient. 


lenitas,  -tatis,  F.  [lenis],  mild- 
ness, gentleness,  lenity. 

lend,  -onis,  M.,  seducer,  agents 
tool. 

Lentulus,  -i,  M.,  Lentulus,  a 
family  name;  1.  L.  Corne- 
lius Lentulus,  praetor  89  b.c.  ; 
2.  Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus, 
tribune  of  the  people ;  3.  Cn. 
Cornelius  Lentulus  Clodia- 
nus,  consul  72  b.c.  ;  4.  P. 
Cornelius  Lentulus  Sura,  a 
confederate  of  Catiline,  consul 
71  B.C. ;  see  Cethegus,  Cinna, 
Sulla. 

lentus,  -a,  -um  [lenis],  slow; 
shirking. 

lepidus,  -a,  -um,  charming. 

Lepidus,  -i,  M.,  Lepidus,  a 
family  name  ;  1.  M.  Aemilius 
Lepidus,  consul  78  b.c.  ;  2.  M'. 
Aemilius  Lepidus,  consul  66 

B.C. 

levis,  -e,  light;  trifling,  fickle^ 
trivial. 

levitas,  -tatis,  F.  [levis],  light- 
ness, shallowness,  fickleness, 
trifling  conduct,  Ar.  5. 

leviter,  adv.  [levis],  lightly; 
slightly. 

levo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [levis], 
tr.,  lighten;  relieve,  modify ^ 
alleviate. 

lex,  legis,  F.,  law. 

libellus,  -i,  M.  [liber],  little 
book,  book,  manuscript. 

libenter,  adv.  [libens],  gladly, 
with  delight,  cheerfully,  will- 
ingly. 

liber,  libri,M.,  (inner  bark), 6oo/c. 

liber,  libera,  liberum,  free;   M. 


460 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


pi.  as  noun,  (free  persons), 
children. 

liberalis,  -e  [liber],  liberal. 

libere,  adv.  [liber],  freely. 

libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [liber], 
tr.,  free,  release,  deliver. 

libertas,  -tatis,  F.  [liber],  liberty, 
freedom. 

libertinus,  -a,  -um  [libertus], 
of  a  freedman;  libertinus 
homo,  freedman. 

libet,  -ere,  libuit  or  libitum  est, 
impers.,  it  pleases,  it  is  pleas- 
ing. 

libido,  -inis,  F.  [libet],  pleasure, 
desire,  lust,  passion. 

licentia,  -ae,  F.  [licens],  free- 
dom, license;    want  of  control. 

licet,  licere,  licuit,  impers.  (App. 
52),  it  is  permitted,  it  is 
allowed. 

Licinius,  -i,  M.,  Licinius,  a 
gentile  name  ;    see  Archias. 

lingua,  -ae,  F.,  tongue,  language. 

linum,  -i,  N.,  (flax),  thread, 
string. 

liquefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -fac- 
tum; pass.,  -fio,  -fieri,  -fac- 
tus  sum  [liqueo  +  facio], 
(make  liquid),  melt. 

littera,  -ae,  F.,  letter  (of  the 
alphabet)  ;  pi.,  letter  {epistle) 
or  letters;  literature. 

litteratus,  -a,  -um  [littera], 
(lettered),  learned,  cultured. 

litiira,  -ae,  F.  [lino,  smear], 
(smearing  of  the  wax  tablet), 
erasure. 

loco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [locus], 
tr.,  place,  put,  set;  let  a  con- 
tract, order. 


Locrenses,  -ium,  M.,  Locrians^ 

inhabitants      of      Loeri,     in 

southern  Italy. 
locuples,    -pletis,     adj.     [locus, 

pleo],   rich  in  lands,  wealthy, 

rich. 
locupleto,     -are,     -avi,     -atum 

[locuples],  tr.,  make  rich,  en- 
rich. 
locus,  -i,  M. ;    pi.  loca,  -orum, 

N.,     place,     locality,     region, 

position,    site,    room,    station, 

rank,  point,  instance. 
longe,    adv.    [Longus],   far,    by 

far;   long,  for  a  long  period. 
longinquitas,  -tatis,  F.   [longin- 

quus],  distance,  remoteness. 
longinquus,     -a,    -um     [longe], 

distant,  far  off. 
longiusculus,  -a,  -um  [longior], 

rather  long,  a  little  longer. 
longus,  -a,  -um,  long;  far,  dis" 

tant,  remote;  tedious. 
loquax,     -acis,     adj.     [loquor], 

talkative,  garrulous. 
loquor,  loqui,  lociitus  sum,  dep., 

speak,  say. 
Lucius,  -i,  M.,  Lucius,  a  prae- 

nomen  or  personal  name, 
luctus,  -lis,  M.  [lugeo],  mourn- 
ing, grief. 
Lucullus,    -i,    M.,    Lucullus,    a 

family  name;    1.  L.  Licinius 

Lucullus,  Roman  commander 

in  the  Third  Mithridatic  War ; 

2.      M.      Licinius     Lucullus, 

brother  of  1. 
liidus,     -i,     M.,     play,     game; 

school. 
lugeo,    -ere,    liixi,    luctum,    tr. 

and  intr..  mourn  over,  lament. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


461 


lilmen,  -inis,  N.  [luceo,  shine], 

light. 
lupinus,   -a,   -um   [lupus],   of  a 

wolf. 
lux,    lucis,    F.,    light,    daylight; 

help,    relief,    hope    of    safety, 

P.  12. 

luxuria,  -ae,  F.  fluxus],  luxury, 

excess. 

M 

M.,  see  Marcus. 

M'.,  see  Manius. 

machinator,  -tons,  M.  [machi- 
nor],  contriver,  inventor. 

machinor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [ma- 
china],  dep.,  devise,  invent; 
contrive,  plot. 

macto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
glorify,  sacrifice;  put  to  death, 
afflict  (witli  punisliment),  Cat. 
I,  11. 

macula,  -ae,  F.,  stain,  disgrace. 

Maelius,  -i,  M.,  Maelius,  a  gen- 
tile name ;  Spurius  Maelius, 
a    rich    plebeian,    slain    439 

B.C. 

maereo,    -ere,   — ,  — ,   tr.   and 

intr.,  grieve,  lament,  mourn. 

maeror,  -oris  [maereo],  M., 
sorrow,  grief. 

magis,  comp.  adv.  (App.  20), 
more,  rather. 

magistratus,  -us,  M.  [magister], 
civil  office,  m,agistracy ;  magis- 
trate. 

magnifice,  adv.,  grandly,  glori- 
ously. 

magnificus,  -a,  -um  [magnus, 
facio],  great,  magnificent,  fond 
of  display,  powerful. 

magnitudo,  -inis,   F.    [magnus], 


greatness,     enormity,     magni- 
tude, extent. 
magnopere,  adv.  [magno  opere}, 

greatly. 
Magnus,  -i,    M.,    Magnus,    the 

Great,  a   surname,   especially 

of  Pompey. 
magnus,    -a,    -um,    great,  large. 
maior,   maius,     adj.    [comp.   of 

magnus],   larger,    greater;    pi. 

as  noun,  ancestors,  elders. 
male,      adv.       [malus],      badly, 

wrongly,  scarcely. 
maleficium,  -i,  N.  [male,  facio], 

evil  deed,  crime. 
malleolus,     -i,     M.     [dim.     of 

malleus,  hammer],  firebrand. 
malo,  malle,   malui    (App.   48), 

[magis  +  volo],irr.  wish  rather^ 

prefer. 
malus,  -a,  -um,  bad,  evil;   neut. 

as     noun,     evil,     misfortune, 

calamity. 
mandatum,     -i,     N.      [mando], 

commission,      order,     instruc- 
tion, message. 
mando,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [manus 

+  do],    tr.,    (put   in    hand), 

commit,  intrust,  consign,  order, 

confer,  P.  1. 
mane,    adv.,    in    the     morning, 

early  in  the  morning. 
maneo,  -ere,    mansi,   mansum, 

intr.,  remain,  persevere. 
manicatus,    -a,    -um    [manicae, 

long  sleeves],  long-sleeved. 
manifesto,    adv.     [manifestus], 

openly,  manifestly,  clearly. 
manifestus,  -a,  -um,  clear,  open, 

manifest;     apparent,    evident, 

exposed. 


462 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


Manilius,  -i,  M.,  Manilius,  a 
gentile  name;  C.  Manilius, 
tribune  66  b.c. 

Manius,  -i,  M.,  Manius,  a 
gentile  name. 

Manlianus,  -a,  -um,  of  Manlius. 

Manlius,  -i,  M.,  Manlius,  a 
nomen  or  gentile  name ; 
Gaius  Manlius,  the  officer 
in  charge  of  Catiline's  forces. 

mano,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
trickle;  extend,  spread. 

mansuetudo,  -inis,  F.  [man- 
suetus],   gentleness,   mildness. 

manubiae,  -arum,  F.  [manus], 
spoils. 

manus,  -us,  F.,  hand;  hand- 
writing;  hand,  company. 

Marcellus,  -i,  M.  [dim.  of  Mar- 
cus], Marcellus,  a  family- 
name;  1.  M.  Claudius  Mar- 
cellus, the  conqueror  of  Syra- 
cuse; 2.  M.  Claudius  Mar- 
cellus, consul  51  B.C. 

Marcus,  -i,  M.,  Marcus,  a 
praenomen. 

mare,  maris,  N.,  sea;  terra 
marique,  on  land  and  sea. 

maritimus,  -a,  -um  [mare],  of 
the  sea,  on  the  sea,  maritime; 
ora  maritima,  seacoast. 

maritus,  -i,  M.,  married  man, 
husband. 

Marius,  -i,  M.,  Ma,rius,  a  gentile 
name ;  Gaius  Marius,  the 
celebrated  general  and  con- 
sul, died  86  b.c. 

marmor,  -oris,  N.,  marble. 

Mars,  Martis,  M.,  Mars,  god  of 
war ;  liguratively,  war. 

Massilia,    -ae,    F.,    Massilia,  a 


Greek     city    in     Gaul,    now 
Marseilles. 

Massilienses,  -ium,  M.  pi. 
[Massilia],  the  people  of  Mas- 
silia. 

mater,  matris.  P.,  mother; 
mater  familias  (old  gen.  sing, 
of  familia],  matron,  mistress 
of  a  household. 

mature,  adv.  [maturus],  early, 
soon. 

maturitas,  -tatis,  F.  [maturus], 
ripeness,  maturity. 

mature,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [ma- 
turus], tr.  and  intr.,  make 
ripe,  bring  to  maturity;  hasten. 

maturus,  -a,  -um,  ripe,  mature; 
early,  speedy. 

maxime,  adv  [sup.  of  magis], 
7nost,  very  greatly,  especially, 
entirely,  ever  so  much,  Cat.,  I, 
12. 

maximus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  of 
magnus  (App.  19),  greatest, 
largest;  very  great;  see  ponti- 
fex. 

Maximus,  -i,  M..,  Maximus,  a 
family  name ;  Q.  Fabius 
Maximus,  dictator  217  b.c. 

Medea,  -ae,  F.,  Medea,  daugh- 
ter of  Aeetes,  king  of  Colchis. 

medeor,  -eri,  — ,  dep.,  heal, 
cure,  remedy. 

medicina,  -ae,  F.  [medicus], 
remedy,  medicine. 

mediocris,  -ere  [medius],  moder- 
ate, ordinary,  of  moderate 
attainments,  Ar.  5. 

mediocriter,  adv.  [mediocris], 
7noderately,  slightly. 

meditor,  -ari,  -atus   sum,  dep.. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


463 


think  over,  consider,  meditate, 
plan,  prepare;  design,  Cat.,1, 
10. 

medius,  -a,  -um,  the  middle  of. 

mehercule,  adv.  [=  me  Her- 
cules iuvet,  may  Hercules 
help  me],  hy  Hercules,  as- 
suredly, verily. 

mel,  mellis,  N.,  honey. 

melior,  comp.  of  bonus. 

membrum,  -i,  N.,  limh. 

mementote,  imperative  pi.  of 
memini,  remember  (ye). 

memini,  -isse,  def.  vb.  (App. 
50),  remember;  perf.  system 
used  w.  meanings  of  the  pres. 
system, 

Memmlus,  -i,  M.,  Memmius,  a 
gentile  name. 

memor,  -oris,  adj.,  mindful  (of), 
remembering,  w.  gen. 

memorabilis,  -e  [memor],  deserv- 
ing of  record,  memorable. 

memoria,  -ae,  F.  [memor], 
memory,  recollection;  post 
memoriam,  within  the  memory. 

memoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[memor],  tr.,  recall,  recount, 
relate. 

mendicitas,  -tatis,  F.  [mendl- 
cus],  beggary,  extreme  pov- 
erty. 

mens,  mentis,  F.,  mind,  intel- 
lect; spirit,  feeling;  dispo- 
sition; thought,  purpose,  plan, 
intention,  design. 

mensis,  -is,  M.,  month. 

mercator,  -oris,  M.  [mercor], 
trader,  merchant. 

merces,  -edis,  F.  [merx],  pay, 
reward. 


mereor,  -eri,  -itus  sum,  dep., 
deserve,  merit. 

merito,  adv.  [meritum],  de- 
servedly, justly. 

meritum,  -i,  N.  [mereor],  merits 
service,  kindness,  favor,  bene^ 
fit. 

merx,  mercis,  F.,  merchandise. 

Metellus,  -i,  M.,  Metellus,  a 
family  name;  1.  Q.  Caecilius 
Metellus  Numidicus,  consul 
109  B.C. ;  2.  Q.  Caecilius 
Metellus  Pius,  praetor  89, 
consul  80  B.C. ;  3.  Q.  Cae- 
cilius Metellus  Creticus,  tri- 
bune 75  B.C. ;  4.  Q.  Caecilius 
Metellus  Celer,  praetor  in 
63  B.C. ;  5.  M.  Metellus, 
an  associate  of  Catiline. 

metuo,  metuere,  metui,  — 
[metus],  tr.,  fear,  dread. 

metus,  -us,  M.,  fear. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  pron., 
my. 

miles,  -itis,  M.,  soldier. 

militaris,  -e  [miles],  of  a  soldier, 
military;  res  militaris,  the 
art  of  war,  warfare. 

militia,  -ae,  F.  [miles],  military 
service,  military  skill;  militiae, 
loc.  in  the  field,  in  war. 

mille,  indecl.  adj.,  thousand; 
milia,  milium,  N.  pi.  as  noun. 

minae,  -arum,  F.,  threats. 

minime,  adv.  [sup.  of  parum], 
least,  very  little,  by  no  means. 

minimus,  -a,  -um  [sup.  of  par- 
vus], least, 

minitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [freq. 
of  minor],  dep.,  threaten,  mer^ 
ace. 


464 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


1.  minor,  -ari,  -atus  sum 
[minae],  dep.,  threaten. 

2.  minor,  minus,  adj.  [comp.  of 
parvus],  less. 

Minucius,  -i,  M.,  Minucius,  a 
gentile  name. 

minuo,  -ere,  minui,  minutum, 
tr.,  make  less,  lessen,  dimin- 
ish. 

minus,  adv.  [comp.  of  parum] 
(App.  20),  less,  not. 

miror,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [mi- 
rus],  dep.,  wonder  at,  mar- 
vel at,  admire,  wonder;  see 
modus. 

mirus,  -a,  -um,  wonderful,  mar- 
velous. 

misceo,  -ere,  -ui,  mixtum,  tr., 
mix;  devise.  Cat.,  IV,  3. 

Misenum,  -i,  N.,  Misenuyn 
(mi-se'num),  a  town  and 
promontory  near  Naples. 

miser,  -era,  -erum,  wretched, 
unhappy,  miserable,  unfortu- 
nate; grievous. 

miserandus,  -a,  -um  [miseror], 
pitiable,  to  be  pitied. 

miseria,  -ae,  F.  [miser],  wretched- 
ness, misery,  trouble. 

misericordia,  -ae,  F.  [mise- 
ricors],  pity,  compassion, 
mercy. 

misericors,  -cordis,  adj. 
[misereo,  pity,  cor,  heart], 
(tender-hearted),  merciful. 

miseror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  dep., 
deplore. 

Mithridates,  -is,  or  -i,  M., 
Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus, 
who  fought  w.  the  Romans 
88-63  B.C. 


Mithridaticus,  -a,  -um,  of  Mith- 
ridates, Mithridatic. 

mitis,  -e,  mild,  gentle,  merciful. 

mitto,  -ere,  misi,  missum,  tr., 
send. 

mixtus,  -a,  -um  [misceo],  mixed j 
promiscuous ;  mixtum  ex,  in- 
volving. 

moderatio,  -onis,  F.  [modera- 
tus],  moderation. 

moderatus,  -a,  -um  [moderor], 
moderate,  restrained,  self-con- 
trolled, wise,  Ar.  7. 

moderor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  dep., 
guide,  restrain,  moderate. 

modestus,  -a,  -um  [modus], 
(within  due  measure),  dis- 
creet, honorable,  scrupulous. 

modo,  adv.  [modus],  only,  just; 
lately,  a  little  while  ago. 

modus,  -i,  M.,  measure,  limit, 
extent,  amount;  way,  m,an- 
ner,  kind,  sort;  m,oderation; 
eius  modi,  of  such  a  nature, 
such;  mirandum  in  modum, 
wonderfully. 

moenia,  -ium,  N.  pi.,  defensive 
walls,  city  walls,  city  (inclosed 
by  walls). 

m5les,  -is,  F.,  mass,  weight,  load, 
burden,  Cat.,  I,  8. 

moleste,  adv.  [molestus],  with 
trouble,  with  vexation;  moleste 
fero,  be  vexed,  be  annoyed,  be 
troubled. 

molestus,  -a,  -um  [moles], 
troublesome,  disagreeable,  an- 
noying. 

molior,  -iri,  -itus  sum  [moles], 
dep.,  endeavor,  attempt;  con- 
trive, plan,  plot. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


465 


mollis,  -e,  mild,  gentle;    timid. 

moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  tr., 
warn,  advise. 

monstrum,  -i,  N.  [moneo],  di- 
vine omen;  monster.  Cat.,  II,  1. 

monumentum,  -i,  N.  [moneo], 
(reminder),  memorial,  monu- 
ment; record. 

mora,  -ae,  F.,  delay,  hesita- 
tion. 

morbus,  -I,  M.,  disease,  sickness. 

morior,  mori,  mortuus  sum, 
flit,  part.,  moriturus  [mors], 
dep.,  die. 

mors,  mortis,  F.,  death. 

mortalis,  -e  [mors],  mortal. 

mortuus,  -a,  -um  [morior],  dead. 

mos,  moris,  M.,  custom,  man- 
ner; pi.,  customs,  character, 
the  ways  of  men,  Cat.,  I,  1 ; 
principles. 

motus,  -us,  M.  [moveo],  move- 
ment, motion,  action;  coin- 
motion,  disturbance,  shock. 

moveo,  -ere,  movl,  motum,  tr., 
move,  disturb,  affect,  influence. 

mucro,  -onis,  point  or  edge  of  a 
sword;  sword. 

mulier,  -is,  F.,  woman. 

muliercula,  -ae,  F.  [dim.  of 
mulier],  mistress. 

multitude,  -inis,  F.  [multus], 
great  number,  multitude. 

1.  multo,  adv.  [multus],  by 
much,   much,  far. 

2.  mult5,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[multa,  a  fine],  tr.,  fine,  punish. 

multiun,  adv.  [multus],  much. 
multus,    -a,    -um,     much;     pi., 

many. 
Mulvius,  -a,  -um,  Mulvian. 


municeps,  -cipis,  M.  or  F. 
[munia,  official  duties,  capio], 
citizen  of  a  free  town. 

municipium,  -i,  N.  [municeps], 
free  town,  free  district,  one 
whose  people  were  Roman 
citizens,  but  governed  by 
their  own  laws  and  magis- 
trates. 

munio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr., 
fortify,  protect. 

munitus,  -a,  -um  [munio],  for- 
tified, defended;   safe,  secure. 

munus,  -eris,  N.,  task,  duty; 
present,  favor,  Ar.  8. 

Murena,  -ae,  M.,  Murena,  a 
family  name ;  L.  Licinius 
Murena,  commander  in  the 
Second  Mithi-idatic  War  (83- 

81   B.C.). 

mums,  -i,  M.,  wall. 

Musa,  -ae,  F.,  Muse,  one  of  the 

nine     goddesses     of     music, 

poetry,  and  other  arts. 
muto,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr., 

change. 
mutus,  -a,  -um,  mute,  speechless^ 

silent,  voiceless. 
Mytilenaeus,  a,  -um,  of  Mytilene 

(mit-i-le'ne),    a   city   on   the 

island  of  Lesbos. 

N 

nam,  conj.,  for;  now  (introduc- 
ing an  explanation). 

nanciscor,  nancisci,  nactus  sum, 
dep.,  obtain,  find. 

narrd,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and 
intr.,  tell,  narrate,  recount. 

nascor,  -i,  natus  sum,  dep.,  be 
born;  rise,  grow;  natus,  born. 


466 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


Nasica,  -ae,  M.,  Nasica,  a  fam- 
ily name ;   see  Scipio. 

natio,  -onis,  F.,  (birth),  race, 
tribe,  nation. 

natura,  -ae,  F.  [nascor],  hirth; 
nature. 

naufragus,     -a,     -um     [navis, 
frango],  shipwrecked;   ruined; 
pi.  as  noun,   men  of  wrecked 
fortunes,  bankrupts. 

nauticus,  -a,  -um  [nauta],  of 
sailors,  nautical,  naval. 

navalis,  -e  [navis],  pertaining  to 
ships,  naval. 

navicularius,  -i,  M.  [navicula], 
shipowner,  shipmaster. 

navigatio,  -onis,  F.  [navigo],  sail- 
ing, navigation. 

navigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [navis], 
intr.,  sail,  put  to  sea. 

navis,  -is,  F.,  ship. 

-ne,  enclitic  particle,  introduc- 
ing questions ;  w.  direct 
questions,  not  to  be  trans- 
lated ;  w.  indirect  questions, 
whether. 

1.  ne,  adv.,  not;  ne  .  .  .  qui- 
dem,  not  even. 

2.  ne,  conj.,  that  .  .  .  not,  lest; 
after  word  of  fearing,  that. 

3.  ne,  inter j.,   truly,  verily. 

Neapolitan!,  -orum,  M.,  the  in- 
habitants of  Neapolis,  or 
Naples. 

nee,  see  neque. 

necessario,  adv.  [necessarius], 
of  necessity. 

necessarius,  -a,  -um  [necesse], 
necessary,  inevitable,  unavoid- 
able; as  noun,  connection, 
kinsman,  relative. 


necesse,  indecl.  adj.,  necessary, 

necessitas,  -tatis,  F.  [necesse], 
necessity. 

necessitudo,  -inis,  F.  [necesse], 
close  relationship,  connection. 

necne,  conj.,  or  not,  used  at  tlie 
end  of  a  double  question. 

need,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [nex], 
tr.,  put  to  death,  kill. 

nefandus,  -a,  -um  [ne  +  for, 
speak],  unspeakable,  abom- 
inable. 

nefarie,  adv.  [nefarius],  im- 
piously. 

nefarius,  -a,  -um  [nefas],  im- 
pious, abominable,  nefarious, 
wicked,  infamous.  Cat.,  I,  10. 

neglegenter,  adv.,  carelessly. 

neglego,  -legere,  -lexi,  -lectum 
[nee  +  lego],  tr.,  disregard, 
neglect,  ignore,  treat  lightly. 

nego,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.  and 
intr.,  say  no,  deny;  refuse; 
say  .  .  .  not.  , 

negotior,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [nego- 
tium],  dep.,  do  business,  trade. 

negdtium,  -i,  N.  [nee  +  otium], 
business,  affairs;  task,  trouble; 
matter. 

nemo,  dat.  nemini,  ace.  nemi- 
nem,  gen.  and  abl.  from 
nuUus,  M.  [ne  +  homo],  no 
one,  nobody. 

nepos,  -Otis,  M.,  grandson; 
spendthrift.  Cat.,  II,  4. 

nequam,  indecl.  adj.,  worthless, 
vile. 

neque  (before  vowels  or  cons.), 
nee  (before  cons.),  conj.,  and 
not,  nor;  neque  (nee)  .  .  . 
neque  (nee),  neither  .  .  .  nor. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


467 


nequior,  comp.  of  nequam. 
nequitia,     -ae,     F.     [nequam], 

worthlessness ;  neglect,  negli- 
gence,  remissness,   indecision. 

nervus,  -i,  M.,  nerve,  sinew; 
force,  strength. 

nescio,  -ire,  -ivi  (ii), — [ne  + 
scio],  tr.,  not  know,  he  ignorant. 

nescio  quis,  nescio  quid,  (I 
know  not  who),  some  one,  (I 
know  not  what),  something. 

neve,  or  neu,  conj.  [ne  +  -ve], 
and  that  not,  and  not. 

nex,  necis,  F.,  violent  death, 
murder. 

nihil,  indecl.  noun,  or  nihilum, 
-i,  N.,  nothing;  ace.  as  adv., 
not  at  all;  nihil-dum,  nothing 
as  yet. 

nimis,  adv.,  too,  too  much. 

nimium,  adv.,  too. 

nimius,  -a,  -um  [nimis],  exces- 
sive, too  much,  too  great;  as  a 
noun,  too  much,  Cat.,  Ill,  9. 

nisi,  conj.,  if  not,  unless,  except, 
hut. 

niteo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  shine,  glisten. 

nitidus,  -a,  -um  [niteo],  shining; 
sleek. 

nix,  nivis,  F.,  snow. 

nobilis,  -e  [nosco],  well-known, 
famous,  nohle,  of  high  rank. 

nobilitas,  -tatis,  F.  [nobilis], 
fame,  renown;  high  hirth, 
nobility. 

nocens,  -entis,  adj.  [noceo], 
guilty;  as  noun,  guilty  man, 
criminal. 

noceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  intr., 
harm,  injure. 

nocturnus,    -a,    -um    [nox],    hy 


night,   at  night,   nightly,   noc- 
turnal. 
nolo,    nolle,   nolui,    —  [non    + 

volo]    (App.  48),  irr.,  he   un- 
willing, not  wish. 
nomen,  -inis,  N.,  name. 
nominatim,   adv.    [nomino],    hy 

name,  expressly. 
nomino,  -are,   -avi,  -atum   [no- 
men],     tr,,     name,     call     (by 

name). 
n5n,  adv.,  not. 
Nonae,  arum,  F.,  the  Nones. 
nondum,     adv.     [non  +  dum], 

not  yet. 
nonne,  interrog.  adv.,  expecting 

affirmative   answer,   not. 
nonnuUus,     -a,      -um     [non-h 

nullus],     (not    none),     some; 

pi.  as  noun,  some. 
nonnumquam,      «dv.      [non  + 

numquam],  sometimes. 
nos,    gen.    nostrum    or    nostrl, 

pers.  pron.,  we;   see  ego. 
nosco,   -ere,    novi,    notum,    tr., 

learn;   perf.,  know. 
noster,  -tra,  -trum,  poss.  pron., 

our,      of    us;      sometimes  = 

mens,  rny. 
nota,  -ae,  F.,  mark,  sign,  brand. 
noto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum   [nota], 

tr.,  mark,  hrand,  single  out. 
notus,  -a,  -um  [nosco],  knowriy 

well-known. 
novem,  adj.,  indecl.,  nine. 
November,  -bris,  -bre   [novem], 

of  November. 
novus,  -a,  -um,    new,  unusual; 

novae  res,  pi.,  change  of  gov- 

ernment,    revolution. 
nox,  noctis,  F.,  night. 


468 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY 


nudius  tertius  [nunc  dies  tertius 
est],  day  before  yesterday. 

nudus,  -a,  -um,  naked,  hare, 
vacant. 

nuUus,  -a,  -um  [neg.  of  ullus], 
(App.  13),  not  any,  no,  none, 
no  one. 

num,  interrog.  particle ;  in  a 
dir.  question  implies  a  neg. 
answer,  but  has  no  equiva- 
lent English  word ;  in  an 
indlr.   question,   whether. 

Numantia,  -ae,  F.,  Numantia,  a 
city  of  Spain. 

numen,  -inis,  N.  [nuo,  nod], 
command,  will,  divine  will, 
authority. 

numerus,  -i,  M.,  number. 

numquam,  adv.  [ne  +  um- 
quam],  never. 

nunc,  adv.,  now. 

nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
report,  announce. 

nuntius,  -i,  M.,  messenger;  mes- 
sage, order. 

nuper,  adv.,  recently. 

nuptiae, -arum,  F.  [nubo,  marry], 
marriage,  wedding. 

nusquam,  adv.,  nowhere. 

nutus,  -us,  M.  [nuo,  nod],  nod, 
command,  order,  will. 

O 

O,  inter j.,  0!   oh!   alas! 

ob,  prep.  w.  ace,  on  account  of, 

for;  as  prefix,  towards,  against, 

in  front  of. 
obeo,   -ire,   -IT,   -itum    [eo],   tr., 

and  intr.,  go  to  meet,  attend  to; 

reach.  Cat.,  Ill,  10  ;  accomplish, 

commit,  transact,  P   12.  17. 


obicio,     -icere,     -ieci,     -lectum 

[iacio],    tr.,   throw   before,    ex- 
pose. 

oblecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [lacto, 
allure],   tr.,   delight,  entertain. 

oblige,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [ligo, 
bind],  tr.,  bind  up;  pledge^ 
mortgage,  place  under  obliga- 
tion. 

oblino,  -linere,  -levi,  -litum 
[lin5],  smear  over,  cover. 

oblitus,  -a,  -um,  part,  of  oblinS. 

oblitus,  -a,  -um,  part,  of  oblivis- 
cor,  forgetting,  forgetful. 

oblivio,  -onis,  F.  [obliviscor],  a 
forgetting,  oblivion. 

obliviscor,  -i,  oblitus  sum,  dep., 
forget. 

oboedio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum  [ob  -f- 
audio],  intr.,  listen  to,  give 
heed  to,  obey. 

obrepo,  -repere,  -repsi,  -rep- 
tum  [repo],  creep  up,  steal  on, 
come  on. 

obruo,  -ruere,  -rui,  -rutum  [ruo], 
tr.,  overwhelm,  bury. 

obscure,  adv.  [obscurus],  darkly, 
obscurely,  stealthily. 

obscuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [ob- 
scurus], tr.,  hide,  conceal,  ob' 
scure,  veil,  keep  secret,  Ar. 
11. 

obscurus,  -a,  -um,  dark,  ob- 
scure, concealed,  unknown, 
secret;  neut.  as  noun,  ob- 
scurity. 

obsecro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [sacro, 
tr.,  entreat,  implore. 

obsecundo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[secundo],  intr.,  yield  to,  favor, 
comply  with. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


469 


obses,  -sidis,  M.  or  F.,  hostage; 
'pledge. 

obsideo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessum 
[sedeo],tr.,  (sit  down  against), 
besiege,  hem  in,  surround, 
Cat.,  I,  2  ;  waich  for,  Cat.,  I, 
10. 

obsidio,  -onis,  F.  [obsideo], 
siege,  invasion.    Cat.,  IV,   10. 

obsisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  -stitum 
[sisto],  intr.,  stand  in  the  way, 
oppose,  resist,  withstand. 

obsolesco,  -ere,  obsolevi,  ob- 
soletum  [olesco],  intr.,  be  out 
of  date,  become  obsolete,  lose 
force,  P.  17. 

obsto,  -stare,  -stiti,  —  [sto], 
intr.,  stand  before,  thwart, 
hinder,  check. 

obstupefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -fac- 
tum, pass,  fio,  -fieri,  -factus 
sum,  tr.,  astound,  daze,  over- 
power. 

obstupesco,  -ere,  obstupui,  — 
[stupesco],  intr.,  be  stunned, 
be  amazed,  be  astounded. 

obsum,  -esse,  -fui,  —  [sum], 
intr.,  be  against,  injure,  harm. 

obtempero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[tempero],  submit,  obey;  com- 
ply with,  P.  16 ;  consult,  P. 
19. 

obtineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentum 
[teneo],  tr.,  hold,  possess; 
maintain,  retain,  prove.  Cat., 
IV,  6. 

obtingo,  -tingere,  -tigi,  — 
[tango],  intr.,  fall  to  the  lot  of, 
befall,  happen. 

obtrecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[tracto],  tr.  and    intr.,   make 


objection  to,  be  opposed  to, 
decry. 

occasio,  -onis,  F.  [occido],  oppor^ 
tunity. 

occasus,  -us,  M.  [occido],  a  fall- 
ing, downfall;   setting. 

occidens,  -entis,  M.  [occido] 
(sc.  sol),  the  sunset,  the  west. 

occido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisum 
[ob  +  caedo],    tr.,    kill,   slay, 

occludo,  -cludere,  -clusi,  -clu- 
sum  [ob  +  claud5],  tr.,  shut 
up,  close. 

occulte,  adv.  [occultus],  secretly. 

occulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
conceal,  hide. 

occultus,  -a,  -um  [occulo,  cover], 
secret. 

occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
seize,  take  possession  of,  oc- 
cupy;   invest,   P.  2. 

occurro,  -currere,  -curri,  -cur- 
sum  [ob  +  curro],  intr.,  run 
to  meet,  meet;  encounter,  op- 
pose. 

Oceanus,  -i,  M.,  the  ocean. 

Octavius,  -i,  M.,  Octavius,  a 
gentile  name;  1.  Cn.  Octa- 
vius, consul  87  B.C. ;  2.  L. 
Octavius,  consul  75  B.C. 

octingentesimus,  -a,  -um,  eight 
hundredth. 

oculus,  -i,  M.,  eye. 

odi,  odisse,  def.  vb.  (App.  50), 
hate;  perf.  system  w.  mean- 
ings of  pres.  system. 

odiosus,  -a,  -um  [odium],  hate- 
ful, odious. 

odium,  -i,  N.  [odi],  hatred. 

odor,  -oris,  M.,  smell,  odor,  per- 
fume. 


470 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


offensio,  -onis,  F.  [ofifendo],  (a 
striking  against),  disaster, 
reverse,  loss. 

ofiEensus,  -a,  -um  [ofifendo], 
odious,  detested,  offensive,  an 
object  of  offense. 

ofifero,  offerre,  obtuli,  oblatum 
[ob  +  fero],  tr.,  present,  offer; 
expose,  give. 

officium,  -i,  N.  [opus,  facio],  ser- 
vice, kindness,  duty. 

olim,  adv.,  formerly,  long  ago, 
Ar.  9. 

omen,  -inis,  N.,  omen. 

omitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missum 
[ob  +  mitto],  tr.,  let  go;  pass 
over,  disregard,  say  nothing 
of,  omit,  abandon,  P.  7 ;  set 
aside,  P.  17. 

omnino,  adv.  [omnis],  altogether, 
entirely;  w.  neg.,  at  all. 

omnis,  -e,  all,  every,  the  whole, 
the  whole  of. 

onus,  -eris,  N.,  load,  burden; 
cargo. 

opera,  -ae,  F.  [opus],  service, 
work,  assistance,  effort;  occu- 
pation; see  pretium ;  operam 
dare,  take  pains,  use  influence. 

Opimius,  -i,  M.,  Opimus,  a 
gentile  name ;  L.  Opimius, 
consul  121  B.C. 

opimus,  -a,  -um,  fat;   rich. 

opinio,  -onis,  F.  [opinor],  opin- 
ion, notion,  idea,  impression; 
expectation. 

opinor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  dep., 
think,   suppose,   imagine. 

opitulor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [ops, 
fero],  dep.,  bear  aid,  help. 

oportet,  oportere,   oportuit,  im- 


pers.    (App.  52),  it  is  neces- 
sary,  it  ought. 

oppeto,  -petere,  -petivi,  -petitum 
[ob  +  peto],  tr.,  meet,  en- 
counter. 

oppidum,  -i,  N.,  town. 

oppono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -pos- 
itum  [ob  +  pono],  tr.,  set 
before,  oppose,  place  in  com- 
parison. 

opportiinitas,  -tatis,  F.  [oppor- 
tunus],  opportunity,,  fortunate 
circumstance,  P.  17. 

opportunus,  -a,  -um  [ob,  portus], 
suitable,  advantageous. 

opprimo,  -primere,  -pressi, 
-pressum  [ob  +  premo],  tr., 
(press  against),  crush,  over- 
whelm, oppress,  burden,  weigh 
down,  check.  Cat.,  I,  13 ;  de- 
stroy, P.  12. 

oppugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [ob 
+  pugno],  tr.,  fight  against, 
attack,  assault. 

ops,  opis,  F.  (nom.  and  dat. 
sing,  not  used),  help;  pi., 
resources,  power,  influence. 

optimas,  -atis,  adj.  [optimus], 
of  the  best,  pi.  optimates, 
-ium,  M.,  the  optimates  (op- 
ti-ma'tez),  the  nobles,  the  aris- 
tocracy. 

optime,  adv.,  sup.  of  bene. 

optimus,  see  bonus. 

opto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
choose,  wish,  desire,  hope  for. 

opulentia,  -ae  [opulens],  riches, 
opulence,  prosperity. 

opus,  -eris,  N.,  work;  nom.  and 
ace.  in  phrases  w.  sum,  need; 
opus  est,  there  is  need,  it  is 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


471 


necessary;  magno  opere, 
greatly,  thoroughly. 

ora,  -ae,  F.,  coast,  shore;  dis- 
trict. 

oratio,  -onis,  F.  [oro],  speech, 
address,  oration,  words,  lan- 
guage;  argument. 

orbis,  orbis,  M.,  circle;  orbis 
terrae  (or  terrarum),  (circle 
of  land,  i.e.  around  the  Medi- 
terranean), the  earth,  the 
whole  world. 

ordo,  -inis,  M.,  line,  row;  rank, 
class,  order,  body  (referring  es- 
pecially to  the  Senate  or  the 
equites). 

orior,  -iri,  ortus  sum,  dep., 
rise,  spring;  oriens,  -entis, 
as  noun,  the  rising  (sun),  the 
east. 

ornamentum,  -i,  N.  [orno], 
equipment;  -decoration,  orna- 
ment, distinction;  grace,  glory, 
P.  17. 

ornate,  adv.  [ornatus],  grace- 
fully, elegantly. 

ornatus,  -a,  -um  [orno],  fur- 
nished, equipped,  adorned, 
honored,  possessed  of,  pro- 
vided with;  honorable,  P.  1  ; 
substantial,  P.  6. 

orno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr..  Jit 
out,  furnish,  equip;  honor, 
adorn,  embellish,  add  lustre  to. 

oro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  speak, 
beseech,  implore,  beg. 

ortus,  -us,  M.  [orior],  a  rising; 
solis  ortus,  the  east. 

OS,  oris,  N.,  mouth,  face,  coun- 
tenance. 

ostendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -ten- 


tum  [ob  +  tendo],  tr.,  stretch 

out,  show,  make  evident,  Ar.  7. 

display. 
ostento,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq. 

of    ostendo],    tr.,    show,    dis" 

play. 
Ostiensis,  -e,  of  Ostia,  the  port 

of  Rome,  at  the  mouth  of  the 

Tiber, 
ostium,  -i,  N.  [6s],  mouth,  er\r- 

trance. 
otiosus,    -a,    -um    [otium],     at 

leisure,     at     peace,     peaceful^ 

peaceable,   unconcerned,   tran^ 

quit,  quiet. 
otium,  -i,  N.,  leisure,  ease,  idle^ 

ness;   quiet,  peace. 


P.,  see  Publius. 

pacatus,    -a,    -um    [paco],    sm6- 

dued,  peaceful. 
paciscor,   -i,   pactus   sum,  dep., 

agree,  agree  upon,  stipulate, 
paco,    -are,    -avi,    -atum    [pax], 

tr.,     make     peaceful,    subdue. 

pacify. 
pactum,  -i,  N.  [paciscor],  (agree- 
ment), manner,  way. 
paene,  adv.,  almost. 
paenitet,  -ere,  -uit,  impers.,    it 

repents. 
palam,  adv.,  openly,  plainly. 
Palatium,    -i,   N.,    the    Palatine 

Hill. 
Pamphylia,  -ae,  F.,  Pamphylia, 

a  country  in    southern   Asia 

Minor. 
Papius,    -a,    -um,    of     Papius, 

Papian. 
par,  paris   (abl.    pari,    gen.    pi. 


472 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


parium),    adj.,     equal,     like; 

adequate;   a  match  (for). 
paratus,  -a,  -um  [paro],    ready, 

prepared,  equipped. 
parco,     -ere,     peperci      (parsi) 

parsum,  intr.,  spare,  he   con- 
siderate of. 
parens,  -entis,  M.  or  F.  [pario], 

parent;  father,  mother. 
pareo,   -ere,   -ui,    -itum,    intr., 

obey,  submit  (to),  follow,  bow 

(to),  P.  22. 
paries,  parietis,  M.,  wall  (of  a 

house),  house  wall. 
pario,    parere,    peperi,    partum 

(fut.     part,     pariturus),     tr., 

bring   forth,    produce,    create, 

form;      procure,     win,     gain; 

incur.  Cat.,  I,  12. 
paro,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr., 

make  ready,  prepare,  provide, 

procure. 
parricida,  -ae,  M.  [pater,  caedo], 

(one  who   slays   his   father), 

parricide,  murderer,  assassin. 
parricidium,   -i,   N.    [parricida], 

parricide,  murder. 
pars,     partis,     F.,     part,     side, 

direction;        party,      faction; 

measure,  P.  9. 
particeps,  participis,  adj.  [pars, 

capio],     sharing,     as     noun, 

sharer,    partaker,   participant, 

accomplice. 
partim,    adv.,    partly;     partim 

.    .    .    partim,   partly    .    .    . 

partly;  some  .  .  .  others; 

either  .  .  .  or. 
partus,  -a,  -um,  see  pario. 
parum,    adv.     (App.     20),     but 

little^  too  little. 


parvulus,  -a,  -um  [dim.  of  par- 
vus], very  small,  little. 
parvus,   -a,   -um,   small,   slight^ 

little,  narrow. 
pastio,   -onis,    F.    [pasco],    pas-^ 

turing,  grazing,  pasturage. 
pastor,      -oris,      M.       [pasco], 

shepherd,  herdsman. 
patefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factum 

[pateo  +  facio],  tr.,  lay  open^ 

open,    reveal,    disclose,    relate, 

make  known. 
pateo,    -ere,   -ui,    — ,  intr.,    he 

open,  be  exposed,  be  manifest. 
pater,  patris,  M.,  father;    pater 

familias,  head  of  a  household. 
patientia,     -ae,     F.     [patiens], 

patience,    forbearance,    endur- 

ance,  ability  to  bear,    Cat.,  I, 

10. 
patior,  pati,  passus  sum,  dep., 

suffer,  endure;    allow,  permit. 
patria,  -ae,  F.,  fatherland,  native 

land,  country. 
patricius,   -a,   -um    [pater],   pa- 
trician;   pi.    as     noun,     the 

patricians. 
patrimonium,     -i,     N.     [pater], 

inheritance    (from   a   father), 

patrimony. 
patrius,     -a,     -um     [pater],     of 

one's  father,  ancestral. 
pauci,    -ae,    -a,    few;     pauca, 

-drum,    a  few    things,    a  few 

words,  briefly. 
paulatim,    adv.,    little   by   little j 

gradually. 
paulisper,  adv.  [paulum],  for  a 

short  time. 
paulo,  adv.  [paulus,  little],  by  a 

little,  a  little;   see  ante. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


473 


paulum,  adv.  [paulus],  a  little, 
somewhat. 

Paulus,  -i,  M.,  Paulus,  a  family 
name ;  L.  Aemilius  Paulus, 
consul  168  B.C. 

pax,  pads,  F.,  peace,  harmony, 
concord. 

pecto,  -ere,  pexi,  pexum,  tr., 
comb. 

pecuaria,  -ae,  F.  [pecu],  cattle- 
raising. 

pecunia,  -ae,  F.  [pecu,  cattle], 
property/,  wealth,  riches,  for- 
tune, capital,  money. 

pecus,  -udis,  F.,  a  head  of 
cattle,  beast;   pL,  cattle. 

pedester,  -tris,  -tre  [pes],  on 
foot,  of  foot  soldiers. 

pello,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsum,  tr., 
beat,  drive,  rout;  defeat;  expel, 
banish. 

Penates,  -ium,  M.,  the  Penates 
(pe-na'tez),  gods  of  the  house- 
hold. 

penetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
and  intr.,  enter,  penetrate. 

penitus,  adv.,  inwardly,  deeply, 
wholly. 

pensito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[pendo],  tr.,  weigh  out;   pay. 

per,  prep.  w.  aec,  through,  by; 
for;  owing  to,  P.  1 ;  during; 
as  prefix,  through,  thoroughly, 
very. 

peradulescens,  -entis,  adj.,  very 
young. 

perbrevis,  -e  [brevis],  very  short. 

percello,  -ere,  -culi,  -culsimi, 
strike,  down,  cast  down,  dis- 
hearten. 

percipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum 


[capio],  tr.,  (take  fully),  rg- 
ceive,  reap;  perceive,  hear^ 
learn,  appreciate,  Ar.  7. 

percutio,  -cutere,  -cussi,  -cus- 
sum  [quatio],  tr.,  strike. 

perditus,  -a,  -um  [perdo],  lost^ 
ruined,  desperate;  corrupt, 
criminal,  depraved,  wortnless, 
profligate;  as  noun,  scoundrel. 

perdo,  -ere,  perdidi,  perditum 
[do],  tr.,  ruin. 

perduco,  -ducere,  -diixi,  -duc- 
tum  [duco],  tr.,  lead  through, 
bring. 

peregrinor,  -ari,  -atus  sum 
[peregrinus],  dep.,  go  abroad, 
travel. 

peregrinus,  -a,  -um  [per,  ager], 
foreign,  strange,  provincial. 

pereo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  [eo],  intr., 
perish,  die. 

perfectus,  -a,  -um  [perficio], 
finished;  perfect,  ideal. 

perfero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum 
[fero],  tr.,  (bear  through), 
carry,  bring;  report;  suffer, 
endure,  tolerate. 

perficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum 
[facio],  tr.,  do  thoroughly,  ac- 
complish, complete,  bring  about, 
cause. 

perfringo,  -fringere,  -fregi, 
-fractum  [frango],  tr.,  break 
through,  break  down;  violate. 

perfruor,  -frui,  -friictus  sum 
[fruor],  dep.,  enjoy  fidly. 

perfugium,  -i,  N.  [perfugio], 
place  of  refuge,  refuge,  shelter. 

pergo,  -ere,  perrexi,  perrectum 
[per  +  rego],  intr.,  proceed, 
go  on;    continue. 


474 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


perhorresco,  -ere,  perhorrui,  — 

[horresco],  tr.,  shudder  at, 
tremble  at  the  thought  of, 
Cat.,  IV,  6. 

periclitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [peri- 
culum],  dep.,  try,  test;  imperil, 
endanger,  risk. 

periculosus,  -a,  -um  ^pericu- 
lum],  dangerous,  perilous. 

periculum,  -i,  N.,  trial;  danger, 
peril,  risk;    lawsuit. 

periniquus,  -a,  -um  [per  +  in 
+  aequus],  very  (or  most) 
unjust. 

peritus,  -a,  -um,  skillful,  skilled, 
experienced  (in). 

permagnus,  -a,  -um,  very  great, 
very  large. 

permaneo,  -manere,  -mansi, 
-mansum  [maneo],  intr.,  re- 
main. 

permitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sum  [mitto],  tr.,  let  go,  give 
up,  surrender,  intrust;  permit. 

permodestus,  -a,  -um  [modes- 
tus],  very  modest. 

permove5,  -movere,  -movi,  -mo- 
tum  [moveo],  tr.,  mo^^e  deeply; 
influence,  impel,  actvate. 

permulti,  -ae,  -a,  very  many,  in 
great  numbers. 

permultum,  adv.  [permultus], 
very  much. 

pernicies,  -ei,  F.,  destruction^ 
ruin,  disaster,  calamity. 

perniciosus,  -a,  -um  [pernicies], 
destructive,  ruinoui'  danger- 
ous, traitorous. 

pernocto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [nox], 
intr.,  spend  the  night. 

perpetuus,  -a,  -um   [peto],  con- 


tinuous, perpetual,  permanent^ 
lasting;  in  perpetuum, /orever. 

persaepe,  adv.  [saepe],  very 
often,  many  times. 

perscribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!, 
-scriptum  [scribo],  tr.,  write 
•^ut,  write  in  full. 

persequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum 
[sequor],  dep.,  follow  up,  pur- 
sue, prosecute,  revenge,  avenge^ 
P.  5. 

Perses,  -ae,  M.  (App.  11), 
Perses,  king  of  Macedonia. 

perseverantia,  -ae,  F.  [perse^ 
vero],  perseverance. 

persona,  -ae,  F.  [per,  sono], 
(mask),  character,  person. 

perspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spec- 
tum  [specie J,  tr.,  see  through^ 
perceive,  observe,  see  clearly. 

persuadeo,  -suadere,  -suad, 
suasum.,  intr.,  persuade,  con- 
vince. 

perterreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum 
[terreo],  tr.,  frighten  thor- 
oughly, terrify. 

pertimesco,  -timescere,  -timui, 
—  [timesco],  tr.  and  intr.,  be 
thoroughly  frightened,  become 
alar7ned;  dread,  fear. 

pertineo,  -ere,  -ui,  —  [teneo], 
intr.,  extend,  reach,  tend;  con- 
cern, pertain,  belong,  relate. 

perturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr. 
[turbo],  throw  into  confusion^ 
disturb,  aqitafe.  alarm. 

pervado,  -vadere,  -vasi,  -vasum 
[vado],  tr.,  go  through,  spread 
through,  penetrate,  reach,  per- 
vade, fill. 

pervenio,  -venire,  -veni,   -ver»- 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


475 


turn  [venio],  intr.,  arrive,  come, 

reach,  attain. 
pes,  pedis,  M..,  foot. 
pestis,  pestis,  F.,  plague;   ruin, 

destruction;    pest,   curse,  bane. 
petitio,  -onis,  F.    [peto],  thrust, 

blow,  attack. 
peto,  -ere,  petivi,  petitum,    tr., 

seek,  ask,  beg;   aim  at,  attack. 
petulantia,    -ae,    F.     [petulans], 

impudence,  wantonness. 
Philippus,    -i,    M.,    Philippus, 

Philip;  especially  Philip  V., 

king  of  Macedonia ;  L.  Philip- 
pus, consul  91  B.C. 
philosophus,    -i,     M.,     philoso- 
pher. 
Picenus,  -a,  -um,  of  Pice'num, 

a  district  northeast  of  Rome, 
pietas,  -tatis,  F.  [plus],  devotion, 

piety,      righteousness;      filial 

affection. 
pila,   -ae,    F.  ball,   ball-playing, 

game  of  ball. 
pinguis,  -e,  fat,  dull,  stupid. 
Pius,  -i,  M.,  Pius,  a  surname, 
placeo,    -ere,  -ui,   -itum,    intr., 

please;    impers.,  it  pleases,  it 

is  agreed,  it  seems  right,  it  is 

thought  best. 
placo,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr., 

appease,      satisfy,      reconcile, 

pacify. 
plane,      adv.      [planus,      level], 

plainly,  clearly. 
plebs,  plebis  or  plebi  (or  plebes, 

-ei),   F.,   the  common   people, 

the  people. 
plenus,  -a,  -um,  full. 
plerique,     -aeque,     -aque,     pi. 

adj.,  very  many,  most. 


Plotius,  -1,  M.  Plotius,  a  gentile 
name ;  L.  Plotius  Gallus,  a 
rhetorician. 

plurimus,  -a,  um,  sup.  of  mul- 
tus,  most;  plurimum,  adv. 
(multum),  most,  plurimum 
posse,  be  most  (or  very) 
powerful. 

plus,  comp.  adj.  and  adv. 
[multus],  (App.  17),  more; 
pi.,  more,  many. 

poena,  -ae,  F.,  punishment^ 
penalty. 

Poenus,  -i,  M.,  a  Phoenician,  a 
Carthaginian. 

poeta,  -ae,  M.,  poet. 

poUo,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr., 
polish,  finish. 

polliceor,  -eri,  pollicitus  sum 
[pro  +  liceor],  dep.,  promise, 
pledge. 

Pompeius  (Pompei,  Pompeio, 
Pompeium),  Pompey,  a 
nomen  or  gentile  name  ;  Cn. 
Pompeius  Magnus,  the  fa- 
mous general. 

Pomptinus,  -I,  M.,  Pompti'nus, 
a  family  name ;  C.  Pompti- 
nus, praetor  63  b.c. 

pono,  ponere,  posui,  positum, 
tr.,  place,  put,  set;  w.  castra, 
pitch. 

pons,  pontis,  ISI.,  bridge. 

pontifex,  -ficis,  M.  [p5ns,  facio], 
priest,  pontiff;  pontifex  maxi- 
mus,  high  priest. 

Pontus,  -i,  M.,  Pontus,  a 
country  of  Asia  Minor,  south 
of  the  Pontus  Euxinus  (Black 
Sea) ,  from  which  the  name  is 
derived. 


476 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


popina,  -ae,  F.,  cookshop,  eat- 
ing house,  tavern. 

popularis,  -e  [populus],  popular, 
of  the  people,  devoted  to  the 
people,  acceptable  to  the  peo- 
ple. 

populus,  -i,  M.,  people,  nation ; 
the  citizens  (opp.  milites). 

porta,  -ae,  F.,  gate. 

portus,  -us,  M.,  harbor,  port. 

posco,   -ere,   poposci,   ,   tr., 

demand. 

positus,  -a,  -um  [pono],  placed, 
situated,  lying. 

possessio,  -onis,  F.  [possideo], 
possessio7i,  property. 

possum,  posse,  potui  [potis, 
able  +  sum],  (App.  44),  irr., 
be  able,  can;  usually  w.  a 
complementary  inf. 

post,  prep.  w.  ace,  after,  be- 
hind; within;  as  adv.,  after- 
wards. 

postea,  adv.  [post  +  ea],  after- 
wards. 

posteaquam,  conj.,  after. 

posteritas,  -tatis  [posterus],  the 
future;  posterity. 

posterus,  -a,  -um  [post]  (App. 
19),  following;  pi.  as  noun, 
posterity,  descendants;  in 
posterum  (tempus),  for  the 
future. 

posthac,  adv.  [hac],  after  this, 
hereafter. 

postquam,  conj.  [post  +  quam], 
after. 

postremo,  adv.  [postremus], 
finally,  lastly. 

postremus,  -a,  -um  [posterus], 
last. 


postulatum,  -i,  N.  [postulo],  a 
demand. 

postulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
ask,  demand,  claim  (with 
reasons  of  right)  ;   request. 

potens,  potentis,  adj.,  power- 
ful. 

potestas,  -tatis,  F.  [potis], 
power,  opportunity,  permis- 
sion. 

potior,  -iri,  -itus  sum,  dep.,  get 
possession  of,  secure,  become 
master  of. 

potissimum  [sup.  of  potius], 
especially,  above  all,  in  prefer- 
ence to  all  others,  P.  10. 

potius,  adv.  comp.,  rather^ 
more. 

prae,   prep.   w.   abl.,   before,  in 
front  of;    in  comparison  withy 
Cat,  II,  3;    as  prefix,  before^ 
over. 

praebeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum  [prae 
+  habeo],  tr.,  hold  forth,  offer  y 
render,  show.  Cat,  IV,  6; 
afford,  furnish,  Ar.  7. 

praeceps,  -cipitis,  adj.  [prae  + 
caput],  (headforemost),  rash, 
inconsiderate. 

praeceptum,  -i,  N.  [praecipio], 
precept,  ride. 

praecipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -cep- 
tum  [capio],  take  beforehand^ 
advise,  warn,  direct. 

praecipue,  adv.  [praecipuus], 
especially. 

praecipuus,  -a,  -um  [capio], 
(taken  first),  special,  par- 
ticular. 

praeclarus,  -a,  -um  [clarus], 
very     bright,     illustrious,     re- 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


477 


markdhle,  extraordinary;  fine, 
Cat.,1,  11;   noble,  honorable. 

praeco,  -onis,  M.  [prae,  voco], 
herald,  eulogizer. 

praeconium,  -i,  N.  [praeco], 
proclaiming,  'publishing. 

pjfaecurro,  -currere,  -cucurri,  — 
[curro],  intr.,  run  before,  excel. 

praeda,  -ae,  F.,  -plunder,  booty. 

praedator,  -oris,  M.  [praedor], 
robber. 

praedicatio,  -onis,  F.  [praedico], 
proclamation,  praise. 

praedico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [dico], 
tr.  and  intr.,  declare,  assert; 
proclaim,  say,  call,  inention. 

praedico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictum 
[dico],  iv.,  foretell,  predict,  say 
first,  Cat,  IV,  3. 

praeditus,  -a,  -um  [prae  +datus], 
gifted,  endowed,  possessing,  en- 
joying. 

praedium,  -i,  N.,  a  farm,  estate. 

praedo,  -onis,  M.,  robber,  pi- 
rate. 

praefectura,  -ae,  F.  [praefectus], 
prefecture,  either  the  office  of 
governor  in  a  province,  or  a 
city  governed  by  a  prefect. 

praefero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  latum 
[fero],  tr.,  bear  before,  carry 
before;  offer,  present;    prefer. 

praeficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum 
[facio],  tr.,  set  over,  put  in 
charge  (of). 

praemitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sum  [mitto],  tr.,  send  ahead, 
send  in  advance. 

praemium,  -i,  N.  [prae  4-  emo], 
reward,  gift. 

Praeneste,    -is,    N.,    Praeneste 


(pre-nes'te),  a  town  in  Latium 
now  Palestrina. 

praepono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 
tum  [pono],  tr.,  set  over,  put 
in  charge  {command)  of. 

praescribo,  -scribere,  -scripsi, 
-scriptum  [scribo],  tr.,  direct^ 
enjoin  upon,  prescribe. 

praesens,  -entis,  adj.  [praesum], 
at  hand,  present  in  one^s 
midst,  in  person,  evident^ 
opportune. 

praesentia,  -ae,  F.  [praesens], 
presence;  the  present  time; 
in  praesentia,  at  the  present 
time. 

praesentio,  -sentire,  -sensi,  sen- 
sum  [sentio],  tr.,  see  in  ad- 
vance, anticipate,  look  forward, 

praesertim,  adv.,  especially. 

praesideo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  — 
[sedeo],  intr.,  guard,  protect^ 
watch  over,  preside  over. 

praesidium,  -i,  N.  [praesideo], 
defense,  protection;  guards 
garrison  ;  force. 

1.  praesto,  adv.,  at  hand,  ready. 

2.  praesto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -sti- 
tum  [sto],  stand  before,  excel; 
guarantee,  do,  accomplish , 
keep. 

praestolor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  dep., 
await,  wait  for,  expect. 

praesum,  -esse,  -fui,  intr.,  be 
at  the  head  of,  be  in  command 

of. 
praeter,   prep.  w.   ace,  except^ 

besides,    contrary   to,   beyond; 

as  prefix,  by. 
praeterea,    adv.    [ea],    besides, 

moreover. 


478 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


praetereo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itum  [eo], 
tr.,  go  by,  pass  over,  omit. 

praeteritus,  -a,  -um  [praetereo], 
gone  hy,  past;  neut.  pi.,  the 
past. 

praetermitto,  -mittere,  -misi, 
-missum  [mitto],  tr.,  let  go  hy, 
omit,  pass  over,  overlook. 

praeterquam,  adv.,  except,  be- 
yond. 

praetextatus,  -a,  -um  [praetexo], 
wearing  the  toga  praetexta,  in 
childhood. 

praetextus,  -a,  -um  [praetexo], 
bordered;  praetexta  (sc.  toga), 
the  purple-bordered  toga 
worn  by  Roman  boys  and 
magistrates  ;  in  praetexta,  in 
boyhood. 

praetor,  -oris,  M.  [prae  +  eo], 
(one  who  goes  ahead,  com- 
mander), praetor,  a  Roman 
judge;  see  Introd.  34. 

praetorius,  -a,  -um  [praetor], 
of  a  praetor,  of  a  general; 
cohors  praetoria,  body  guard. 

praetura,  -ae,  F.  [praetor], 
praetorship. 

precor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [prex, 
prayer],  dep.,  intreat,  pray 
to,  invoke. 

prem5,  -ere,  pressi,  pressum, 
tr.,  press,  burden,  oppress, 
distress,  overwhelm. 

pretium,  -i,  N.,  worth,  value, 
price;  bribery;  operae  pre- 
tium, worth  while. 

pridem,  adv.,  long  ago;  iam 
pridem,  long  ago,  for  a  long 
time. 

pridie,  adv.,  ihe  day  before. 


primo,    adv.    [primus],    ai  firsts 

first. 
primum,    adv.    [primus],    firsts 

in  the  first  place;  for  the  first 

time;   quam  primum,  as  soon 

as  possible. 
primus,  -a,  -um,  first;  in  primis, 

especially. 
princeps,  principis,  adj.,  first  in 

order,  chief;    as   noun,   chiefy 

chief     man,    prince;      leader  ^ 

guide. 
principio,   adv.    [abl.   of  princi- 

pium],  in  the  first  place,  first 

of  all. 
principium,    -i,    N.    [princeps], 

beginning. 
prior,  prius    (App.    19),  former, 

preceding,  first;  prius,  ace.  as 

adv.,  before,  first. 
pristinus,  -a,  -um,  former,  early, 
priusquam,       conj.        [prius  + 

quam],   before;  often  written 

prius  .  .  .  quam. 
privatus,  -a,  -um  [privo],  (apart 

from     the     state),     personal^ 

private,  individual;  as  a  noun, 

private    citizen    (opp.    magis- 

tratus). 
privo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [privus], 

tr.,  deprive. 

1.  pro,  prep.  w.  abl.,  before,  in 
front  of,  instead  of,  as,  accord- 
ing to,  in  accordance  with,  in 
behalf  of,  for,  in  defense  of, 
on  account  of. 

2.  pro,  inter j.,  0! 

proavus,    -i,    M.    [avus],    great' 

grandfather,  ancestor. 
probo,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr., 

prove,  approve,  esteem^  admire. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


479 


procedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -ces- 
sum  [cedo],  intr.,  advance, 
proceed. 

procella,  -ae,  F,,  violent  wind, 
storm,  tempest. 

processio,  -onis,  F.  [procedo], 
advance. 

procul,.adv.,  afar  off,  at  a  dis- 
tance, far. 

procuratio,  -onis,  F.  [procure], 
(a  caring  for),  charge,  manage- 
ment, task. 

prodigium,  -i,  N.,  (prophetic 
sign),  prodigy  (of  wicked- 
ness). Cat.,  II,  1. 

prodigus,  -a,  -um,  wasteful; 
lavish,  prodigal;  as  noun, 
spendthrift. 

prodo,  -ere,  prodidi,  proditum 
[do],  tr.,  give  forth;  hand 
down,  transmit. 

proelium,  -i,  N.,  battle. 

profectio,  -onis,  F.  [proficiscor], 
departure. 

profecto,  adv.  [pro  +  facto],  (for 
a  fact),  really,  actually,  cer- 
tainly, surely,  truly. 

profero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum 
[fero],  tr.,  bring  forth,  pro- 
duce, bring  forward. 

professio,  -onis,  F.  [profiteer], 
declnnition,  registration,  Ar.  4. 

proficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum 
[facio],  tr.  and  intr.,  make 
progress,  succeed;  accomplish, 
gain. 

proficiscor,  -i,  profectus  sum 
[proficio],  dep.,  set  out,  depart, 
go  forth,  go ;  begin,  proceed, 
P.  2. 

profiteer,    -fiteri,    -fessus    sum 


[fateor],  dep.,  declare  publicly^ 
profess,  make  declaration, 
register;  offer,  promise. 

profligatus,  -a,  -um  [profiigo], 
abandoned,  unprincipled,  pro- 
fligate. 

profiigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[pro  +  fligo],  tr,,  strike  down^ 
overthrow,  overwhelm. 

profugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  — , 
intr.,  flee. 

profundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fii- 
sum  [fundo],  tr.,  pour  out, 
squander,  dissipate. 

progredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum 
[gradior],  dep.,  go  forward, 
advance,  proceed. 

prohibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum  [pro  -{- 
habeo],  tr.,  hold  back,  check, 
restrain,  cut  off,  prevent,  pro- 
tect, preserve. 

proicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectum 
[iaci5],  tr.,  cast  forth,  cast  out, 
throw  away. 

proinde,  adv.,  therefore. 

prolato,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
extend,  put  off,  delay. 

promitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sum,  tr.,  send  forth,  promise. 

promulgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[mulgo],  tr.,  bring  forward, 
propose  (a  law). 

propago,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[pango],  tr.,  extend,  prolong; 
add.  Cat.,  II,  5 ;  grant,  Cat., 
Ill,  11. 

prope,  prep.  w.  ace.,  near; 
adv.,  near,  nearly,  almost. 

propello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pul- 
sum  [pello],  tr.,  drive  forward, 
drive  away. 


480 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


propero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [pro- 

perus],  intr.,  hasten. 

propono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 
tum  [pono],  tr.,  put  forth,  set 
before,  keep  before,  propose. 

proprius,  -a,  -um,  one's  own, 
special,  peculiar,  characteris- 
tic;  in  accordance  with. 

propter,  prep.  w.  ace,  on 
account  of;  adv.,  near^  near  at 
hand. 

propterea,  adv.,  [ea],  for  this 
reason;  propterea  quod,  for 
the  reason  that. 

propugnaculum,  -i,  N.  [pro- 
pugno],  defense,  fortification, 
bulwark. 

propulso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq. 
of  propello],  tr.,  drive  back, 
ward  off. 

proscriptio,  -onis,  F.  [proscribo], 
(public  notice  of  sale) ;  pro- 
scription; confiscation,  seiz- 
ure. 

prosequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum 
[sequor],  dep.,  follow,  accom- 
pany, escort,  attend. 

prosperus,  -a,  -um  [pro,  spes], 
prosperous,  flourishing. 

prospicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spec- 
turn  [specio],  tr.  and  intr., 
look  forward;  look  out  for, 
provide  for,  foresee. 

prosterno,  -sternere,  -stravi, 
-stratum  [sterno],  tr.,  spread 
out,  prostrate;   subdue. 

prostratus,  -a,  -um  [prosternus], 
prostrate;  subdued. 

prosum,  prodesse,  profui,  — , 
[sum],  intr.,  be  useful^  bene- 
fit. 


proverbium,  -i,  N.  [verbum], 
old  saying,  proverb. 

providentia,  -ae,  F.  [providens], 
foresight,  prudence. 

provide©,  -videre,  -vidi,  -visum 
[video],  tr.  and  intr.,  foresee; 
provide  (for).  Cat.,  II,  9; 
take  care,  arrange;  guard 
against. 

provincia,  -ae,  F.,  province. 

provincialis,  -e  [provincia],  pro- 
vincial,  in  a  province. 

provoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [voco], 
tr.,  call  forth;   provoke,  incite. 

proximus,-a,  -um  [prope,]  (App. 
19),  nearest,  next,  last,  before. 

prudens,  -entis,  adj.,  foreseeing ^ 
wise,  prudent. 

prudentia,  -ae,  F.  [prudens], 
a  foreseeing;  prudence,  wis- 
dom. 

pruina,  -ae,  F.,  frost. 

publicanus,  -i,  M.  [publicus], 
publican,  farmer  or  collector 
of  revenue. 

publicatio,  -onis,  F.  [publico], 
confiscation  (seizure  of  private 
property  for  the  state). 

publice,  adv.  [publicus],  pub- 
licly, by  the  people. 

Publicius,  -i,  M.,  Publicius,  a 
gentile  name. 

publico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [pub- 
licus], tr.,  (make  public), 
confiscate. 

publicus,  -a,  -um  [populus],  of 
the  people,  of  the  state,  public; 
res  publica,  state,  republic, 
commonwealth,  affairs  of  state^ 
interests  of  the  country,  public 
welfare. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


481 


Publius,  -i,  M.,  Puhlius,  a 
praenomen  or  personal  name. 

pudet,  -ere,  -uit,  impers.  [pudor] 
it  shames,  it  causes  shame  in. 

pudicitia,  -ae,  F.  [pudicusj, 
'purity,  chastity. 

pudor,  -oris,  M.,  shame,  a  sense 
of  right,  honor,  modesty,  modest 
worth,  Ar.  12. 

puer,  -eri,  M.,  hoy. 

puerilis,  -e  [puer],  of  a  hoy,  of 
hoyhood. 

pueritia,  -ae,  F.  [puer],  hoy- 
hood. 

pugna,  -ae,  F.,  fight,  battle. 

pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [pugna], 
intr.,  fight,  contend. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  beauti- 
ful, fair;   noble,  honorable. 

pulvinar,  -aris,  N.  [pulvinus,  a 
cushion],  (cushioned  seat 
spread  at  a  feast  of  the  gods), 
altar,  shrine;  for  decl.  see 
App.  7. 

punctum,  -1,  N.  [pungo],  punc- 
ture, point;  punctum  tem- 
poris,  moment,  point  of  time. 

Punicus,  -a,  -um  [Poenus], 
Punic,  Carthaginian. 

punio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum  [poena], 
tr.,  punish. 

puppis,  -is,  F.,  stern. 

purgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
make  clean,  cleanse^  purify; 
free,  acquit. 

purpura,  -ae,  F.,  purple,  purple 
robe. 

purpuratus,  -a,  -um  [purpura], 
clad  in  purple;  as  noun, 
courtier,  prime  minister. 

piirus,  -a,  -um,  clean,  pure. 


puto,    -are,    -avi,     -atum,     tr., 
reckon,  think,  suppose. 


Q.,  see  Quintus. 

qua,  adv.  [qui],  by  which  way^ 
where. 

quaero,  -ere,  -quaesivi,  -quaesi- 
tum,  tr.,  ask,  ask  for,  seek,  in- 
quire; aim  at. 

quaesitor,  -oris,  M.  [quaero], 
investigator,  investigating  offi- 
cer. 

quaeso,  -ere,  — ,  — ,  tr.  and 
intr.,  beg,  entreat,  beseech; 
generally  parenthetical,  as  in 
Cat.,  I,  n. 

quaestio,  -onis,  F.  [quaero],  in- 
quiry, investigation ;  trial,  lav> 
court. 

quaestor,  -oris,  M.  [quaero], 
quaestor ;  see  Introd.  36. 

quaestus,  -us,  M.  [quaero],  gaiUf 
profit,  business;  in  quaestu, 
at  interest,  P.  13. 

qualis,  -e,  adj.,  interrog.,  of 
what  sort,  what;  rel.,  such  as, 
as. 

quam,  adv.  and  conj.,  how,  as; 
w.  comparatives,  than,  rather 
than;  w.  superlatives,  as  .  .  , 
as. 

quamdiu,  conj.  adv.  [quam  + 
diu],  as  long  as. 

quam  ob  rem,  interrog.  phrase, 
for  what  reason  f  why  ?  rel., 
wherefore,  why,  for  this  reason. 

quamquam,  conj.,  although;  in 
transitions,  and  yet. 

quamvis,  adv.,  however. 

quando,  adv.,  at  any  time,  ever. 


482 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


some  day;  conj.,  when,  since, 
because. 

quantum,  adv.,  how  much;  as 
far  as. 

quantus,  -a,  -um,  how  great, 
how  much,  what;  as  great  as, 
as  much  as;  correl.  w.  tantus, 
as. 

quantuscumque,  -tacumque, 
-tumcumque,  rel.  adj.,  however 
(,reat,  such  as. 

quapropter,  adv.  [qua  +  prop- 
ter], wherefore. 

quare,  adv.  [qua  +  re],  where- 
fore, why,  for  which;  there- 
fore, and  therefore. 

quartus,  -a,  -um,  fourth. 

quasi,  adv.,  as  if,  as  it  were. 

quattuor,  indecl.  adj., /owr. 

-que,  enclitic  conj.,  and. 

quem  ad  modum,  interrog. 
phrase  [modus],  in  what  man- 
ner, how,  as. 

querela,  -ae,  F.  [queror],  com- 
plaint. 

querimonia,  -ae,  F.  [queror], 
complaint,  accusation,  re- 
proach. 

queror,  queri,  questus  sum,  dep., 
complain. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  rel.  pron.,  who, 
which,  that;  as. 

quia,  conj.,  because. 

quicquam,  see  quisquam. 

quicquid,  see  qi'^isquis. 

quicumque,  quuecumque,  quod- 
cumque,  indef.  rel.  pron.  and 
adj.,  whoever,  whatever. 

quidam,  quaedam,  quoddam 
(quiddam),  indef.  pron.  and 
adj.,  a  certain,  a  kind  of,  some; 


as     it     were;      pi.,      certain^ 

some, 
quidem,  adv.,  indeed,  to  be  sure; 

ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even. 
quies,  quietis,  F.,  rest,  quiet. 
quiesco,   -ere,    quievi,   quietum 

[quies],  intr.,  rest;  keep  quiet, 

be  still. 
quietus,  -a,  -um  [quiesco],  un- 
disturbed, quiet,  peaceful. 
quin,  conj.  [qui  +  ne,  how  not], 

why  not  f   but  indeed;   so  that 

.  .  .  not,  that,   but  that,   but; 

after  words  of  hindering, /rom, 

w.  verbal  in  -ing;  quin  etiam, 

why  even,  moreover. 
quintus,  -a,  -um  [quinque],  fifth. 
Quintus,    -i,    M.,    Quintus,    a 

praenomen  or  personal  name. 
Quirites,  -ium,  M.  pi.,  Quirites 

(kwi-ri'tez),  fellow  citizens. 

1.  quis,  quid,  interrog.  pron. 
(App.  26),  who?  which? 
what  f  as  adj.,  qui,  quae,  quod, 
which?  what?  as  adv.,  quid, 
why?  quid  is  often  used  in 
exclamation  and  transition, 
what  of  this,  ivhat  of  the  fact, 
again,  but  mark  this. 

2.  quis,  quid,  indef.  pron.  (App. 
27),  any  one,  anything ,  some, 
any;  as  adj.,  qui,  quae,  quod, 
any;  used  chiefly  after  si,  nisi, 
ne. 

quisnam  (quinam),  quaenam, 
quidnam  (quodnam),  inter- 
rog. pron.  and  adj.,  who, 
pray?  who?  more  emphatic 
than  quis. 

quispiam,  quaepiam,  quidpiam 
or  quodpiam,  indef,  pron.  and 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


483 


adj.,  any  one^  any;  some 
one. 

quisquam,  quicquam,  indef- 
pron.  (App.  27),  any  one  (at 
all),  anything,  any;  used 
chiefly  in  neg.  sentences  or 
in  questions  involving  a  neg. 
answer. 

quisque,  quidque,  indef.  pron. 
(App.  27),  each,  each  one, 
every  one. 

quisquis,  quidquid,  or  quicquid, 
compound  rel.  pron.,  who- 
ever, whatever;  only  forms  in 
common  use  are  quisquis, 
quicquid,  quoquo. 

1.  quo  [qui],  adv.,  rel.  and  in- 
terrog.,  to  what  place,  whither, 
where,  to  which;  for  which 
reason,  wherefore;  before  com- 
paratives, hy  how  much,  the; 
quo  usque,  how  far  f 

2.  quo,  conj.  [=  ut  eo],  (that 
thereby),  that,  in  order  that; 
because;  quo  minus  or  quo- 
minus,  (by  which  the  less), 
that  not,  from  (doing  any- 
thing). 

quoad,     conj.     [quo  +  ad],     as 

long  as,  until. 
quocirca,  conj.,  wherefore. 
quocumque,    adv.,    to    whatever 

place,  wherever,  whichever  way. 

Cat,  IV,  3. 
quod,   conj.,    because;    that,   the 

fact  that,  as  to  the  fact  that; 

quod  si,  but  if,  and  if,  now  if. 
quominus,  see  2.  quo. 
quondam,  adv.,  once,  once  upon 

a  time,  formerly. 
quoniam,    conj.    [quom(=cum) 


+  iam],  since,  because,  seeing 

that. 
quoque,  adv.,  also,  too,  even. 
quot,  adj.,  indecl.,  how  many,  as 

many  as,  as. 
quotannis,   adv.    [annus],   ever-y 

year,  yearly. 
quotiens,  adv.  [quot],  how  often^ 

as  often  as. 
quotienscumque,  adv.  [quotiens 

+  cumque],  just  as  often  as, 

every  time  that. 


rapina,  -ae,  F.  [rapio],  robbery, 
plunder. 

rapio,  rapere,  rapui,  raptum,  tr., 
carry  off,  seize;  impel,  drive 
hurry  along,  hurry  off. 

ratio,  -onis,  F.  [reor,  think], 
reckoning,  consideration,  ac- 
count; reason,  plan;  course, 
system.,  way,  method,  means; 
theoretical  knowledge ;  interest. 

re-,  red-,  prefix,  back,  again; 
sometimes   not,    un-. 

Reatinus,  -a,  -um,  of  Reate,  an 
ancient  town  in  central  Italy. 

recens,  -entis,  adj.,  fresh,  new, 
recent. 

recipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum 
[capio],  tr.,  take  back,  receive, 
admit,  take  upon  (sibi),  under^ 
take;  se  recipere,  return. 

recito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [cito], 
tr.,  read  aloud,  read. 

reclamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[clamo],  tr.,  cry  out  against, 
protest. 

recognosco,  -cognoscere,  -cog- 
novi,    -cognitum     [cognosco] 


484 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


tr.,  know  again ,  recognize, 
recall;    review. 

recolo,  -ere,  -ui,  -cultum  -[colo|, 
tr.,  cultivate  again,  review. 

reconciliatio,  -onis,  F.  [recon- 
cilio],  restoration,  renewal. 

recondd,  -condere,  -condidi, 
-conditum  [condo],  tr.,  put 
away,  hide,  conceal. 

recorder,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [cor, 
heart],  dep.,  call  to  mind,  re- 
call, remember,  recollect. 

recreo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [creo, 
make],  tr.,  renew,  refresh,  re- 
store, give  strength  to;  se 
recreare,  recover. 

recta,  adv.,  [sc.  via],  straight- 
way, straight  forward,  right 
on,  directly. 

recte,  adv.  [rectus],  rightly, 
properly,  wisely. 

recupero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
recover,  regain. 

recurro,  -currere,  -curri,  — 
[curro],  intr.,  run  hack,  re- 
turn. 

reciisatio,  -onis,  F.  [recuse],  a 
declining,  refusal. 

recuse,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [re, 
causa],  tr.  and  intr.,  object, 
refuse,  decline. 

redeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  [eo],  intr., 
go  back,  return. 

redimio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  tr., 
crown,  wreathe. 

redimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptum 
[emo],  tr.,  buy  back,  redeem; 
buy  up,  contract  for,  P.  7; 
ransom,  P.  12. 

reditus,  -us,  M.  [redeo],  a  re- 
turn. 


reduce,  -ducere,  -diixi,  -ductum, 

tr.,  bring  back,  bring  home. 

redundo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[undo,  surge],  intr.,  overflow, 
redound,  accrue;  be  filled. 

refercio,  -fercire,  -f ersi,  -fertum 
[farcio],  tr.,  stuff,  fill. 

refero,  -ferre,  rettuli,  relatum 
[fero],  tr.,  bring  hack,  return, 
report,  refer;  ad  senatum  re- 
ferre,  lay  before,  refer  to,  the 
Senate;  gratiam  ref erre,  s/iow? 
gratitude. 

refert,  -ferre,  -tulit  [res  +  fere], 
impers.,  it  is  of  advantage,  it 
concerns,  it  matters,  P.  7. 

refertus,  -a,  -um  [refercio], 
filled,  crowded,  swarming 
(witli),  abounding  (in). 

reficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum 
[facio],  tr.,  make  over,  refresh. 

refiit5,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr,, 
refute,  disprove. 

regalis,  -e  [rex],  of  a  king,  regal, 
royal. 

regie,  adv.  [regius],  tyranni- 
cally. 

Regini,  -orum,  IVT.,  the  inhab- 
itants of  Regium,  in  southern 
Italy. 

regio,  -onis,  F.  [rego],  direction, 
line;  boundary,  region,  dis- 
trict, country,  territory,  P.  18, 

regius,  -a,  -um  [rex],  of  a  king, 
royal. 

regno -are,  -avi,  -atum  [regnum], 
tr.,  reign,  rule. 

regnum,  -i,  N.  [rego],  royal 
power,  kingdom. 

rego,  -ere,  rexi,  rectum,  tr., 
rule,  direct,  govern,  manage. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


485 


reicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectum 
[iacio],  tr.,  throw  hack,  reject. 

relaxo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [laxo], 
tr.,  ease,  relax,  release. 

relevo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [levo], 
tr.,  lift  up,  lighten;  relieve, 
ease. 

religio,  -onis,  F.,  (reverence  for 
the  gods),  piety,  religion;  re- 
ligious scruple,  scrupulous 
honor. 

religiosus,  -a,  -um  [religio], 
sacred,  revered,  holy. 

relinquo,  -linquere,  -liqui,  -Uc- 
tum  [linquo],  tr.,  leave  behind, 
leave,  abandon;  desert,  for- 
sake; pass  over.  Cat.,  Ill,  8; 
disregard. 

reliquiae,  -arum,  F.,  leavings, 
what  is  left  over. 

reliquus,  -a,  -um  [relinquo],  re- 
maining, the  rest  of,  the  rest, 
other;  the  future;  reliquum 
est,  it  remains. 

remaned,  -manere,  -mansi,  — 
[maneo],  intr.,  remain,  stay 
behind;   last. 

remex,  remigis,  M.  [remus, 
ago],  a  rower. 

remissio,  -onis,  F.  [remitto], 
mitigation,  mildness:  relaxa- 
tion, recreation. 

remissus,  -a,  -um  [remitto],  re- 
laxed, lax,  indulgent. 

remitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missum 
[mitto],  tr.,  send  back. 

remoror,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [moror], 
dep.,  hold  back,  delay,  keep 
waiting. 

removed,  -movere,  -movi,  -mo- 
tum  fmoveo],  tr.-  move  hack, 


remove,    take     away;      reject, 
Cat.,lV,^. 

renovo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [novo] 
tr.,  renew. 

renuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [nun- 
tio],  tr.,  report,  return  (of  an 
election),  declare  elected. 

repello,  repellere,  reppuli,  re- 
pulsum  [pello],  tr.,  drive  back, 
repel,  keep  from. 

repente,  adv.  [repens],  sud- 
denly. 

repentinus,  -a,  -um  [repens], 
sudden. 

reperio,  -ire,  repperi,  repertum 
[pario,  secure],  tr.,  find  out, 
find  (by  seeking  or  inquiring). 

repeto,  -petere,  -petivi,  -petitum 
[peto],  tr.,  demand,  claim; 
recall  (to  mind),  look  back, 
claim  in  turn,  Ar.  8, 

reporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [porto], 
tr.,  bring  back,  carry  off. 

reprehend©,  -ere,  -hendi,  hen- 
sum  [prehendo],  tr.,  lay  hold 
of,  blame,  censure. 

reprimo,-primere,  -pressi,  -pres- 
sum  [premo],  tr.,  press  back, 
repress,  check. 

repudio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [re- 
pudium],  tr.,  cast  off,  reject, 
refuse,    scorn,    repudiate. 

repugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[pugno],  intr.,  fight  against, 
oppose. 

requies,  -etis,  F.,  rest,  repose. 

require,  -quirere,  -quisivi,  -qui- 
situm  [quaero],  tr.,  seek  again, 
seek  out,  demand,  ask;  be  at 
a  loss  for,  miss,  P.  2 ;  beg  for, 
P.  23. 


486 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


res,  rei,  F.,  thing,  fact;  circum- 
stance, situation,  considera- 
tion, argument,  plan,  under- 
taking, event,  incident,  matter, 
affair,  question,  property  ;  qual- 
ity; see  gero,  militaris,  novus, 
publicus,  secundus. 

reseco,  -secare,  -secui,  -sectum 
[seco],  tr.,  cut  away,  cut 
off. 

reservo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [servo], 
tr.,  keep  back,  reserve;  keep, 
preserve. 

resided,  -sidere,  -sedi  [sedeo], 
(sit  back),  remain  behind,  be 
left,  remain. 

resigno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [signo], 
tr.,  unseal;    destroy,  Ar.  5. 

resists,  sistere,  -stiti,  — 
[sisto],  intr.,  stand  back,  re- 
main; resist,  withstand;  sur- 
vive. Cat.,  Ill,  10. 

respicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spec- 
turn  [specio],  tr.  and  intr., 
look  back,  look  back  upon. 

responded,  -spondere,  -spondi, 
-sponsum  [spondeo,  promise], 
tr.  and  intr.,  answer,  reply; 
be  a  match  for.  Cat,  II,  11. 

lesponsum,  -i,  N.  [responded], 
reply,  answer. 

res  publica,  see  publicus. 

restinguo,  -stinguere,  -stinxl, 
-stinctum  [stinguo],  tr., 
quench,  extinguish. 

restituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stitu- 
tum  [statud],  tr.,  (set  up 
again),  restore,  renew. 

restd,  -stare,  -stiti,  —  [std], 
intr.,  withstand,  oppose;  im- 
pers.,  it  remains. 


retardd,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [tard6\ 

tr.,  delay,  hinder,  retard. 

reticed,  -ere,  -ui,  —  [taced], 
tr.  and  intr.,  be  silent,  keep 
silence  ;  keep  secret. 

retined,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentum 
[tened],  tr.,  hold  back,  pre- 
serve, maintain,  uphold,  keep. 

retorqued,  -torquere,  -torsi, 
-tortum  [torqued],  tr.,  (twist 
back),  turn  back. 

retundd,  -ere,  rettudi,  retusum 
[tundd],  tr.,  beat  back,  thrust 
back. 

reus,  -i,  M.  [res],  (one  con- 
cerned in  a  thing),  the  defen- 
dant,   accused,    prisoner. 

revertd,  -vertere,  -verti,  -ver- 
sum  [vertd],  usually  dep.  in 
pres.  system,  return. 

revincd,  -vincere,  -vici,  -victum 
[vincd],  tr.,  convict. 

revocd,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [vocd], 
tr.,  call  back,  recall;  turn, 
restore. 

rex,  regis,  M.,  king. 

Rhodius,  -a,  -um,  of  Rhodes; 
pi.  as  noun,  the  Rhodians. 

ridiculus,  -a,  -um  [rided],  ridicu- 
lous, absurd. 

rdbur,  rdboris,  N.,  oak;  strength. 

rdbustus,  -a,  -um  [rdbur],  (of 
oak),  firm,  solid,  strong,  vig- 
orous, robust. 

rogatus,  -us,  M.  [rogd],  request. 

rogd,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  ask, 
beg,  request,  implore;  propose f 
enact,  pass  (laws). 

Rdma,  -ae,  F.,  Rome. 

Rdmanus,  -a,  -um  [Rdma], 
Roman. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


487 


RSmulus,  -1,  M.,  Romulus,  the 
founder  and  first  king  of 
Rome. 

Roscius,  -i,  M.,  Roscius,  a  fam- 
ily name ;  Quintus  Roscius 
Gallus,  a  celebrated  actor. 

Rudinus,  -a,  -um  [Rudiae],  of 
Rudiae,  in  southern  Italy, 
the  birthplace  of  Ennius. 

niina,  -ae,  F.  [ruo],  a  rushing 
down,  fall,  downfall,  ruin. 

rumor,  -oris,  M.,  rumor,  report. 

rumpo,  -ere,  rupi,  ruptum,  tr., 
break. 

ruo,  -ere,  rui,  rutum,  intr., 
rush  down,  fall,  go  to  ruin. 

rusticor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [rusti- 
cus],  dep.,  go  to  the  country. 

rusticus,  -a,  -um  [rus],  rural,  of 
the  country,  rustic;  without 
culture,  Ar.  10. 


sacer,  sacra,  sacrum,  sacred; 
sacra,  -orum,  pi.  neut.  as 
noun,  sacred  rites,  ceremonies. 

sacrarium,  -i,  N.  [sacrum]^ 
shrine,  sanctuary. 

sacrosanctus,  -a,  -um  [sacer  + 
sanctus],  sacred,  inviolable. 

saeculum,  -i,  N.,  race,  genera- 
tion; age;  pi.,  ages,  Cat.,  II, 
5. 

saepe,  saepius,  saepissime,  adv* 
often. 

saepi5,  -ire,  saepsi,  saeptum 
[saepes],  tr.,  hem  in,  inclose. 

saevus,  -a,  -um,  severe,  cruel. 

sagax,  -acis,  adj.,  sagacious, 
keen,  shrewd. 

Salaminii,  -orum,  M.,  the  people 


of  Salamis,  a  town  of  Cy- 
prus. 

salto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq.  of 
salio,  leap],  intr.,  dance. 

saltus,  -us,  M.,  woodland  paS' 
ture,  pasture  lands. 

salus,  salutis,  F.  [salvus],  sound' 
ness,  good  health;  safety,  wel- 
fare. 

saluto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  Isalus], 
tr.,  greet,  salute,  call  upon^ 
pay  respects  to. 

salvus, -a, -imi,  sounds  safe,  saved, 
solvent   (financially) . 

Samos,  -i,  F.,  Samos  (sa'mos), 
a  city  on  the  island  Samos, 
in  the  Aegean. 

sancio,  -ire,  sanxi,  sanctum,  tr., 
make  sacred,  ordain,  enact. 

sanctus,  -a,  -um  [sancio],  sacred, 
holy;  venerable;  conscientious 
Ar.  5;   inviolable,  P.  14. 

sane,  adv.  [sanus],  (soundly), 
by  all  means,  if  you  wish; 
certainly,  indeed,  wholly,  ut- 
terly. 

sanguis,  sanguinis,  M.,  blood, 
bloodshed. 

sano,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [sanus], 
tr.,  make  sound,  cure,  rem- 
edy. 

sanus,  -a,  -um,  sound,  whole* 
healthy;  of  the  mind,  rational, 
sane,  sensible. 

sapiens,  -entis,  adj.  [sapid], 
wise;  as  noun,  wise  man, 
philosopher. 

sapientia,  -ae,  F.  [sapiens]* 
wisdom. 

Sardinia,  -ae,  F.,  Sardinia. 

satelles,  -itis,  M.  or  F.,  atten- 


488 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


dant;    assistant,   tool,   accom- 
plice. 

satis,  indecl.  adj.,  often  used  as 
a  noun,  enough,  sufficient; 
satis  facio,  do  one's  duty  (to) ; 
adv.,  sufficiently,  quite,  very. 

Saturnalia,  -iorum,  N.  [Satur- 
nus],  the  Saturnalia,  feast  of 
Saturn,  beginning  Dec.  17. 

Saturninus,  -i,  M.,  Saturninus, 
a  family  name ;  L.  Apuleius 
Saturninus,  tribune  100  b.c. 

saucius,  -a,  -um,  wounded. 

saxum,  -i,  N.,  rock. 

scaena,  -ae,  F.,  stage  (of  a 
theater). 

scaenicus,  -a,  -um  [scaena],  of 
the  stage,  dramatic. 

scelerate,     adv.     [sceleratus], 
wickedly,  impiously. 

sceleratus,  -a,  -um  [scelero], 
wicked,  infamous,  vicious;  as 
noun,  scoundrel. 

scelus,  sceleris,  N.,  crime, 
wickedness. 

sciens,  -entis,  adj.  [scio],  know- 
ing, acquainted  (with),  skilled. 

scientia,  -ae,  F.  [scio],  knowledge. 

scilicet,  adv.  [scire  +  licet],  you 
may  know,  in  fact,  of  course 
(ironical). 

scio,  scire,  scivi,  scitum,  tr., 
know. 

Scipio,  -onis,  M.,  Scipio,  a  fam- 
ily name;  1.  P.  Cornelius 
Scipio  Nasica,  consul  138  b.c.  ; 
2.  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Africa- 
nus  Maior,  "the  elder  Scipio," 
conqueror  of  Hannibal  202 
B.C. ;  3.  P.  Cornelius  Scipio 
Aemilianus  Africanus  Minor, 


destroyer   of   Carthage,    146 

B.C. 

scortum,  -i,  N.,  harlot,  mis- 
tress. 

scriba,  -ae,  M.  [scribo],  clerk, 
secretary. 

scribo,  -ere,  scrips!,  scriptum, 
tr.,  write,  enroll,  Ar.  5. 

scriptor,  -oris,  M.  [scribo], 
writer,  author. 

scriptiira,  -ae,  F.  [scribo],  (writ- 
ing), pasture  tax. 

se-,  sed-,  prefix,  apart,  aside. 

secedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum 
[cedo],  intr.,  go  apart,  go  away, 
withdraw. 

secerno,  -cernere,  -crevi,  -cre- 
tum  [cerno],  tr.,  separate,  set 
apart. 

secundus,  -a,  -um  [sequor],  fol- 
lowing, second,  favorable;  se- 
cundae  res,  prosperity. 

securis,  -is,  F.  [seco,  cut],  ax; 
see  fasces. 

sed,  conj.,  hut. 

sedeo,  -ere,  sedi,  sessum,  intr., 
sit,  remain. 

sedes,  -is,  F.  [sedeo],  seat,  dwell- 
ing place,  home,  abode. 

sediti5,-onis,  F.  [se,  e5],  (agoing 
apart),  dissension,  insurrec- 
tion, sedition;  trans,  pi.  as 
sing..  Cat.,  I,  2. 

sedo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr..^ 
(bring  to  rest),  bring  to  an  end, 
settle,  check,  stop. 

sedulitas,  -tatis,  F.  [sedulus], 
industry,  attention. 

segrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[grego],  tr.,  separate,  exclude. 

seiungo,  -iungere,  -iiinm,  iiinc- 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


489 


turn     [iungo],     tr.,     disunite, 
separate,  disconnect. 

selectus,  -a,  -um  [seligo],  singled 
out,  selected. 

sella,  -ae,  F.,  seat,  work  stool, 
chair. 

semel,  adv.,  once. 

semen,  seminis,  N.  [sero,  sow], 
seed. 

seminarium,  -i,  N.  [semen], 
nursery,  school. 

semper,  adv.,  always. 

sempiternus,  -a,  -um  [semper], 
everlasting,  perpetual,  eter- 
nal. 

Sempronius,  -i,  M.,  Sempronius, 
a  gentile  name ;  see  Grac- 
chus ;  Sempronius,  -a,  -um, 
Sempronian. 

senator,  -oris  [senex],  M., 
senator. 

senatorius,  -a,  -um  [senator], 
senatorial. 

senatus,  -us,  M.  [senex],  Senate, 
see  Introd.  28. 

senectus,  -tutis,  F.  [senex],  old 
age. 

senex,  senis,  adj.,  old,  aged;  as 
noun  (App.  10),  an  old  man. 

sensus,  -us,  M.  [sentio],  feeling, 
senses,  Ar.  7. 

sententia,  -ae,  F.  [sentio],  (way 
of  thinking) ,  opinion,  decision, 
sentiment,  idea,  purpose;  pur- 
port, tenor,  vote. 

sentina,  -ae,  F.,  bilge  water, 
dregs,  refuse,  rabble. 

sentio,  -ire,  sensi,  sensum,  tr., 
feel;      perceive,     see,     notice; 
think,      understand^      know; 
agree. 


sepelio,  -ire,  sepelivi,  sepultus, 
tr.,  bury,  ruin. 

sepulcrum,-!,  N.  [sepelio],  (place 
of  burial),  tomb. 

sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum, 
dep.,  follow,  comply  withy 
accede  to,  adopt,  obey. 

Sergius,  -i,  M.,  Sergius,  a  gen- 
tile name ;    see  Catilina. 

sermo,  -onis,  M.  [sero,  join]^ 
speech,  discourse,  talk,  re- 
mark, conversation,  rumor. 

sero,  adv.  [serus],  late;  comp. 
serius,  too  late. 

serpo,  -ere,  serpsi,  serptum, 
intr.,  creep. 

serta,  -orum,  N.  [sero,  entwine]^ 
garlands,  chaplets. 

Sertorianus,  -a,  -um,  of  Ser- 
torius,  Sertorian. 

servilis,  -e  [servus],  of  a  slavey 
of  slaves,  servile. 

Servilius,  -i,  M.,  Servilius,  a 
gentile  name;  1.  Gains  Ser- 
vilius Ahala,  master  of  horse 
439  B.C. ;  2.  Gains  Servilius 
Glaucia,  praetor  100  b.c.  ; 
3.  P.  Servilius  Vatia,  consul 
79  B.C. 

servio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum  [servus], 
intr.,  be  a  slave,  serve,  labor 
for,  minister  to,  be  subject  to, 
P.  14. 

servitium,  -i,  N.  [servus],  ser- 
vice,  slavery;  pi.,  slaves,  Cat.f 
IV,  2. 

servitus,  -tutis,  F.  [servus],  slaV' 
ery,  servitude. 

servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
make  safe,  save,  preserve; 
guard,  keepy  protect. 


490 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


servus,  -i,  M.,  slave,  servant. 

sese,  see  sui. 

Sestius,  -i,  M.,  Sestius,  a  gen- 
tile name ;  P.  Sestius,  quaes- 
tor in  63  B.C. 

severe,  adv.  [severus],  severely. 

severitas,  -tatis,  F.  [severus], 
strictness,  severity,  sternness, 
rigor. 

severus,  -a,  -um,  serious,  strict, 
stern,  severe,  impartial,  Ar.  2. 

sex,  indecl.  adj.,  six. 

sexaginta,  num.  adj.,  sixty. 

si,  con j.,  if. 

Sibyllinus,  -a,  -um  [Sibylla,  a 
prophetess].  Sibylline. 

sic,  adv.,  so,  thus,  in  such  a 
manner. 

sica,  -ae,  F.  [seco,  cut],  dag- 
ger. 

sicarius,  -i,  M.  [sica],  assassin. 

Sicilia,  -ae,  F.,  Sicily. 

sicut  or  sicuti,  conj.  adv.  [sic  + 
ut],  just  as. 

Sigeum,  -i,  N.,  Sige'um,  a  prom- 
ontory near  Troy. 

significatio,  -onis,  F.  [significo], 
(a  pointing  out),  expression, 
sign,  token. 

significo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [sig- 
num,  facio],  indicate,  repre- 
sent. 

signum,  i,  N.,  sign,  standard, 
signal;  seal;   statue. 

Silanus,  -i,  M.,  Sila'nus,  a  fam- 
ily name  ;  D.  lunius  Silanus, 
consul  elect  in  63  b.c. 

silentium,  -i,  N.  [silens,  still], 
silence,  stillness. 

sileo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  tr.  and 
intr.,   he  silent^   seek   silence; 


keep  silent  about,  pass  over  in 
silence. 

Silvanus,  -i,  M.,  Silva'nus,  a 
family  name;  M.  Plautius 
Silvanus,  tribune  of  the  peo- 
ple 89  B.C. 

silvestris,  -e  [silva],  overgrown 
with  woods,  wooded. 

similis,  -e,  similar,  like. 

similiter,  adv.  [similis],  in  the 
same  way,  similarly. 

simpliciter,  adv.  [simplex],  sim- 
ply, plainly. 

simul,  adv.,  at  the  same  time,  at 
once;  together,  Ar.  11;  as 
soon  as  (w.  or  without  atque, 
ac). 

simulacrum,  -i,  N.  [simulo],  a 
likeness,  image,  statue,  repre- 
sentation. 

simulatio,  -onis,  F.  [simulo], 
pretense. 

simulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [simi- 
lis], tr.,  make  like,  pretend. 

simultas,  -tatis,  F.  [simul],  en- 
mity, rivalry. 

sin,  conj.  [si  +  ne],  but  if. 

sine,  prep.  w.  abl.,  without. 

singularis,  -e  [singuli],  one  only; 
unique,  singular,  matchless^ 
unparalleled,  extraordinary, 
special. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a,  dist.  adj.,  one  at 
a  time,  single,  each;  in  dies 
singulos,  day  by  day. 

sino,  -ere,  sivi,  situm,  tr.,  setj 
place;    allow,  let,  permit. 

Sinope,  -es,  (dat.  -ae,  ace.  -en, 
abl.  -e),  F.,  Sinope  (sin-  o'pe), 
a  city  on  the  northern  coast 
of  Asia  Minor. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


491 


sinus,  -us,  M.,  fold,  fold  of  a 
toga;  bosom;  hay,  inlet,  P.  11. 

sitis,  sitis,  F.,  thirst. 

sive,  or  seu  [si  +  ve],  conj.,  or 
*/>  '^fj  sive  .  .  .  sive,  whether 
.  .  .  or,  either  .  .  .  or. 

Smyrnaei,  -orum,  M.,  the  peo- 
ple of  Smyrna,  in  Asia  Mi- 
nor. 

sobrius,  -a,  -um  [se  +  ebrius], 
not  drunk,  sober. 

societas,  -tatis,  F.  [socius],  fel- 
lowship, association,  alliance. 
Cat,,  1,  13. 

socius,  -i,  M.,  partner,  associate, 
companion;  ally,  accomplice, 
confederate. 

sodalis,  -is,  M.,  F.,  associate, 
comrade,  boon  companion, 
table  companion,  crony. 

sol,  solis,  M.,  the  sun. 

solacium,  -i,  N.,  comfort. 

soleo,  -ere,  solitus  sum,  semi- 
dep.,  be  accustomed,  use. 

solitude,  -inis,  F.  [solus],  soli- 
tude, loneliness ;  desert,  Ar.  8. 

soUicitatio,  -onis,  F.  [soUicito], 
inciting,  tampering  with. 

sollicito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [solli- 
citus],  tr.,  disturb,  incite,  in- 
stigate; tamper  with,  solicit, 
corrupt. 

soUicitus,  -a,  -um,  worried,  anx- 
ious, alarmed. 

solum,  -i,  N.,  soil. 

solum  [solus],  adv.,  only,  merely; 
non  solum,  not  only. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  solius,  dat. 
soli,  alone,  only. 

solutio,  -onis,  F.  [solvo],  (loos- 
ing), payment. 


solutus,  -a,  -um  [solvo],  released^ 
lax,  remiss. 

solvo,  -ere,  solvi,  solutiun,  tr,, 
loose,  release. 

somnus,  -a,  M.,  sleep,  drowsi- 
ness. Cat,  III,  7. 

sono,  -are,  -ui,  -itum  [sonua], 
tr.,  sound,  utter. 

sonus,  -i,  M.,  noise,  sound. 

soror,  -oris,  F.,  sister. 

sors,  sortis,  F.,  lot,  allotment. 

Sp.,  see  Spurius. 

spargo,  -ere,  sparsi,  sparsum, 
tr.,  scatter,  sprinkle,  mix. 

spatium,  -i,  N.,  apace  (of  place 
or  time). 

species,  -ei,  F.  [specie],  appear- 
ance. 

specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq. 
of  specie],  tr.  and  intr.,  look 
at,  face,  see,  attend;    consider. 

speculator,  -oiis,  M.  [:ipeculor], 
spy. 

speculor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [spec- 
ula, watchtower],  dep.,  watchy 
spy  out. 

spero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [spes], 
tr.  and  intr.,  hope,  hope  for, 
expect,  trust. 

spes,  spei,  F.,  hope,  expectation. 

spiritus,  -us,  M.  [spiro,  breathe], 
breath,  air,  spirit. 

splendor,  -oris,  M.  [splendeo, 
shine],     brilliancy,      splendor. 

spolio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  de- 
prive, plunder. 

spolium,  -i,  N.,  of  an  animal 
skin,  hide;  pi.,  spoils,  booty, 
prey. 

sponte,  F.  (abl.  of  obsolete 
spons),  of  one's  own  accord. 


492 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


Spurius,  -i,  M.,  Spurius,  a  prae- 

nomen  or  personal  name, 
stabilio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum  [stabilis] , 

tr.,  make  firm,  establish. 

Statilius,  -i,  M.,  Statilius,  a 
gentile  name ;  L.  Statilius, 
one  of  Catiline's  conspirators. 

statim,  adv.  [sto],  (on  the  spot), 
straightway,  immediately,  at 
once. 

Stator,  -oris,  M.  [sto],  the  Stayer, 
Defender,  Protector;  epithet 
of  Jupiter. 

statua,  -ae,  F.  [sto],  statue. 

statuo,  statuere,  statui,  stat- 
utum,  tr.,  set,  set  up,  place, 
put,  establish;  determine,  de- 
cide, resolve,  conclude. 

status,  -us,  M.  [sto],  state,  con- 
dition, foundation.    Cat.,  I,  1. 

stimulus,  -i,  M.,  spur,  stimulus, 
incentive. 

stipendium,  -i,  N.  [stips,  coin  + 
pendo,  pay],  tax,  pay;  service 
(military),  campaigning,  P. 
9;    campaign. 

stirps,  stirpis,  F.,  stock,  root; 
source,  origin. 

sto,  stare,  steti,  statum,  intr., 
stand. 

strenuus,  -a,  -um,  vigorous, 
strenuous. 

strepitus,  -us,  M.  [strepo],  noise. 

studeo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  intr., 
strive,  be  eager,  aim  at,  desire. 

studiose,  adv.,  eagerly,  carefully. 

studiosus,  -a,  -um  [studium], 
fond  (of). 

studium,  -i,  N.  [studeo],  eager- 
ness, zeal.,  desire,  attachment; 
devotion,  enthusiasm,  good  will. 


sympathy;      (party)      spirit; 

pursuit,  study. 
stultitia,  -ae,  F.  [stultus],  folly. 
stultus,  -a,  -um,  foolish,  stupid. 
stuprum,  -i,  N.,  defilement,  im* 

purity,  debauchery;    intrigue. 

Cat,  I,  10. 
suadeo,   -ere,   -suasi,    suasum, 

tr.   and  intr.,   advise,   recom- 
mend;  persuade. 
suavitas,     -tatis,     F.     [suavis], 

sweetness. 
sub,   prep.    w.    ace.    and  abl., 

under. 
subeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  [eo],  tr., 

undergo,  endure. 
subicio,    -icere,    -ieci,    -iectum 

[iacio],  tr.,  throw  under,  place 

under,  hand  up  to,  Ar.  10. 
subiector,    -oris,    JM.    [subicio], 

forger. 
subigo,     -igere,     -egi,     -actum 

[ago],  tr.,  put  down,  subdue;. 

induce. 
subito,  adv.  [subitus],  suddenly. 
sublatus,  from  toUo. 
subsellium,  -i,  N.  [sella],   (low 

bench),  bench,  seat. 
subsidium,  -i,  N.,  support,  aid, 

means;    pi.,  sinews,  P.  2. 
succedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -ces- 

sum    [sub  +  cedo],   tr.    and 

intr.,   follow,  succeed. 
suffero,   sufiferre,   sustuli,   sub- 

latum  [sub  +fero],  tr.,  unaer- 

go,  suffer. 
sufifragium,  -i,  N.  [sub,  frango], 

(fragment),  ballot,  vote. 
sui,  sibi,  se,  reflex,  pron.  (App. 

21),    himself,     herself,     itself, 

themselves. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


493 


Sulla,  -ae,  M.,  Sulla y  a  family 
name;  L.  Cornelius  Sulla, 
the  famous  general  and  dic- 
tator. 

Sulpicius,  -i,  M.,  a  gentile 
name;  1.  C.  Sulpicius  Galba, 
praetor  63  b.c.  ;  2.  P.  Sul- 
picius Rufus,  tribune  88  b.c. 

sum,  esse,  fui,  fut.  part,  futu- 
rus,  irr.,  be. 

summa,  -ae,  F.  [summus],  su- 
premacy, preeminence. 

summus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  of  supe- 
rus,  uppermost,  highest;  the 
top  of;  greatest,  most  impor- 
tant, most  distinguished,  ex- 
cellent, eminent,  supreme,  ex- 
treme 

sumo,  -ere,  sumpsi,  sumptum 
[sub  +  emo],  tr.,  take,  take 
to  oneself,  assume;  w.  sup- 
plicium,  inflict. 

sumptuose,  adv.  [sumptuosus], 
expensively,  extravagantly. 

sumptuosus,  -a,  -um  [sumptus], 
sumptuous ;  expensive. 

sumptus,  -us,  M.  [sumo],  ex- 
pense, cost;   e'xtravagance. 

superbe,  adv.  [superbus], 
proudly,  insolently,  arrogantly. 

superbia,  -ae,  F.  [superbus], 
pride,  haughtiness. 

superbus,  -a,  -um,  proud. 

superior,  -ius,  comp.  adj.  [su- 
perus,  App.  19],  higher,  upper; 
former,  preceding,  elder;  su- 
perior nox,  night  before  last. 

supero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [su- 
perus],  tr.,  overcome,  conquer, 
defeat,  surpass,  exceed^  get 
the  upper  hand. 


supersum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus 

[super  +  sum],  intr.,  be  over^ 

be  left,  remain. 
superus,  -a,  -um  [super],  upper ^ 

higher. 
suppedito,     -are,     -avi,     -atum 

[sub,   pes],    tr.,   supply,  fur^ 

nish. 
suppeto,  -ere,   -ivi,  -itum   [sub 

+  peto],  intr.,  be  at  hand,  be 

in  store. 
supplex,  -icis,  adj.  [sub,  plico], 

bending  under,  beseeching ;   as 

noun,  a  suppliant. 
supplicatio,  -onis,  F.  [supplied], 

(a     public     prayer),     solemn 

thanksgiving,  supplication. 
supplicium,    -i,    N.     [supplex], 

punishment,  penalty. 
supra,  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace, 

above,  beyond;    more. 
surg5,  -ere,  surrexi,  surrectum 

[sub  +  rego],  intr.,  arise. 
suscenseo,   -ere,    -ui,    —   [sub 

+  censeo],    intr.,    be    angry 

(with). 
suscipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum 

[sub  +  capio],  tr.,  undertake, 

incur,     bring     upon,     adopt; 

suffer,  P.  3 ;    entertain,  P.  4. 
suspectus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  sus- 

piciS],     distrusted,    suspected; 

an  object  of  suspicion. 
suspicio,  -onis,  F.  [sub  +  specie, 

spy],  suspicion. 
suspicor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [sus- 
picio], dep.,  mistrust,  suspect; 

surmise. 
sustento,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq. 

of  sustineo],  tr.,  uphold,  sup- 
port; defer,  put  off. 


494 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


sustineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -ten- 
turn  [sub  +  teneoj,  tr.,  hold 
up,  sustain,  bear,  endure,  re- 
lieve. 

sustuli,  see  toUo. 

suus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  pron.,  his 
(own),  her,  its,  their. 

Syria,  -ae,  F.,  Syria,  a  country 
of  Asia,  on  the  coast  of  the 
Mediterranean. 


T.,  see  Titus. 

tabella,  -ae,  F.  [dim.  of  tabula], 

(little    board),  waxed    tablet, 

letter^  document. 
taberna,    -ae,    F.,    hut,    booth, 

shop;  tavern. 
tabesco,  -ere,  tabui,  —  [tabeo], 

intr.,  pine  away,  languish. 
tabula,   -ae,   F.,   tablet,    record, 

account,  list;    painting. 
tabularium,     -i,     N.     [tabula], 

record  office. 
taceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  tr.  and 

intr.,   be  silent,  keep  silence; 

pass  over  in  silence,  be  silent 

about. 
tacite,  adv.,  silently. 
taciturnitas,  -tatis,  F.   [tacitur- 

nus],  silence. 
tacitus,  -a,  -um  [taceo],  silent, 

mute,  in  silence. 
tactus,  see  tango, 
taeter,   taetra,    taetrum,    offen- 
sive:, foul;   shameful,  disgrace- 

fulf  abominable. 
talaris,  -e  [talus,  ankle],  of  the 

ankles,  reaching  the  ankles. 
t&lis,  -e,  adj.,  such,  of  such  a 

nature. 


tam,  adv.,  so,  so  much. 

tamen,   conj.   adv.,    yet,  never* 

theless,  however. 
tametsi,    conj.    [tamen  +  etsi], 

although;  and  yet. 
tamquam,  conj.,  just  as,  as  if, 

as  it  were;   as  a  sort  of.  Cat., 

IV,  2. 
tandem  [tam],    adv.,  at   length, 

finally,    now;     in    questions 

and      commands,     pray,      I 

ask. 
tango,  -ere,  tetigi,  tactum,  tr., 

touch;  strike.  Cat.,  Ill,  8. 
tanto,   adv.    [tantus],   so  much; 

tanto    opere,    so    greatly,    so 

much. 
tantum,  adv.  [tantus],  so  much, 

so  far;    tantum  mode,  only, 

merely. 
tantus,  -a,  -um,  such,  so  great, 

so  much;  tanti,  gen.  of  value, 

of  such  value;    est  tanti,  it  is 

worth  while. 
tarde,     adv.     [tardus],     slowly, 

tardily,  late. 
tarditas,     -tatis,     F.     [tardus], 

slowness,  delay. 
tardo,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr., 

delay,  retard. 
Tarentini,   -orum,    M.,    the   in- 
habitants    of     Tarentum,     in 

southern  Italy, 
tectum,     -i,     N.     [tego],     roof, 

shelter,  house,  home. 
tego,    -ere,    texi,    tectum,    tr., 

cover,  protect. 
telum,  -i,  N.,  missile,  weapon, 

javelin. 
temere,    adv.,    rashly,    without 

cause,  heedlessly. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


495 


temeritas,  -tatis,  F.  [temere], 
rashness. 

temperantia,  -ae,  F.  [tem- 
perans],  tetnperance,  modera- 
tion, self-control,  P-  13. 

tempestas,  -tatis,  F.,  season, 
weather,  storm. 

tempestivus,  -a,  -um  [tempes- 
tas], timely,  seasonable,  suit- 
able;   early,  protracted,  Ar.  6. 

templum,  -i,  N.  (in  augury  a 
place  marked  off  by  the 
augur's  staff),  a  consecrated 
place,  temple. 

tempto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [in- 
tens.,  of  tendo],  tr.,  make  trial 
of,  attempt;  attack,  assail. 
Cat.,  I,  10;    tempt,  disturb. 

tempus,  -oris,  N.,  time,  season; 
tirhe  of  need;  pi.,  the  times; 
the  needs.  Cat.,  I,  9;  ex  tem- 
pore, offhand,  without  prepa- 
ration, extempore. 

tendo,  -ere,  tetendi,  tentum, 
tr.,  stretch,  stretch  out. 

tenebrae,  -arum,  F.,  darkness, 
shades. 

Tenedos  (us),  -i  F.,  Tenedos, 
an  island  in  the  Aegean  Sea. 

teneo,  -ere,  tenui,  tentum,  tr., 
hold,  holdfast,  hold  as  prisoner ; 
preserve;  memoria  tenere,  re- 
member. 

tenuis,  -e,  slender,  thin;  poor, 
humble^  insignificant. 

ter,  adv.,  three  times^  thrice. 

Terentia,  -ae,  F.,  Terentia,  wife 
of  Cicero. 

termino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [ter- 
minus], tr.,  limit,  confine,  ter- 
minate. 


terminus,  -i,  M.,  boundary  line, 

limit. 
terra,    -ae,    F.,    land,    country, 

earth,  ground. 
terreo,    -ere,    -ui,    -itum,    tr., 

frighten,  terrify. 
terror,  -oris,  M.  [terreo],  alarm^ 

terror,  scare. 
tertius,  -a,  -um,  third. 
testamentum,  -i,  N.  [tester],  a 

will. 
testimonium,    -i,     N.,    [testis], 

proof,  testimony,  evidence. 
testis,  -is,  M.  or  F.,  witness. 
testor,   -ari,  -atus  sum   [testis], 

dep.,  call  to  witness,  invoke. 
TeutonI,   -orum,   M.,   the    Teu- 

tones,  a  nation  of  Germany. 
Themistocles,  -is  (-i),  M.,  The- 

mis'tocles,      the      celebrated 

Athenian. 
Theophanes,    -is,    M.,     Theo'- 

phanes,    a    Greek    writer    of 

Mytilene,  who   accompanied 

Pompey  in  the  East. 
Ti.,  see  Tiberius. 
Tiberis,     -is,     M.,     the    Tiber. 

Tiberinus-a-imi,  of  the  Tiber. 
Tiberius,    -i,    M.,     Tiberius,    a 

praenomen  or  personal  name. 
Tigranes,    -is,    M.,     Tigra'nes, 

king  of  Armenia,  son-in-law 

of  Mithridates. 
timed,    -ere,    -ui,    — ,    tr.    and 

intr.,  fear,  be  afraid. 
timide,  adv.  [timidus],  timidly; 

reverently,  P.  16. 
timidus,       -a,       -um       [timeo], 

timid. 
timor,   -oris,   M.    [timeo],  fear, 

dread,  alarm. 


496 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


Titus,  -i,  M.,  Titus,  a  personal 

name. 
toga,  -ae,   F.   [tego],   toga   (the 

citizen's     cloak    or     flowing 

robe). 
togatus,  -a,  -um  [toga],  wearing 

the  toga,  in  the  garb  of  peace. 
tolerabilis,  -e  [tolerol,  endurable, 

tolerable. 
tolero,    -are,    -avi,    -atum,    tr., 

endure,  bear. 
toUo,   -ere,    sustuli,    sublatum, 

tr.,  lift  up,  exalt;    take  away, 

carry    off,    remove;     destroy, 

P.  11. 
Tongilius,  -i,  M.,    Tongilius,  a 

gentile  name. 
Torquatus,  -i,   M.,    Torqua'tus, 

a  family  name ;    L.  Manlius 

Torquatus,  consul  65  B.C. 
tot,  indecl.  adj.,  so  many. 
totiens,  adv.   [tot],  so  often,  so 

many  times,  as  often. 
totus,    -a,    -um    (App.   13),  the 

whole,  the  whole  of,  all,  entire; 

adverbially,  altogether,  wholly. 
tracto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum   [freq. 

of  traho],  tr.,  draw,  manage, 

conduct,  Ca^.,  Ill,  12;  present, 

Ar.  2,  treat. 
trado,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditum  [trans 

+  do],  tr.,  give  up,  give  over, 

surrender,  deliver;  hand  down, 

transmit,  leave. 
traho,  -ere,  traxi,  tractum,  tr., 

draw;  influence. 
tranquillitas,    -tatis,    F.    [tran- 

quillus],      stillness,      tranquil 

state. 
tranquillus,  -a,  -um,  calm,  tran- 
quil. 


Transalpinus,  -a,    -um,  beyond 

the  Alps,  Transalpine. 

transcend©,  -ere,  transcend!, 
transcensum  [scando],  tr., 
climb  over,  cross. 

transfer©,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum 
[fero],  tr.,  bear  over,  carry 
over;    transfer,  remove. 

transigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actum 
[ag6],tr.  (drive through),  carry 
through,  accomplish,  execute^ 
perform. 

transmarinus,  -a,  -um  [mari- 
nus],  beyond  the  sea. 

transmitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sum  [mitto],  tr.,  send  across, 
transmit;  devote,  intrust;  intr., 
cross  over,  P.  12. 

tres,  tria,  three. 

tribunal,  -alls,  N.  [tribunus], 
judgment  seat,  tribunal. 

tribunus,  -i,  M.  [tribus,  tribe], 
tribune;  see  Introd.  37. 

tribuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utum  [tribus, 
tribe],  tr.,  assign,  bestow,  grant, 
give,  devote;   ascribe,  attribute. 

tridumn,  -i,  N.  [tres  +  dies], 
three  days. 

triumph© ,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[triumphus],  intr.,  triumph; 
rejoice. 

triumphus,  -i,  M.,  triumph, 
triumphal  procession. 

Troiani,  -orum,  'M.,the  Trojans. 

tropaeum,  -i,  N.  (Greek),  tro- 
phy. 

trucido,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [trux, 
fierce  +  caedo],  tr.,  cut  to 
pieces,  butcher,  murder. 

tu,  tui,  pers.  pron.  (App.  21), 
thou,  you,  yourself. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


497 


tuba,  -ae,  F.,  trumpet. 
tueor,  -eri,  tutus  (tuitus),  sum, 
dep.,  look  at,  care  for,  protect, 
defend,  uphold,  preserve. 
Tullia,     -ae,     F.,     Tullia,     the 

daughter  of  Cicero. 
TuUius,  -i,  M.,  Tullius,  a  gentile 

name;  voc.  Tulli. 
TuUus,  -i,  M.,  Tullus,  a  family 
name;    L.   Volcatius   Tullus, 
consul  66  B.C. 

tum,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time; 
tum  cum,  at  the  time  when; 
iam  tum,  at  that  very  time, 
even  then  ;  tum  .  .  .  timi,  at 
one  time  .  .  .  at  another. 

tumultus, -us,  M.  [tumeo,  swell], 
uprising,  insurrection;  up- 
roar, confusion,  excitement, 
tumult,  disturbance. 

tumulus,  -i,  M.  [tumeo,  swell], 
mound,  hillock,  tomb. 

tunica,  -ae,  F.,  tunic,  the 
garment  worn  under  the  toga. 

turbulentus,  -a,  -um  [turba], 
confused,  miscellaneous. 

turpis,  -e,  disgraceful,  base,  in- 
famous, shamefid. 

turpiter,  adv.  [turpis],  disgrace- 
fully, shamefidly. 

turpitude,  -inis,  F.  [turpis],  dis- 
grace, dishonor,  infamy. 

tiito,  adv.  [tutus],  safely,  in 
safety,  in  security. 

tutor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [tueor], 
dep.,  protect,  defend. 

tutus,  -a,  -um  [tueor],  guarded, 
safe,  secure,  in  safety. 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  pron.,  your; 
iste  tuus,  that  of  yours. 

tyrannus,  -i,  M.,  tyrant. 


U 

uber,  -eris,  N.,  teat,  breast. 
ubertas,   -tatis,   F.    [uber],  fer- 
tility, productiveness. 
ubi,    conjunctive    adv.,    where, 

when. 
ubinam,      adv.       [ubi  +  nam], 

where  ? 
ubique,  adv.,  anywhere. 
ulciscor,    -i,    ultus   sum,    dep., 

take    vengeance    on,     punish, 

avenge. 
uUus,  -a,  -um  (App.  13),  any. 
ultimus,     -a,     -um,     sup.     adj. 

[ultra,     App.      19],     farthest, 

most  distant;   earliest,  last. 
ultra,  adv.,  and  prep.  w.  ace, 

beyond. 
ultro,  adv.,  of  one's  own  accord 

voluntarily. 
Umbrenus,   -i,  INI.,    Umbre'nus, 

a  family  name  ;  P.  Umbrenus, 

one  of  Catiline's  followers, 
umquam,    adv.,     ever,     at    any 

time. 
una,  adv.  [unus],  along  (with), 

together;    at  the  same  time,  at 

the  same  place. 
unde,  adv.,  whence,  from  which; 

how,  P.  14;  from  whom. 
undequinq  agesimus,   -a,   -um, 

forty-ninth. 
undique,     adv.     [unde  +  que], 

froiu   all   sides,    on   all   sides, 

everywhere. 
unguentum,     -i,     N.     [unguo], 

ointment. 
unice,  adv.  [unicus],  singularly, 

greatly,  especially. 
universus,     -a,     -um     [unus  + 


498 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


versus],    all    together,    whole, 
entire. 

unus,  -a,  -um  (App.  13),  one, 
alone,  only. 

urbanus,  -a,  -um  [urbs],  of  the 
city,  in  the  city. 

urbs,  urbis,  F.,  city,  the  city 
{i.e.  Rome), 

usquam,  adv.,  anywhere. 

usque,  adv.,  all  the  way,  all  the 
time,  even,  constantly;  see 
1.  quo. 

usura,  -ae,  F.  [utor],  use,  enjoy- 
ment; interest,  usury. 

usurpo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [usus,. 
rapio],  tr.,  seize  for  use, 
employ,  use,  practice. 

•usus,  -us,  M.  [utor],  use,  prac- 
tice, experience. 

ut  or  uti,  conj.  w.  subjv.,  that, 
in  order  that,  so  that;  after 
a  verb  of  fearing,  that  not; 
w.  indie,  as,  when,  ever 
since;  in  comparisons,  as; 
ut  primum,  as  soon  as. 

uterque,  utraque,  utrumque 
[gen.  utriusque ;  dat.,  utri- 
que],  adj.  and  pron.,  both, 
each,  either. 

utilis,  -e  [utor],  useful,  advan- 
tageous, expedient. 

utilitas,  -tatis,  F.  [utilis],  use- 
fulness, expediency,  advantage. 

utinam,  adv.  [uti  +  nam],  oh 
that!  I  wish  that!  if  only! 
would  that. 

utor,  uti,  usus  sum,  dep.,  use, 
employ,  enjoy. 

utrum,  interrog.  conj.  [uter], 
1.  introducing  a  double  dir. 
question  it   has  no   English 


equivalent ;     correlative      of 
an;     2.    in   indir.    questions, 
whether. 
uxor,  -oris,  F.,  wife. 


vacillo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  intr., 
(sway  to  and  fro),  stagger^ 
totter. 

vacuefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -fac- 
tum [vacuus,  +  facio],  tr., 
make  empty,  clear ^  free,  vacate. 

vacuus,  -a,  -um  [cf.  vaco], 
empty,  vacant,  unoccupied, 
free,  without. 

vadimonium,  -I,  N.  [vas,  bail], 
bail  bond,  bail,  security. 

vagina,  -ae,  F.,  scabbard,  sheath. 

vagor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  dep., 
wander  about. 

valde,  adv.  [validus],  com- 
pletely, thoroughly,  severely. 

valens,  -entis  [valeo],  strong, 
powerful. 

valeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  intr.,  be 
strong,  have  power,  have  in- 
fluence; have  weight,  prevail, 
succeed,  be  strong  enough,  be 
able,  be  eminent.  Cat,  III,  5; 
vale,  farewell. 

Valerius,  -i,  M.,  Valerius,  a 
gentile  name;  L.  Valerius 
Flaccus,   consul    w.    Marius 

100  B.C. 

valetudo,     -inis,      F.      [valeo], 

health. 
validus,  -a,  -um  [valeo],  strong, 

vigorous. 
vallo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [vallum], 

tr.,  intrench,  fortify,  defend. 
varietas,     -tatis,     F.     [varius], 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


499 


variety,  difference,  dissent,  di- 
versity, Ar.  9. 

varius,  -a,  -um,  varied,  various, 
versatile. 

vas,  vasis,  N.,  vessel;    plate. 

vastitas,  -tatis,  F.  [vastus], 
waste,  desolation,  devastation. 

vastatio,  -onis,  F.  [vasto],  de- 
vastation, destruction. 

vasto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [vastus], 
tr.,  (make  empty),  lay  waste, 
ravage,  destroy,  devastate. 

vates,  -is,  M.  and  F.,  soothsayer, 
prophet,  seer. 

-ve,  conj.,  enclitic,  or. 

vectigal,  -alis,  N.  [veho],  tax 
(on  goods  carried) ,  revenue. 

vectigalis,  -e  [vestigal],  tribu- 
tary; as  noun,  a  tributary, 
tax  payer. 

vehemens,  -entis,  adj.,  violent, 
forcible,  emphatic,  severe, 
earnest,  strong,  Cat.,  IV,  6. 

vehementer,  adv.  [vehemens], 
violently,  earnestly,  strongly, 
greatly,  exceedingly,  vigorously. 

vel,  conj.  [volo],  or;  vel  .  .  . 
ve\,  either  .  .  .  or;  adv.,  even. 

velum,  -i,  N.,  sail. 

vena,  -ae,  F.,  vein. 

vendo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum 
[venum,  sale,  +  do],  tr.,  sell. 

veneficus,  -a,  -um  [venenum, 
facio],  poisonous;  as  noun, 
poisoner. 

venenum,  -i,  N.,  poison. 

veneo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum   [venum, 
sale  +  eo],  intr.,  (go  to  sale), 
be  sold. 
yeneror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  dep., 
worship,  adore,  venerate. 


venia,  -ae,  F.,  indulgence,  for- 
bearance, pardon. 

venio,  -ire,  veni,  ventum,  intr., 
come. 

ventus,  -i,  JVI.,  urind. 

venustas,  -tatis,  F.,  [venus], 
beauty,  charm. 

ver,  veris,  N.,  the  spring.  . 

verber,  verberis,N.,  lash,  whip; 
scourging. 

verbero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [ver- 
ber], tr.,  scourge. 

verbum,  -i,  N.,  word,. 

vere,  adv.  [verus],  truly,  rightly, 
really. 

vereor  en,  -itus  sum,  dep., 
fear,  ar^-  id. 

Veritas,  -tatis,  F.  [verus],  truth. 

vero  [verus],  conjunctive  adv., 
(in  truth),  in  fact,  indeed, 
really;  but,  however,  on  the 
other  hand;  iam  ver5,  further- 
more, but  now;   see  immo. 

verso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq. 
of  vertol,  tr.,  turn  often,  carry 
on  (bellum) ;  pass,  as  dep., 
move  about,  be  employed,  be 
engaged,  be  rife;  be,  exist, 
dwell,  live,  associate;  be  in- 
volved; be  experienced, 
skilled,  practiced ;  enjoy,  Ar. 
5. 

versus,  -iis,  M.  [verto],  line, 
verse. 

verum,  conj.  [versus],  but,  but 
in  truth;  verum  etiam,  but 
also,  but  even. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  true,  real, 
genuine,  well-founded ;  proper, 
fitting,  reasonable. 

vespera,  -ae,  F.,  evening. 


500 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


Vesta,  -ae,  F.,  Vesta,  goddess 
of  the  hearth  and  household. 

Vestalis,  -e  [Vesta],  of  Vesta, 
Vestal. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  poss.  pron., 
your. 

vestigium,  -i,  N.  [vestigo],  foot- 
step, track,  trace,  vestige;  pi., 
Cat,  IV,  6,  ruins. 

vestimentum,  -i,  N.,  clothing, 
apparel. 

vestrum,  (1)  neuter  of  vester, 
(2)  gen.  pi.  of  tu. 

veto,  -are,  -ui,  -itum,  tr.,  for- 
bid. 

vetus,  veteris,  adj.  (App.  16), 
old,  long-standing,  old-time, 
ancient. 

vetustas,  -tatis,  F.  [vetus],  old 
age,  antiquity,  Ar.  6;  dura- 
tion, Ar.  12. 

vexatio,  -onis,  F.  [vexo],  harass- 
ing, troubling,  distress,  out- 
rage. 

vexo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [freq.  of 
veho],  tr.,  toss  violently; 
attack.  Cat.,  1,  11;  influence, 
disturb,  annoy,  injure,  harass, 
distress.  Cat.,  I,  10. 

via.  -ae,  F.,  road,  way,  course. 

vibro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
brandish. 

vicesimus,  -a,  -um,  ordinal  adj., 
twentieth. 

vicinus,  -a,  -um  [vicus],  neigh- 
boring;  as  noun,  neighbor. 

victor,  -oris,  M.  [vinco],  victor, 
conqueror;  as  adj.,  victorious, 
P.  9. 

victoria,  -ae,  F.  [victor],  victory. 

vicus,  -i,  M.,  village. 


videlicet,   adv.    [videre,    licet], 

(one  may  see),  clearly,  evi- 
dently, in  truth;  (w.  irony),  of 
course,  forsooth.  Cat.,  I,  8. 

video,  -ere,  vidi,  visum,  tr., 
see;  pass.,  be  seen,  seem,  seem 
good,  seem  best. 

vigilans,  -antis,  adj.  [vigilo], 
watchful,  vigilant,  of  active 
mind. 

vigilia,  -ae,  F.  [vigil,  awake],  a 
watching,  watch  (a  fourth  part 
of  the  night)  ;  wakeful  night, 
Ar.  11 ;  want  of  sleep;  pi., 
the  watch,  watchmen,  sentinels. 

vigilo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [vigil, 
watchful],  tr,  and  intr.,  watch, 
keep  awake ;   watch  for. 

vilis,  -e,  of  little  value,  cheap. 

vilitas,  -tatis,  F.  [vilis],  cheap- 
ness. 

villa,  -ae,  F.  country-seat,  villas 
farm. 

vinco,  -ere,  vici,  victum,  tr., 
conquer. 

vinculum,  -i,  N.  [vincio],  bond, 
chain,  tie;  pi.,  imprisonment; 
in  vincula  ducere,  cast  into 
prison. 

vindex,  -icis,  M.  and  F.,  aven- 
ger, punisher. 

vindico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [vin- 
dex], tr.,  lay  claim  to,  demand, 
claim;    punish;    defend. 

vinum,  -i,  N.,  wine. 

violo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [vis], 
tr.,  treat  with  violence,  injure, 
attack,  dishonor. 

vir,  viri,  M.,  man  (opp.  mulier). 

virgo,  -inis,  F.,  maid,  maiden^ 
virgin. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 


501 


virtus,  -tutis,  F.  [vir],  (manli- 
ness), bravery,  courage,  valor; 
virtue,  character,  spirit,  ex- 
cellence, merit,  ability. 

vis,  vis,  F.  (App.  10),  force, 
strength,  power,  violence; 
amount;  pi.,  vires,  strength, 
vigor,  force. 

viscera,  -um,  N.,  pi.,  vitals, 
vital  organs. 

viso,  -ere,  visi,  visum  [freq.  of 
video],  tr.,  look  at,  witness; 
go  to  see,  visit. 

vita,  -ae,  F.,  life. 

vitium,  -i,  N.,  fault,  vice,  of- 
fense. 

vito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr., 
avoid,  escape,  evade. 

vituperatio,  -onis,  F.  [vitupero], 
charge,  reproach. 

vivo,  -ere,  vixi,  victum,  intr., 
live. 

vivus,  -a,  -um  [vivo],  alive, 
living. 

vix,  adv.,  with  difficulty,  scarcely, 
hardly. 

vixdum,  adv.,  scarcely  yet, 
scarcely. 


voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  tr.,  calif 

■  summon,  bring. 
volito,  -are,  -avi,   -atum    [void, 

fly],  hover  about,  flit  about. 
volo,   velle,     volui     (App.    48), 

tr.  and  intr.,  be  willing,  wishy 

desire,  intend,  mean,  determine. 
Volturcius,    -i,    M.,    Volturcius^ 

one  of  Catiline's  confederates, 
voluntas,  -tatis,  F.    [volo],  will- 

i:.gness,     consent,    will,     good 

will,    wish,    desire,     purpose, 

inclination. 
voluptas,  -tatis,  F.  [volo],  pleaS' 

ure,  delight. 
vosmet,  emphatic  form  of  vos. 
votum,  -i,  N.  [voveo],  vow. 
vox,    vocis,    F.,    voice,     speech, 

utterance,  word,  saying. 
vulgo,  adv.  [vulgus],  commonly, 

generally. 
vulnero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum   [vul- 

nus],  tr.,  wound,  injure. 
vulnus,    vulneris,    N.,     wound; 

distress. 
vultus,  -lis,  M.,  the   expression 

of  the  countenance,  looks;   the 

face. 


INDEX 


To  the  Grammatical  Appendix  aud  the  Latin  Prose  Composition 
(2%e  numbers  refer  to  pages.") 


ft,  ab,  denoting  separation,  320 ; 

place     from     which,     320 ; 

source,  320  ;  agency,  320. 
Ablative  case,  uses  of,  320-322. 
absolute,  322. 
of  accompaniment,  321. 
of  accordance,  322. 
of  agent,  320. 
of      attendant      circumstance, 

321. 
of  cause,  321. 
of  comparison,  320. 
of  degree  of  difference,  321. 
of  description,  321. 
of  manner,  321. 
of  material,  320. 
of  means,  321. 
of  place  from  which,  320;    in 

which,  322. 
of  plenty  or  want,  322. 
of  route,  321. 
of  separation,  320. 
of  source,  320. 
of  specification,  321. 
of  time  when  or  within  which, 

322. 
with  dignus,  etc.,  322. 
with  opus,  usus,  322. 
with  prepositions,  342. 
with  utor,  etc.,  321. 
Accusative   case,    uses   of,    318- 

320. 
adverbial,  319. 


Accusative  case,  as  direct  object, 
318. 

as  predicate  accusative,  319. 

as  secondary  object,  318. 

as  subject  of  infinitive,  319. 

cognate,  319. 

of  duration  of  time,  319. 

of  exclamation,  320. 

of  extent  of  space,  319. 

of  place  to  which,  319. 

with  ask,  demand,  teach,  318. 

with  prepositions,  319. 

with  propior,  proximus,  319. 
Adjectives,  agreement  of,  323. 

attributive,  323. 

compared,  290. 

of  1st  and  2d  declension,  288. 

of  3d  declension,  289. 

predicate,  323. 

uses  of,  323. 
Adverbs,   comparison,   291 ;   for- 
mation, 312 ;   uses,  342. 
Agreement,    of    nouns,    314 ;     of 
adjectives,  323  ;  of  pronouns, 
323;  of  verbs,  327. 
alius,  alter,  288,  326. 
amplius,  in  comparisons,  321. 
Anaphora,  344. 
Answers,  314. 
Antecedent,  of  relative  pronoun, 

325. 
antequam,  wdth  temporal  clauses, 

333. 
Antithesis,  344. 
Apposition,  314. 


503 


504 


INDEX 


Asyndeton,  344. 

Attraction,  subjunctive  by,  335. 

B 

Base,  of  noun,  284. 

C 

Calendar,  Roman,  345. 

causa,  with  genitive,  343. 

Causal  clauses,  331,  333,  387. 

Characteristic,  clauses  of,  331. 

Chiasmus,  344. 

Climax,  344. 

Cognate  accusative,  319. 

Command,  330,  336,  338,  348. 

Comparison,  clauses  of,  330. 

Comparison  of  adjectives,  290. 
of  adverbs,  291. 

Concessive  clauses,  331,  333,  387. 

Conditional  sentences,  331,  334, 
352,  354 ;  in  indirect  dis- 
course, 339. 

Conjugations,  294-308. 

Conjunctions  classified,  342. 

cum  (conj.),  causal,  333;  conces- 
sive, 334 ;   temporal,  332. 

cum  (prep.),  denoting  accom- 
paniment, 321  ;  manner,  321  ; 
sometimes  omitted,  321. 

cum  primum,  with  indicative,  332. 

D 

Dative  case,  uses  of,  317,  318. 
of  agent,  318. 
of  indirect  object,  317. 
of  possessor,  318. 
of  purpose  or  tendency,  317. 
of  reference,  318. 
of  separation,  317. 
with  adjectives,  318. 
with  compound  verbs,  317. 
with  verbs  of  special  meaning, 
317. 


de,  denoting  place  from  which, 

separation,  320. 
debeo,   oportet,   etc.,  with  pres. 

inf.,  337,  351. 
Declension,  284-290. 
Defective  verbs,  307. 
Deliberative  question,  335. 
Demonstrative     pronouns,     292, 

324. 
Deponent  verbs,  301. 
Determinative  clauses,  377. 
Direct   object,    318. 
Direct  reflexive,  324. 
domi,  322  ;    domo,  320 ;  domum, 

319. 
dum,  uses  of,  328,  333,  335. 

E 

e,  ex,  denoting  place  from  which, 

separation,  320. 
Emphasis,  343. 
enim,  position,  343. 
eo,  conjugated,  305. 
Epistolary  tenses,  329. 
Ethical  dative,  318. 
etsi,     with     concessive     clauses, 

334. 
Exhortations,  330. 

F 

Fearing,  verbs  of,  with  ut,  ne,  336, 
379. 

fero,  conjugated,  305. 

Fifth  declension,  287. 

Figures  of  speech,  344. 

fio,  conjugated,  304. 

First  conjugation,  294 ;  declen- 
sion, 284. 

Formation  of  words,  308  -313. 

Fourth  conjugation,  299 ;  declen- 
sion, 286. 

Future  perfect,  328. 

Future  tense,  328. 


INDEX 


506 


G 

Genitive  case,  uses  of,  315. 

objective,  315,  362. 

of  description,  315. 

of  indefinite  value,  317. 

of  material,  315. 

of  the  whole,  316. 

possessive,  315. 

subjective,  315,  362. 

with  adjectives,  316. 

with  verbs  of  accusing,  feeling, 
interest,  memory,  316. 

with  potior,  316. 
Gerund,  gerundive,  uses  of,  340, 

341. 
Greek  nouns,  287. 

H 

Hendiadys,  344. 
Historical  infinitive,  337. 
Historical  tenses,  329. 


iam  diu,  iam  dudum,  375. 

Imperative,  uses  of,  336. 
Imperfect  tense,  328. 
impero,  with  subjunctive,  336. 
Impersonal  verbs,  308,  327. 
Indefinite  pronouns,  293,  326. 
Indicative,  uses  of,  330. 
Indicative  noun  clauses,  335. 
Indirect  discourse,  338. 
Indirect  questions,  335. 
Indirect  reflexive,  324. 
Infinitive,  uses  of,  337. 
Infinitive  noun  clauses,  336. 
Informal  indirect  discourse,  339. 
Intensive  pronoun,  293,  325. 
Interrogative  pronouns,  293,  326. 
Irony,  344. 

Irregular  verbs,  302-307. 
iubeo,  with  infinitive,  337. 


licet,  conjugated,  308 ;  how  used, 

351. 
Litotes,  344. 
Locative  case,  322. 
longius,  in  comparisons,  321. 

M 

malo,  conjugated,  306. 
memini,  conjugated,  307, 
Metaphor,  344. 
Metonymy,  344. 

Moods,  syntax  of,  330-339;    in 
indirect  discourse,  338. 

N 

Names  of  persons,  345. 
ne,   with   purpose   clauses,   332; 
with  noun  clauses,  336,  382. 
Negative  adverbs,  342,  349. 
Negative  command,  337. 
nescio  quis,  326. 
nolo,  conjugated,  306. 
Nominative  case,  uses  of,  315. 
Noun  clauses,  330,  335. 
Nouns,  declension  of,  284-287. 

0 

Obligation,  subjunctive  of,  332. 
odi,  conjugated,  307. 
oportet,  use  of,  351. 
opus,  with,  ablative,  322. 
Order  of  words,  343. 


Participles,  defined,  340 ;  uses  oi^ 

340. 
Perfect  tense,  328. 
Periodic  style,  343. 


606 


INDEX 


Periphrastic  conjugations,  301. 
Personal  pronouns,  291,  323. 
Place,   expressions  of,   319,  320, 

322. 
Pluperfect  tense,  328. 
plus,  in  comparisons,  321. 
Polysyndeton,  344. 
Possession,  366. 
Possessive  pronouns,  292,  324. 
possum,   conjugated,   304;    how 

used,  351. 
postquam,  with  temporal  clauses, 

332. 
Potential  use  of  the  subjunctive, 

330. 
potior,  with  genitive,  316;    with 

ablative,  322. 
Predicate,  accusative,  319  ;    gen- 
itive, 317 ;   noun,  315. 
Prefixes,  313. 
Prepositions,      with     accusative, 

342  ;  with  ablative,  342. 
Present  tense,  327. 
Preterition,  344. 
Primary  tenses,  329. 
priusquam,  with  temporal  clauses, 

333. 
Prohibitions,  337. 
Pronouns,     declined,      291-294 ; 
uses  of,  323-326  ;  in  indirect 
discourse,  339. 
propior,  proximus,  etc.,  with  accu- 
sative, 319. 
proprius  with  genitive,  318. 
Proviso,  clauses  of,  335. 
Purpose  clauses,   331,   332;    ex- 
pressions of  purpose,  332. 


Q 


quam,  with  comparatives,  321. 
quamquam,       with       concessive 

clauses,  334. 
Questions,  direct,  313,  346;    de- 


liberative, 335  ;  double,  314  ; 

indirect,  335,  355. 
qui,   with  indicative,   331 ;   with 

subjunctive,  331,  332. 
quin,       quominus,      with      noun 

clauses,  336,  382. 
quo,  with  purpose  clauses,  332. 
quod,  with  causal  clauses,  333; 

with  noun  clauses,  335. 

Reflexive  pronouns,  291,  324. 
Relative  clauses,  331,  377. 
Relative  pronoun,  293,  325. 
Result  clauses,  332. 
Rhetorical  questions,  314. 
Root,  308. 

S 

Second  conjugation,  297 ;  declen- 
sion, 284. 
Secondary   object,   318;     tenses, 

329. 
Semi-deponent  verbs,  302. 
Sequence  of  tenses,  329. 
Stem,  284,  308. 
Subject,   of  finite  verb,  315;  of 

infinitive,  319;  of  historical 

infinitive,  315. 
Subjunctive,   uses   of,   330,   331, 

349;     by    attraction,    335; 

in  noun  clauses,  335. 
Substantive    clauses,    see    Noun 

clauses. 
Suffixes,  309-311. 
sum,  conjugated,  302. 
Supine,  uses  of,  341. 
Syntax,  313-343. 

T 

Temporal  clauses,  332,  385. 
Tenses,    of   indicative,    327;     of 
infinitive,  337;    of  subjunc* 


INDEX 


607 


tive,  329;  in  indirect  dis- 
course, 338. 

Third  conjugation,  298,  299 ;  de- 
clension, 285. 

Time,  when,  within  which,  322 ; 
during  which,  319. 

U 

ubi,  with  temporal  clauses,  332. 

ut,  with  noun  clauses,  336 ;  with 
purpose  clauses,  332 ;  with 
result  clauses,  332 ;  with 
temporal  clauses,  332. 

utor,  with  ablative,  321. 


Verbs,  conjugated,  294-308;  uses 
of,  327-341 ;  agreement,  327 ; 
derivation,  311. 

Vocative  case,  315. 

volo,  conjugated,  306. 

W 

Wish,  subjunctive  of,  330. 
Word,  order,  343. 


Zeugma,  344. 


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